by John Kelly
first infections in, 38
first recorded deaths in, 40–41
literature of, xiii-xiv, 83n
malnutrition and, 62–63
medieval explanations for, xv, 18
modern reappraisals of, 295–303
modern theories on, 113
mortality rates of, xii-xiii, 11–12, 27, 112–13, 114, 297
nature of, xvi
origin of term, 23
origins of, xiv, 7–8, 39
pogroms of. See pogroms
postplague debauchery, 276–77
rat die-offs in, 36n, 298–99, 302
reproductive patterns after, 282
secondary mortality in, 113
social responses to, xv-xvi, 85–86, 106, 108–11, 152, 181
spread of, xiv-xv, 11–12, 24–27, 95–96, 112
supermortality in, 114
symptoms of, 112, 297–98
tarabagans as vector for, 34
Third Pandemic compared with, 111–12
in Western collective memory, xiv
Black Death, The: A Biological Reappraisal (Twigg), 295
“Black Death of Bergen, The,” 217
Black Death Transformed, The (Cohn), 295–96
black rats. See Rattus rattus
Black Sea, 88
Blanche of Navarre, 179
Bleeding. See phlebotomy
blood, 168–69
blood-libel accusation, 242–43
“bloody” flux, 281
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 17, 105–7, 109, 112, 113, 146, 154, 156, 213, 302
Bodo, 238–39
body lice, 22
Bohemia, 270, 270–71
Bologna, 99, 178
Bolton Abbey, 61
Bonafos, M., 133
Boniface VIII, pope, 102, 141
Book of Travels (Benjamin of Tudela), 235
Books of Testimonies Against the Jews, 237
Bordeaux, 197, 199
Bourchier, Robert, 197, 198, 216
bowmen, 73
Bracelli, Giudotto de, 91, 92
Bradwardine, Thomas, 215
Bray, Adam and John, 60
Brazil, 265
bread, 173
Brethren of the Cross. See Flagellants
Breuer, Mordechai, 236
Bridgewater, 192–93
Bristol, 186, 189, 192
Britby, John, 211
Broken Windows theory of human behavior, 206–7
Brotherhood of the Flagellants. See Flagellants
Broughton, 47, 53–56, 60, 61, 62, 68, 81
Brubaker, Robert, 34, 35, 113, 301
buboes, 20, 111, 160, 296, 298
bubonic plague, xvi, 22, 84, 274–75, 303
Black Death becomes, 160
crisis point of, 174–75
incubation period of, 20
mortality rate of, 21
multi-drug resistant strains of, xii
in post-Black Death plague, 278
in Scandinavia, 274
symptoms of, 20–21
see also Black Death; plague; pneumonic plague
Bugsey, Catherine, 221
Burghersh, Bartholomew, 196–97
Burgundy, 16, 247
burial rites, 214
butchers, 69, 210
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 108
Cabani, Raimondo, 156
Caffa, 1–4, 15, 30, 77, 80, 276
ecological vulnerability of, 3–4
Genoese in, 1–2, 4–5, 10, 23–24, 51
as origin of European plague, 9–10, 88, 94–95
plague’s arrival in, 8–10
plague ships from. See plague ships
siege of, 5–6, 8–10, 76
Calais, 25, 76, 188
Calvi, Giulia, 108
Cameroon, 82n
Campbell, Bruce, xvi
Camus, Albert, 149–50, 153
cancer cells, 20
cannibalism, 60
Cantor, Norman, 198, 244, 290
caravansaries, 39
Carelton Manor, 199–200
Carlisle, Bishop of, 198
Carmichael, Ann, 282, 301, 303
Carpentier, Elizabeth, 98
carruca plow, 45
Carthage, 239
Casimir, king of Poland, 268
Caspian Sea, 8, 32, 58
Casse, Antoni, 137
Cassiodorus, Flavius, 13
Catania, 86–87, 103, 193
Catherine of Siena, Saint, 72
cavalry, 73
CCR5–D32, 23, 36, 84, 113
Centers for Disease Control, Plague Division of, 21, 303
chamber pots, 69–70
Champagne, 47–48
chantries, 290
charcoal, 214
Charlemagne, king of the Franks, 240
Charles IV, king of France, 131
Château de l’Ombriere, 198
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 164–65, 210, 242
Cheapside, 216
chevauchée, 74, 76
children, 12
mortality rate among, 281, 282
Children’s Crusade, 132
Children’s Plague, 278
Chillon, 26, 139, 253–54
China, xiv, 11, 30, 31, 42, 50, 65, 68, 274
environmental upheaval in, 4, 275
epidemic in, 6–7
malnutrition in, 14
nineteenth-century plague in, 15, 41, 111
plague mortality in, 12
population fall in, 281n
Chirurgia magna (de Chauliac), 149
chivalry, 74
Christianity, 238
privatization of, 290
see also Roman Catholic Church
Chronicle of Plague, 271
Chrysostom, John, 238
Chua, Amy, 235–36
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 264
Chwolson, D. A., 7
cities, 16–17, 44, 46
medicine as product of, 165
sanitation in, 64, 68–71, 68n
City of God (Augustine), 240
Civitas Dei, 242–43
Clarens, 233–34
Clement V, pope, 141–42, 143
death of, 131
Clement VI, pope, xv, 120, 122, 123, 149, 150–51
Cola declared usurper by, 125
persecution of Jews condemned by, 153, 159, 233, 253
profligacy of, 144–45
and trial of Queen Joanna, 157–58, 159
Clericus, John, 55
Clerk, John, 194
climate, 299
change in, 38, 44–45, 57–60
14th-century, 16
clothing, 202
cloth making. See textile industry
Clynn, John, 186, 229
Cohn, Samuel K., 112–13, 295–96, 298, 302
Coimbra, 270
Coke, Thomas, 55
Colle, John, 171
College de Navarre, 178
Colon, Joseph, 247n
Colonna, Giovanni, 126, 148, 160
Colonna, Stefano, 120, 124, 125
Colonna family, 89, 121, 123
Columbier, Pons, 137
Columella, 45
combat stress, 75–76
Compendium de epidemia per Collegium Facultatis Medicorum Parisius, 169–70, 178
Concerning the Judgment of the Sun at the Banquet of Saturn (Simon of Corvino), 170
condottieri (mercenaries), 16
Confessions (Augustine), 239–40
Consilia contra pestilentium (Gentile da Foligno), 170
Constance, 26, 257
Constance, Lake, 259
Constantinople, 3, 23, 48, 81, 85, 86, 88, 235
Plague of Justinian mortality rate in, 43
contagion, 169, 172, 177, 279, 289, 297, 300
Contra Judaeos, 237
Cosner, William E., 68, 71
costeggiare, 85
coughing plague. See pneumonic plague
Couvin, Simon, 63
Crane, Robert, 55
>
Crécy, 176n, 178, 184, 188, 198
Crimea, xiv, 1–2
Crisa, 235
Croatia, 259–60
crop yields, 45, 203, 285
Crusades, Crusaders, 48, 67, 135n
Albigensian, 142
pogroms and, 241
Cumberland, 224, 226
Cyprus, 13, 89
earthquake on, 82–83
environmental upheaval in, 275
slaughter of Muslim slaves in, 82–83
Damouzy, Peter, 176
dance of death, 291
Dance of Death, The, 292–93
Dandolo, Andrea, 93
Dante, 115
Danzig, 270
da Piazza, Michele, 83–84, 83n, 85, 86–88, 112, 297, 298, 299, 301
death, modern idea of, 108
death tax, 56, 205, 221, 285
de Bisquale, Raymond, 197
de Brantome, chevalier, 154
Decameron (Boccaccio), 17, 105–6, 109
de Charney, Geoffroi, 128, 130
de Crusols, Guilelma, 133
Defoe, Daniel, 213
de Grundwell, James, 200, 275
delirium, 21
de Molay, Jacques, 128–29, 130, 131
curse of, 130, 142
Demonstration Against the Jews, 237
Derbyshire, 25, 226
Der Stürmer, 243
Description and Remedy for Avoiding the Disease in the Future (Ibn Khatimah), 170
De urina non visa (On Unseen Urines) (William the Englishman),
165
Deux, George, 181
de Vaho, Bernard, 129
Diaspora, 235–36
Dies, Bona, 254
Dio Cassius, 234
Disaster and Recovery, 11, 95
dispensations, 142–43
DNA, 300
Doctrine of Successful Expeditions and Shortened Wars (Dubois), 74
dog catchers, 6, 68
Dog Men, 31
Donald, David Herbert, 11
Dong Ha, 76
Donin, Nicholas, 245
Dorset, 190–91, 199
Draguignan, Bondavin de, 137
drought, 83n
Dublin, 25, 228
Dubois, Pierre, 74
Dubrovnik, 260, 289
Duncan, Christopher J., 295, 296, 299
Durham, 69, 224, 226–27
Dyer, Christopher, 186n, 287
dysentery, 280, 281
Early Middle Ages, 15, 44–47
earthquakes, 4, 13, 89, 104, 170, 225
East Anglia, 217–24, 281
Ebola virus, xvi
Economist, The, 283
Eden, Garden of, 31
Edendon, William, 199, 200–201, 202, 203, 204, 206
education, higher, 289–90
Edwaker, Joan, 286
Edward I, king of England, 239
Edward II, king of England, 61, 183
Edward III, king of England, xv, 17, 25, 70, 71, 80, 103, 132, 175–76, 184–85, 188, 189, 194, 197, 198, 200, 201, 211, 225, 228, 239, 287
response to mortality of, 212–13
Edward IV, king of England, 281
Egypt, 11, 42, 82, 236
Eight Orations Against the Jews,
237
Elias of Vesoul, 236–37
empirics, 167
Endicott, John, 187
England, xv, 45, 60, 80, 183–207, 276, 278, 280
animal die-offs in, 196
anti-Semitism in, 239
breakdown of public order in, 60–61
Champion county in, 203, 217–18
clerical mortality in, 191, 201, 216, 222
climate changes in, 59–60
demand for wool from, 185
environmental upheaval in, 275, 277n
flu epidemic in, 280
food prices and shortages in, 59–60, 62
industrial economy of, 185
international trade routes of, 189
“lost” villages of, 201–2
mortality rates in, 12, 112, 186, 204, 219
new metastasis in, 198–99
northern counties of, 224–27
plague pits of, 200
plague’s arrival in, 25, 86
population of, 46–47, 281
social stability of, 185, 206–7, 221
records of, 189
1361 plague in, 277
see also specific cities and regions
Enlightenment, 277
enteric fevers, 281
environmental upheavals, 6, 13, 169–70, 275–76
and chain of infection, 19
in China, 4
in Italy, 13, 89, 103
and Plague of Justinian, 42–43
as precursor to Black Death, 13–14
enzootic, 36–37
epidemics, 43–44, 62
epizootic, 37
Erfurt, 61, 257, 261, 267
ergotism, 62
Etruscans, 69
Eurasian steppe, 3, 29–31, 34, 42
climate changes on, 38
trade routes across, 33–34, 39
Europe
changes in social structure of, 285–86
decline of physical infrastructure in, 283–84
demographic recovery of, 281
forests of, 44, 47
infectious illness in, 282
Jewish Diaspora in, 235–36
living standards, 293
Malthusian deadlock of, 293
median age in, 283
population of, 16, 46–47, 281, 287–88, 293
see also specific countries and cities
Evagrius, 43
exercise, 173
Faber, John, 167
false confession, 129
famines, 63, 77, 89, 98
see also Great Famine
Farnham, 25, 202, 203–6, 220
Feast of St. Catherine, 244
Felicie, Jacqueline, 166–67
Feodosiya. See Caffa
fetal malnutrition, 63–64
feudalism, 203, 205
filles blanches, 180
firearms, 288
First About the Epidemic, 173
First Pandemic. See Plague of Justinian
fishing industry, 288
Fitzralph, Richard, 195
Flagellants, xv, 26–27, 262–68
anti-Semitism of, 263, 267
of the Black Death, 266–68
Clement VI and, 267–68
flagellation, 265
Flanders, 47, 58–59, 73, 131, 266, 270, 271
food shortages in, 62
increase in poverty in, 57
mortality pattern in, 64
fleas, 13, 14, 15, 18–19, 35–36, 66, 175, 189
as disease vector, 72, 302–3
see also Pulex irritans; Xenopsylla cheopis
Fleet River, 70, 209, 211
flooding, 13, 83n, 103, 170
Florence, xiv, 26, 96, 101–2, 106, 115, 278
animal die-offs in, 196
becchini in, 107–8
Boccaccio’s description of,
105–7
dinner parties during mortality in, 110
famine in, 89
median age in, 283
mortality rate in, 63, 98, 99, 111, 114
municipal health board in, 289, 301
plague pits of, 108, 110
plague’s arrival in, 104
population of, 46, 281
public health commission of, 96
sanitation in, 97
social response to plague in, 106, 108–11
Way of Death in, 107–8
food prices, 58, 59–60, 284–85, 286
forced conversions, 241, 246
Ford, John, 186
Foster, Harold D., 11
Foster scale, 11
four humors, theory of, 165, 168–69
Fracastoro, Giovanni, 289
France, xv, 13, 16, 128–29, 130–31, 185, 247, 266, 276, 280
an
ti-Semitism in, 26, 140–41, 239, 241, 243, 244, 250
environmental upheaval in, 275
flu epidemic in, 280
food prices in, 59–60
increase in poverty in, 57
inflation in, 284
lepers exterminated in, 249
mortality rates in, 12
peasant insurrections in, 287
Plague of Justinian in, 43
pneumonic plague in, 22
pogroms in, 232, 250
population of, 46–47, 131
see also specific cities
Francesco of Rome, 95
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 72
Frankfurt, 261, 267, 270
Frederick of Thuringia-Meisen, 257
Froissart, Jean, 130
Gage, Kenneth, 21, 89n, 303
Galen, 18, 165, 174
Gandulfa, Madame, 133
garderobes, 70
Gaveston, Piers, 184
gavocciolo. See buboes
Geneva, Lake, 80, 231–32
Genghis Khan, 5, 50
Genoa, xiv, 16, 25, 48, 88–92, 96, 134
in Caffa, 1–2, 80
plague’s arrival in, 90–92
plague ships of. See plague ships
vulnerabiliy of, 90
Gentile da Foligno, 18, 26, 96–97, 98, 170, 172, 173, 174
Geoffrey le Baker, 213, 228
George the German, 97
Gerard, Henri, 234
Gerefa, 203, 206
Germany, xv, 13, 16, 26–27, 47, 235, 240, 254, 260, 265
environmental upheaval in, 104, 275
food shortages in, 61, 62
forced conversion of Jews in, 241
Hanseatic League in, 47
mortality rate in, 261–62
plague’s arrival in, 260–62
pogroms in, 255–56
population of, 46–47
see also specific cities
Gethin, Jeuan, 227
Ghent, 46, 287
Gibbon, Edward, 71
Gilles li Muisis, 61, 135, 182, 269
Giovanni, duke of Sicily, 87–88
globalization, xvi-xvii, 3, 235
global warming, 44–45
Gloucester, 193, 202
Glynn, John, 25
Gobi Desert, 7, 30, 39, 42, 51
“God’s tokens,” 20–21
Godychester, Matilda de, 221
Gog and Magog, 31, 50
gonorrhea, 281
Gonzaga, Galaezzo, 154–55
Goscelin, Emma and Reginald, 220
Gottfried, Robert, 281, 289
Graetz, Michael, 236
grain germ, 67
grammaglia, 94
Granada, Caliph of, 139n
Grandes Chroniques de France, 181
Grandes-Chroniques of St. Denis Abbey, 292–93
grave diggers, 107–8
Great Britain, xvii, 16
see also England
Great Clearances, 47, 56, 59
Great Council of Venice, 93, 94
Great Famine, 59–62, 63, 64, 131, 249, 271
Great Khan, 31, 32
Great Mortality. See Black Death
Great Plague of London (1665), 213, 214, 278
Great Revolt, 234
Greece, 82, 88
Greeks, ancient, 71, 168
Greenland, 11, 27, 45, 58, 299
environmental upheaval in, 275–76
