by John Kelly
Gregory of Tours, 43
Grey Friar’s Chronicle, 187
Grousset, René, 31
Gui, Bernard, 249
Gui de Chauliac, xv, 148–49, 151, 159–60, 174, 278
Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides), 244
Guillaume, lord of Drace, 247
Guillaume de Machaut, 284
Gutenberg, Johann, 288
Gylbert, Alota, 54–56
Gylbert, John, 54–56, 62
Gylbert, Reginald, 55
Haerlebech, Jean, 182
Haly Abbas, 165
Hammond, William, 192
Hampshire, 199, 201
Hangchow, 33, 39, 48
Hanseatic League, 47
Hatcher, John, 186n, 282
Hayling Island, 201
Headless Men, 31
healers, 164, 166–67, 167
Heavenly Letter, 222, 264–65
hemorrhagic fever, 113
hemorrhagic plague, 296
Henry II, emperor of Germany, 122
Henry VII, king of England, 219
Henry VIII, king of England, 191, 291
heriot, 56, 205, 221, 285
Herlihy, David, 16, 57, 282, 294
Hervordia, Henrici de, 262
Heyligen, Louis, 4, 6, 135, 147–48, 150–52, 153, 159, 160, 251–52, 268, 277, 297, 298, 299, 301
Heyton, Roger de, 216
Higden, Ranulf, 183–84
Hippocrates, 165, 169
History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles, A (Shrewsbury), 186n
Hitler, Adolf, 29
HIV, 36
Holland, 266
Holocaust, 233
Holy Innocents cemetery, 249
Holy Roman Empire, 16
Homilies Against the Jews, 237
Hong Kong, 41–42, 302
hoof-and-mouth disease, xvii
Horseman, William, 60
hospitals, 180, 289
Hôtel-Dieu, xv, 178, 180
Hugk the Tall, 257
Huizinga, Johan, 291–92
humors, theory of four, 165, 168–69
Hundred Years’ War, 16, 74, 103, 132, 176n
Hungary, 260, 270
hygiene, 17–18, 32
military, 75–76
in Roman Empire, 71–72
hysteria, 85
Ibn al-Khatib, 171, 172
Ibn al-Wardi, 6
Ibn Khaldun, 12, 216
Ibn Khatimah, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174–75, 270
Ice Age, 34
immune system, 14–15, 35, 175, 271
effect of stress on, 74, 76
malnutrition and, 63–64
India, 6, 7, 33, 65, 281
black rats in, 66
malnutrition in, 14
nineteenth-century plague in, 15, 41, 111, 112
plague in modern, 83n
Indian Plague Commission of, 296, 298, 301
indulgences, 122, 142
infantile diarrhea, 281
infant mortality rate, 281, 282
infantry, 73–74
infected air, 169, 171, 172–73
Inferno (Dante), 115
inflation, 284
influenza, 18, 280, 282
inheritance patterns, 285
Inquisition, 244–45
interest rates, 247
Ioannes IV, emperor of Byzantium, 81
Iran, 11, 42
Iraq, 11
Ireland, xv, 60, 228–29
Irish Famine of 1847, 62
Isabella of France, 184
Ishii, Shiro, 36, 302
Is It from Divine Wrath That the Mortality of These Years Proceeds?, 171
Issyk Kul, Lake, 7–8, 39–40
Italy, xiv, 89, 265, 277, 280
central, 95–99
cities in, 17
environmental upheavals in, 13, 89, 103, 104, 275
famine in, 89
increase in poverty in, 57
malnutrition in, 16
mortality rates in, 12, 112
Plague of Justinian in, 43
plague’s arrival in, 25–26
pneumonic plague in, 22
population of, 46–47
vulnerabiliy of, 89–90
war in, 16
see also specific cities
Ivychurch priory, 200, 275
Jacob, Rabbi, 139, 232, 255
Janibeg (Mongol Khan), 5, 8–9
Jean de Fayt, 268
Jean de Jardun, 130
Jean de Lagrange, 292
Jean de Venette, 175, 177, 180–81, 281
Jean le Bel, 188
Jeanne of Burgundy, 179
Jerome, Saint, 234
Jerusalem, 234
Jessop, Augustus, 219, 220–21
Jews, xv, 26, 138–40, 151, 152, 153, 235, 249, 263, 273
blood-libel accusation against, 242–43
Chillon accusations against, 139–40, 232–33
Clement’s condemnation of attacks on, 159
commercial role of, 235–36, 246
Easter week violence against, 138, 251
education and literacy of, 235–
36
expulsion of, 239, 246
forced conversion of, 241, 246
living standards of, 236–37
mass exterminations of, 246
medieval population of, 235, 235n
moneylender stereotype of, 246–48
pogroms against, 50, 138–39, 141, 232, 241–42, 248–51
Polish asylum for, 268
secret covenant of, 250
Strasbourg attacks on, 26, 176
as surrogate for local authority, 248
wealth of, 249, 253
Jijaghatu Toq-Temur (Mongol Khan), 6
Joan, princess of England, 25, 80, 269
death of, 198, 213
visit to Bordeaux of, 197–98
Joanna, queen of Naples and Sicily, xv-xvi, 81, 123, 251n
Andreas’s murder and, 91–92, 154–55
murder of, 158n
trial of, 157–59
visit to Genoa by, 156
Joan of Arc, 178
John, gospel according to, 238
John, king of Bohemia, 176
John le Parker, 228
John le Spencer, 191
John of Damascus, 165
John of Ephesus, 43
John of Padua, 167
John of Penna, 174
John of Reading, 216, 223, 277n
John of St. Omar, 166–67
John XXII, pope, 143, 149
Joinville, Jean de, 131
Jordan, William Chester, 63
Justinian, emperor of Byzantium, 41
Kahn, Herman, 161, 216–17
Katzenelson, Jizchak, 257
Kenwric Ap Ririd, 228
Kipling, Rudyard, 246
Kitasato, Shibasaburo, 41–42
Knighton, Henry, 18, 192, 216, 223, 227, 284
Knights of St. John, 134
Knutsson, Bengt, 172
Koch, Robert, 41, 42
koumiss, 32
Kurdistan, 42
kuriltai, 50
Kutluk, 7, 8, 40–41
Kydones, Demetrios, 81
La Baume, 138, 141
labor, labor costs, 205, 206, 284, 285, 286–87
Lancashire, 224, 226
landed gentry, 285, 286–87
Lane, Frederic C., 95
Langland, William, 280, 291
La Practica Della Mercata (Pegolotti), 30
Lawman’s Annual, 274
lazaretto, 289
lepers, 139n, 243n, 249, 250
Le Taillour, Roger, 194
Letter to Posterity (Petrarch), 146
Levi, Primo, 233
Levi ben Gershom, 247
life expectancies, 282–83
Lincoln, 222, 225
Little Ice Age, 58, 276
Little Optimum, 44–45, 58
Little Red Book, 192
liverfluke, 196
/>
Lollards, 291
London, xv, 25, 56, 64–65, 189, 209–17, 219, 266, 273
air pollution in, 211
animals slaughtered in, 69
archaeological study of, 213–14
commercial district of, 210–11
industry in, 211
lack of chroniclers in, 213
moral decay of, 216
mortality rate in, 214, 215
plague pattern in, 215–16
plague pits of, 214
plague’s arrival in, 213
population of, 46, 209, 215,
216
sanitation system in, 68, 69, 70–71, 211
Smithfield cemetery in, 214–15
as source of East Anglian infection, 219
trade guilds in, 216
trade in, 47
London Bridge, 212
Longchamp, convent of, 283
Lort, Antoni, 137
Lost Generation, 217
Louis, king of Hungary, 155, 156
Louis I (the Pious), king of France and Germany, 238, 239
Louis IX, king of France, 50, 245
Louis X, king of France, 131
Luigi of Taratino, 91, 154, 156, 157
Luke, gospel according to, 238
Luther, Martin, 291
Mabrice di Pace, 155
McNeill, William, 39
Madoc Ap Ririd, 228
Magna Carta, 246
Magnu-Kelka, 7, 8, 40–41
Magnus II, king of Sweden, 27, 275
Maimonides, 97, 244–45
Maimonides, David, 236
Mainz, 241, 261
Malmesbury Abbey, 187
malnutrition, 14, 16, 62–64
Malthusian deadlock, 16, 293
Manfred of Sicily, 267
Manlake, 222
Mann, Jonathan, xii
Manny, Walter, 210, 214, 290
Maqrizi, al-, 7
Marignolli, John de, 31
Mark, gospel according to, 238
marmot plague, 34, 114, 274, 279, 300–301, 303
Marseille, 24, 90, 132–41, 223, 268
anti-Semitism resisted in, 141
commercial importance of, 132
mortality rate in, 135–36, 135n
physical layout of, 133
Plague of Justinian in, 135
plague’s arrival in, 132, 134
public response to plague in, 137
Renaissance plague in, 280
tradition of tolerance in, 132
Martini, Simone, 146
mathematics, music as branch of, 148
Matthew, gospel according to, 199
measles, 43, 174, 300
medical schools, 164, 166, 169, 288
medicine, 163–64
Arab-Greco, 165
dos and don’ts in, 168
hierarchy in, 167
licensing in, 166
post-Black Death innovations in, 288
scientific professionalism of, 164–65, 167–68
women in, 166–67
Mediterranean Sea, 79–80
Melcombe, 25, 187–90, 191
Memoirs of a Hunter in Siberia (Tasherkasoff), 33
Mendelssohn, Moses, 240
Messina, 87, 95, 103
plague’s arrival in, 83–85, 86
Mesue, John, 172
miasmas, 18
Middle East, 12, 31, 43
European trade with, 48
migrant workers, 286
Military Revolution of the Later Middles Ages, 73–74
mining, 288
Minna (Jewish woman), 248
Mishneh Torah (Maimonides), 244
mistral, 145
monasteries, 163–64
moneylending, 246–48, 249, 253
Mongol Empire, 38–39, 50, 51, 135n
Mongolian Plateau, 7, 30
Mongols, xiv, 4–5, 49–51
siege of Caffa by, 8–10
unification of steppe by, 13, 31
Western impressions of, 30–31
Monica, 239
Monte Corvino, John of, 31–32, 39
Montpelier, medical schools in, 166
Moore, S. E., 63–64
Morellet, Jean, 80, 179–80, 181, 233
Morelli, Giovanni, 63
Mortimer, Roger, 184
Moscow, 276, 277
mosquitoes, 30
municipal health boards, 289, 301
music, 148
muskets, 288
Muslims, 47, 250, 269
Mussis, Gabriel de’, 4, 5–6, 8–9
Mussolini, Benito, 119
mysticism, 290
Naples, 16, 46, 80–81, 156
Napoleon I, emperor of France, 29
natural disasters, 13–14
Nazis, 243
Neibuhr, G. B., 221
nervous system, 21
Nestorians, 39–40
Netherlands, 270, 271, 278
Neusner, Jacob, 240
New England Journal of Medicine, xii
New Galenism, 163–82
basis of, 165
corrupted air in, 169, 171
defenses against plague advised by, 170–75
medical schools as by-product of, 166
theory of four humors as signature of, 168–69
Normandy, 278, 281
Norway, 27, 273–74, 275
Norwegian brown rats, 66, 280
Norwich, 218, 219, 220–21
notaries, 91, 122
Novgorod, 49, 276
nursing care, 302
nutrition, 173–74, 302
Nyos, Lake, 82n
Offord, John, 215
Ogedi, Grand Khan, 50–51
oimmeddam (wandering sickness), 10–11
“Old Man of the Mountain,” 50
On the Nature of Man (Hippocrates), 169
On Thermonuclear War (Kahn), 161, 216–17
On the Sabbath, Against the Jews, 237
Orent, Wendy, 34, 279, 300–301, 303
Ormrod, William, 212
Ormuz, Port of, 33
Orsini family, 89, 121, 125
Ortho, Gerard, 87, 91
Orvieto, 16, 97, 98, 276
osteoarthritis, 197
outgassing, 82n
Oxford, 195–96
Palais de Marseille, 135
Pamir Mountains, 31
pandemic disease, xi-xii, 15, 41
Panthera, 238
papacy, 16, 121
bureaucracy of, 145–46
French crown and, 141–42
see also Avignon papacy
paranoia, 232
Paris, Matthew, 50
Paris, xv, 17, 25, 80, 127–28, 163–81, 249
medical faculty of, 18, 25, 169–70, 171, 174
medical schools in, 166
mortality rates in, 180–81
plague arrives in, 176–81
population of, 46, 131
sanitation in, 68–69
Paris Medical Facility, 166, 167
dietary recommendations from, 173, 175
plague treatise produced by, 163, 169–70
Paris, University of, 131, 178
Pasagio, Gerard de, 129
Pasteur, Louis, 41
Pastoureaux, 131
Pava, Conrad, 219–20
Pazzi, Monna dei, 103
peasants, 59, 71, 74, 131, 197, 285
Peasants’ Revolt, 287
Pedro, prince of Castile, 80, 197
Pedro the Ceremonious, king of Aragon, 251, 269
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci di, 5, 30, 30n
pellagra, 62
Pelusium, 42, 43
Perigord, Countess of, 142
Perugia, 26, 96–97, 98
pestilence, 7n, 18
pestis secunda, 277–78
pestis tertia, 278
Pest Jungfrau, 262
petechiae, 20–21
Petrarch, Francesco, 12, 16, 48, 74–75, 120, 122–23, 124, 125, 143, 146, 147, 1
52–53, 154, 156, 277
Peyret, Rabbi, 255
“Pharaoh’s rat.” See tarabagans
Philip IV (the Fair), king of France, 128–29, 130, 141–42, 167
death of, 131
Philip V, king of France, 132, 249, 250–51
Philip VI, king of France, 176, 178–79, 182, 267
phlebotomy, 173, 174
phlegm, 168–69
physicians, 167, 168, 288
Picardy sweat, 280
Piers Plowman (Langland), 280, 291
pigs, 151
pikemen, 73
Pima Indians, 10
piracy, 61
Pisa, 46, 95–96, 96, 103, 244
Pistoia, 26, 98–99
Pius XII, pope, 159
Place des Accoules, 133–34
plague, 6, 7n, 9, 11, 34
animal resistance to, 36
bacteria of, 22
chain of infection in, 19
contagion rates of, 112
deniers, 113, 295–303
as disease of rodents, 12–13
and environmental upheavals, 13, 169–70
foci of, 7, 13
forms of, 20–23
“host” strains of, 301
malnutrition and, 14, 62–63
modern understanding of, 296
New Galenism advised defenses against, 170–75
nineteenth century, 15
post-Black Death occurrence of, 277–81
protections against, 170–75
psychology of, 177
regional outbreaks of, 63
sociological and demographic factors in, 14–15
as species specific, 279
vectors of, 9n, 14, 18–19, 66–67, 72
in Vietnam War, 76
see also Black Death; bubonic plague; pneumonic plague
Plague, Population and the English Economy (Hatcher), 186n
Plague, The (Camus), 149–50,
153
Plague of Antoine, 83n, 174
Plague of Athens, 83n, 139n, 296
Plague of Justinian, 13, 41, 42–43, 68, 135, 221
plague pits, 108, 110, 118–19, 200, 214
Plagues and Peoples (McNeill), 39
plague ships, 10, 23–24, 80, 81, 83–85, 88–89, 90, 102, 134–35, 268–70, 297
plague tracts, 163, 169, 170–71, 174
pneumonic plague, xvi, 21–22, 151–52, 274–75, 298, 300
contagiousness of, 22, 84
incidence of, 22, 299
Manchurian outbreak of, 303
marmot plague as, 34, 274, 279
mortality rate of, 22
1910 outbreak of, 38
secondary, 21–22, 84
Podio, Jacme de, 136, 137
Podio, Peire de, 136
Podio, Ugueta de, 136
pogroms, 50, 138–39, 141, 232, 241–42, 243, 248–51, 252, 254–57, 267, 268
Poland, xv, 13, 45, 243, 268, 270, 275
poll tax, 287
Polo, Maffeo, 8
Polo, Marco, 7, 8, 32, 51
Polo, Niccolo, 8
Pontanus, Johannes Isaacus, 23
Portugal, xv, 270
poverty, increase in 14th century, 56–57
Practica Della Mercatura (Pegolotti), 5
Prester John, 31
priests, 290–91
mortality rate of, 191, 201, 216, 222, 223–24
printing press, 288
