by John Kelly
113 possibly anthrax: Twigg, Black Death, pp. 220–21. See also: Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan, Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) pp. 7, 14, 362–63.
113 DNA from Y. pestis: Didier Raoult et al., “Molecular Identification by ‘Suicide’ PCR of Yersinia pestis as the Agent of Medieval Black Death,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 7 (Nov. 2000): 12800–03.
114 “La mortalita”: Agnolo di Tura, Cronaca senese, ed. Alessandro Lisini and F. Iacometti (Bologna, 1931–1937), p. 555.
114 rough countrymen: “The Impact of the Black Death upon Sienese Government and Society,” Speculum 29 (1) (January 1964), p. 14.
115 coastal village called Talamone: William Bowsky, A Medieval Italian Commune: Siena Under the Nine, 1287–1355 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), p. 6.
115 “grown in population”: Agnolo di Tura, Cronaca senese, p. 413.
115 “enlargement of the city cathedral”: Ibid., p. 490.
116 “more beautiful”: Ibid., p. 525.
116 gifts Agnolo bought: Bowsky, “Impact of the Black Death,” p. 4.
117 so many houses are listed: Ibid., p. 4n.
117 official Sienese reaction: Ibid., pp. 14–15.
117 “Rooms were constructed”: Agnolo di Tura, Cronaca senese, p. 488.
118 “parts of Siena”: Ibid., p. 555.
118 “they put in the same trench”: Ibid.
118 “members of a household”: Ibid.
118 “some of the dead”: Ibid.
119 “And I, Agnolo”: Ibid.
119 “52,000 persone”: Bowsky, “Impact of the Black Death,” p. 17.
119 preplague population: Ibid., p. 10.
119 cathedral renovation: Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), p. 58.
119 Cola di Rienzo: Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, trans. by A. Hamilton (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), pp. 350–55.
120 “Great God”: Ibid., p. 306.
120 “It is better to die”: Morris Bishop, Petrarch and His World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963), p. 264.
120 X-rated libido: Diana Wood, Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 7.
120 “met a God”: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 257.
120 population had fallen: Christopher Hibbert, Rome: The Biography of a City (New York: Viking Press, 1985), p. 92.
120 pilfered marble: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 119.
121 cow pastures: Ibid., p. 122.
121 “no one to govern”: Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome, p. 245.
122 fantasy version of himself: Ibid., p. 270.
122 “Love and I”: Francesco Petrarch, quoted in Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 152.
122 “You say”: Ibid., p. 68.
123 Laura de Sade: Ibid., p. 64.
123 “sanctified conversation”: Ibid., p. 257.
123 dressed in full knight’s armor: Ibid., p. 259.
123 remarkable oration: Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome, p. 274.
124 “O Tribune”: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 260.
124 dressed in scarlet: Ibid., p. 261.
125 St. Peter’s Basilica: Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome, p. 250.
125 “Forgive us our trespasses”: Ibid., p. 289.
126 dipped it in Colonna’s blood: Ibid., p. 308.
126 “A long farewell”: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 265.
126 “can’t go on”: de’ Mussis, “Historia de Morbo,” in The Black Death: Manchester Medieval Sources, trans. and ed. by Rosemary Horrox (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1994), p. 23.
Chapter Six: The Curse of the Grand Master
128 “Crimes that defile”: Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 45.
128 Geoffroi de Charney: Ibid., p. 3.
128 hauled off to royal prisons: Ibid, p. 45.
128 “a bitter thing”: Ibid.
129 the king’s peace: Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), p. 23.
129 largest treasury: Barbara W. Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Ballantine Books, 1978), p. 42.
129 Gerard de Pasagio: Barber, Trial of the Templars, p. 56.
129 Bernard de Vaho: Ibid.
130 Templars were in tatters: Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, p. 43.
130 “burned to death”: Guillaume de Nangis, “Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis de 1113 à 1300, avec les continuations de cette chronique de 1300 à 1368,” in Société de l’histoire de France, ed. by H. Géraud, vol. 1 (Paris: J. Renouard et Cie, 1843), pp. 402–03.
130 called down a curse: Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, p. 44.
130 Villani mentions it: Barber, Trial of the Templars, p. 242.
130 “gorged, contented and strong”: Jean Froissart, The Chronicle of J. Froissart, ed. by S. Luce, trans. by Sir John Bourchier and Lord Berners (London: D. Nutt, 1901–1903), p. 117.
130 “prating Frenchmen”: “Summa curiae regis,” Archiv für kunde österreichiche Geschichtsquellen, vol. 14, ed. by H. Stebbe (Vienna: K. K. Hofund Statsdruckerei, 1855), p. 362.
130 “government of the earth”: Jean de Jandun, “Traite des louanges de Paris,” in Paris et ses historiens aux XIVe et XVe siècles; documents et écrits originaux recueillis et commentés par Le Roux de Lincy, ed. by Le Roux de Lincy (Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1867), p. 60.
130 –31Description of France: Sumption, The Hundred Years War, pp. 12–26.
131 French culture: Ibid., p. 14.
131 Death of Philip the Fair’s sons: Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, pp. 44–46.
132 population: Daniel Lord Smail, “Mapping Networks and Knowledge in Medieval Marseille, 1337–1362,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1994), p. 6.
133 Place des Accoules: Ibid.
133 Madame Gandulfa’s wandering drainpipe: Ibid., p. 5.
134 notary named Jacme Aycart: Ibid., p. 53.
134 November 1: Jean-Noël Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens, vol. 1 (Paris: Mouton & Co., 1975), pp. 49–55.
134 “were infected”: Heyligen, “Breve Chronicon Clerici Anonymi,” in The Black Death: Manchester Medieval Sources, trans. and ed. by Rosemary Horrox (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1994), p. 42.
135 three galleys: Ibid.
135 “The infection that these galleys”: Ibid., p. 15.
135 “four of five”: Ibid., p. 43.
135 “unbelievable”: Gilles li Muisis, “Receuil des chroniques de Flandre,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 46.
136 Jacme de Podio: Smail, “Mapping Networks and Knowledge in Medieval Marseille,” p. 52.
136 man who had spent hours: Ibid., p. 55.
137 “residents accommodated the effects”: Daniel Lord Smail, “Accommodating the Plague in Medieval Marseille,” Continuity and Change 11, no. 1 (1996): p. 12.
137 Jewish moneylender: Ibid., p. 30.
137 “If the plague had”: Ibid, p. 13.
138 residents of Toulon: J. Shatzmiller, “Les Juifs de Provence pendant la Peste noire,” Revue des Études Juives 133 (1974): 457–80.
138 “throw their children”: Jean de Venette, “Chronique Latin de Guillaume de Nangis avec les continuations de cette chronique,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 56.
138 “There is no one left”: Shatzmiller, “Les Juifs de Provence,” p. 471.
139 described in meticulous detail: “Strassburg Urkundenbuch,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 211–19.
140 interrogation oath: Jacob R. Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791 (New York: JPS, 1938), pp. 49–50.
140 “Je
wish” tortures: Ibid.
141 every Jew between Bordeaux and Albi: Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, p. 41.
141 Mediterranean heritage of tolerance: Shatzmiller, “Les Juifs de Provence,” pp. 475–80.
141 seven churches: T. Moore, Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily, Queen of Naples and Countess of Provence, vol. 1 (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1824), p. 304.
141 eleven houses of ill repute: Morris Bishop, Petrarch and His World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963), p. 48.
142 powdered remains: Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, p. 43.
142 French mistress: Ibid., p. 26.
142 Dispensations: Ibid., p. 27.
143 “The simple fishermen”: Iris Origo, The Merchant of Prato (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957), p. 8.
143 dinner party Clement V gave: Eugene Müntz, “L’argent et le luxe à la cour pontificate d’Avignon,” Revue des Questions Historiques 66 (1899): 403.
143 ninety-six tons: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 42.
143 country walkabout: Ibid, p. 45.
144 “No sovereign exceeded”: F. Moore, Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily, p. 365.
144 magnificent papal palace: Diana Wood, Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 54, 55.
144 –45Operation of palace: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 45. See also: Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, pp. 27–29.
145 “my predecessors”: G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, 1305–1378 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), p. 38.
145 New England town: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 48.
145 “the most dismal”: Francesco Petrarch, Prosa, ed. by G. Martelloti, P. G. Ricci, and E. Carrara (Milan and Naples: Riccardi, 1955), p. 120.
145 “Avenio, cum vento”: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 48.
145 lack of adequate infrastructure: Ibid., p. 47.
146 “A field full of”: St. Birgitta in Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, p. 29.
146 “Babylon of West”: Ibid.
146 “good looks”: Francesco Petrarch, “Letter to Posterity,” in Petrarch: The First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters, trans. James Harvey Robinson (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), p. 15.
146 “There is no peace”: Petrarch in Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 155.
147 “Watching a woman undress”: St. Clair Baddeley, Queen Joanna I of Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem, Countess of Provence, Forcalquier and Piedmont: An Essay on Her Times (London: W. Heinemann, 1893), p. 85.
147 de Sades are a prominent Avignon family: Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 64.
147 “cannot have taken”: Ibid., p. 83.
147 Louis Heyligen: Un ami de Petrarque: Louis Sanctus de Beringen (Paris/Rome, 1905). See also: Andries Welkenhuysen, “La Peste en Avignon (1348), décrite par un témoin oculaire, Louis Sanctus de Beringen” in Pascua mediaevalia: Studies voor Prof. Dr. J. M. de Smet, ed. by R. Lievens et al. (Louvain: 1983), pp. 452–92.
148 Guy de Chauliac: E. Nicaise, La Grande Chirurgie de Gui de Chauliac (Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière, 1890), introduction. See also: Jordan D. Haller, “Guy de Chauliac and His Chirurgia Magna,” Surgical History 55 (1964): 337–43.
149 “Plague!”: Albert Camus, The Plague, trans. by Stuart Gilbert (New York: Vintage, 1991), p. 40.
150 “outlying districts”: Ibid., p. 58.
150 “They say”: Heyligen, “Breve Chronicon Clerici Anonymi,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 41, 42.
151 “powders or unguents”: Guy de Chauliac, in Anna M. Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), p. 3.
151 Avignon’s pigs: J. Enselme, “Glosse sur le passage dans la ville Avignon,” Revue Lyonnaise de Médecine 18, no. 18 (Nov. 1969): p. 702.
151 “small still flame”: Camus, The Plague, p. 90.
151 “infected lungs”: Heyligen, “Breve Chronicon Cleric Anonymi,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 42.
152 “Priests do not”: Ibid., pp. 42–44.
152 “Laura”: Francesco Petrarch, quoted in R. Crawfurd, Plague and Pestilence in Literature and Art (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1914), pp. 115, 116.
153 “She closed her eyes”: Quoted in Bishop, Petrarch and His World, p. 275.
153 “attended by 2,000”: Heyligen, “Breve Chronicon Clerici Anonymi,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 44.
153 “None of us”: Camus, The Plague, p. 181.
154 “fair and noble”: Moore, Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily, p. 302.
154 “Her figure”: Ibid., p. 312.
154 wonders of the medieval world: Baddeley, Queen Joanna I of Naples, p. 110.
155 “great harlot”: Louis of Hungary in Thomas Caldecot Chubb, The Life of Giovanni Boccaccio (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1969), p. 130.
155 Andreas’s murder: Baddeley, Queen Joanna I of Naples, pp. 50–52.
156 “in name only”: Ibid., p. 43.
156 “she-wolf”: Chubb, Life of Giovanni Boccaccio, p. 131.
156 “Your former ill faith”: Louis of Hungary in Baddeley, Queen Joanna I of Naples, p. 61.
156 “quietly triumph”: Ibid., p. 85.
157 court assembled: Moore, Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily, p. 310.
157 “Queen of Naples”: Ibid., p. 315.
157 “came pale and slowly”: Baddeley, Queen Joanna I of Naples, pp. 88–89. See also: Moore, Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily, pp. 309–11.
158 “above suspicion”: Moore, Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily, p. 313.
158 “beloved daughter”: Clement VI in Baddeley, Queen Joanna I of Naples, p. 91.
158 purchased Avignon: Ibid., pp. 92–93.
159 “They say that my lord”: Heyligen, “Breve Chronicon Clerici Anonymi,” in Horrox, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (New York: Free Press, 1982), p. 45.
159 twenty-four million: Robert S. Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (New York: Free Press, 1983), p. 77.
159 two roaring fires: Philip S. Ziegler, The Black Death (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), p. 67.
160 “avoid infamy”: Guy de Chauliac, in Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning, p. 3.
160 “The mortality”: Ibid., p. 2.
161 in the 50 percent range: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 66.
161 unacceptably high: Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 30.
Chapter Seven: The New Galenism
163 In Paris: Cornelius O’Boyle, “Surgical Texts and Social Concepts: Physicians and Surgeons in Paris, c. 1270 to 1430,” in Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, ed. by L. Garcia-Ballester, Roger French, Jon Arrizabalaga, and Andrew Cunningham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 158.
164 formal medical schools: Michael McVaugh, “Bedside Manners in the Middle Ages,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 71, no. 2 (1997): 203.
164 “within a week”: Ibid.
164 “Nowhere a better”: Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Physician,” in the prologue to The Canterbury Tales (New York: Penguin Books, 2003).
165 reinterpretation and expansion: Luis Garcia-Ballester, Introduction, in Garcia-Ballester, et. al., Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, p. 10.
165 William the Englishman: McVaugh, “Bedside Manners in the Middle Ages,” p. 204.
165 “Avicenna, Averroes”: Chaucer, “The Physician.”
166 based on the New Galenism: McVaugh, “Bedside Manners in the Middle Ages,” p. 204.
166 licensure: O’Boyle, “Surgical Texts and Social Concepts,” pp. 163–64.
166 patients came forward to testify: Pearl Kibre, “The Faculty of Medicine at Paris, Charlatanism, and Unlicensed Medical Practices in the Later Middle Ages,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 27, no. 1 (Jan.–Feb. 1953): 9.
167 John of Padua: Ibid., p. 8.
167 medical pecking order: O’
Boyle, “Surgical Texts and Social Concepts,” p. 163.
168 medical etiquette: McVaugh, “Bedside Manners in the Middle Ages,” p. 208.
168 “Your visit means”: Ibid., p. 210.
168 “that may do some good”: Ibid., p. 214.
168 theory of the four humors: Edward J. Kealey, Medieval Medicus: A Social History of Anglo-Norman Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 16.
169 “health is primarily”: Mark D. F. Shirley, “The Mediaeval Concept of Medicine,” www.durenmar.de/articles/medicine.html, accessed June 26, 2004. See also: Hippocratic Writings, ed. by G. E. R. Lloyd (London: Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1978), p. 262.
169 Contagion: Paul Slack, “Responses to Plague,” from In Time of Plague, Arlen Mack, ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1991), p. 115.
169 “the first cause”: “The Report of the Paris Medical Faculty, October 1348,” in The Black Death: Manchester Medieval Sources, trans. and ed. by Rosemary Horrox (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), pp. 159–60.
170 “many of the vapors”: Ibid., p. 161.
170 “seasons have not succeeded”: Ibid., pp. 161–62.
170 twenty-four plague tracts: Dominick Palazotto, “The Black Death and Medicine: A Report and Analysis of the Tractaes,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1973), p. 28.
171 “an acute disease”: Anna M. Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), p. 78.
171 defense against plague: Ibid., pp. 65–66.
172 Ibn Khatimah and his fellow Spanish Arab: Ibid., p. 27.
172 aromatic substances: Ibid., pp. 67, 68.
172 “where bodies have open pores”: Bengt Knutsson, “A Little Book for the Pestilence,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 175.
173 antidotes: Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning, p. 71.
173 good diet: Ibid., pp. 72, 74.
174 “accidents of the soul”: Ibid., p. 77.
175 “deed of arms”: Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York, Ballantine Books, 1978), p. 82.
175 D-day beaches: Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), p. 500.
175 “could be seen by anyone”: Jean de Venette, The Chronicle of Jean de Venette, trans. by Jean Birdsall, ed. by Richard A. Newhall (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953), p. 41.
