by John Kelly
176 personal combat: Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), p. 519.
176 “My good people”: Jean Froissart, Stories from Froissart, ed. by Henry Newbolt (New York: Macmillan, 1899), p. 16.
176 “in our neighborhood”: Peter Damouzy, excepted in Histoire Littéraire de la France, ed. by A. Coville, vol. 37 (Paris: 1938), pp. 325–27.
176 “led to their own cemetery”: Norman F. Cantor, In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made (New York: Free Press, 2001), p. 157.
177 “In August”: de Venette, Chronicle of Jean de Venette, p. 51.
178 Hôtel-Dieu: Michel Félibien, Histoire de la Ville de Paris, vol. 1 (Paris: Chez G. Desprez et J. Desessartz, 1725), pp. 380–95.
178 Notre Dame: Ian Robertson, Paris and Versailles (New York: Blue Guides, W. W. Norton, 1989), pp. 60–70.
178 university faculty: Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning, pp. 156–57.
178 Philip VI: Raymond Cazelles, La Société politique et la crise de la Royauté sous Philippe de Valois (Paris: Librairie de Agencies, 1958).
179 building fund: M. Mollat, “La Mortalité à Paris,” Moyen Age 69 (1963): 502–27.
180 “For a considerable period”: de Venette, “Chronique Latin de Guillaume de Nangis,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 55–56.
180 mortality figures into question: Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (New York: Harper & Row, 1969) p. 79.
180 –181estimates of other contemporaries: Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe (London: Arnold, 2002), pp. 89, 90.
181 Richard the Scot: Ibid., p. 89.
181 “Nothing like it”: de Venette, “Chronique Latin de Guillaume de Nangis,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 55.
181 “they no longer know or care”: George Deaux, The Black Death, 1347 (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1969), p. 71.
182 plague flag: L. Porquet, La Peste en Normandie (Vive: 1898), p. 77.
182 “marvelously great”: Augustin Thierry, Recueil des Monuments inédits de l’Histoire du Tiers Etat, vol. 1, p. 544.
182 “Master Jean Haerlebech”: Gilles li Muisis, “Receuil des chroniques de Flandre,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 48.
Chapter Eight: “Days of Death Without Sorrow”
183 “a yeoman”: Ralph Higden, in Maurice Collis, The Hurling Time (London: Faber & Faber, 1958), p. 42.
183 “dress in clothes”: John of Reading, “Chronica Johannis de Reading et Anonymi Cantuariensis 1346–1367,” in The Black Death: Manchester Medieval Sources, trans. and ed. by Rosemary Horrox (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), p. 131.
184 Edward II: Michael Prestwich, The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980), pp. 53–99.
184 “Good son”: Ibid., p. 113.
184 “new sun”: Thomas Walsingham, p. 20; “Rank to Rank,” J. Froissart, in Collis, The Hurling Time, p. 29.
185 eight million sheep: R. A. Pelham, “The Fourteenth Century,” in An Historical Geography of England Before 1800, ed. by H. C. Darby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 240.
185 industrial economy: Christopher Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002), p. 215. See also R. A. Pelham, “The Fourteenth Century,” pp. 249, 258.
185 “no woman”: Walsingham, in Collis, Hurling Times, p. 40.
185 Frenchman was effeminate: Prestwich, The Three Edwards, p. 211.
185 “scarcely a day”: Higden, “Polychronicon,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 62.
186 “The life of men”: William Zouche, Archbishop of York, Historical Letters and Papers from the Northern Registers, in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 111–12.
186 “neighboring kingdom”: Ralph of Shrewsbury, “Register of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 112.
186 “One news”: John Ford, The Broken Heart (London, 1633), Act V, scene III.
186 perhaps 50 percent: Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages, p. 272.
186 “Waiting among the dead”: John Clynn, “Annalieum Hibernae Chronicon,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 84.
187 historical evidence points to Melcombe: Grey Friar’s Chronicle, “A Fourteenth Century Chronicle from the Grey Friars at Lynn,” English Historical Review 72 (1957): 274; Malmesbury Abbey, “Polychronicon,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 63.
187 Description of Melcombe: Victoria County History, Dorset, vol. 2 (London: Constable; 1908), p. 123.
188 requisitioning twenty ships: Victoria County History, Dorset, vol. 2, p. 186.
188 Six Burghers: Jean le Bel, in Collis, The Hurling Times, p. 37.
189 “English ladies”: Walsingham, in Collis, The Hurling Times, p. 41.
189 “so depopulated”: Francis Aidan Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 (London: George Bell and Sons, 1908), p. 83.
189 “offer a fuller picture”: Philip S. Ziegler, The Black Death (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), p. 125.
190 plague’s initial assault: Ibid., p. 137.
191 Dorset had to fill: Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, pp. 90, 91.
191 pointing out the Baiter: Ibid., p. 92.
191 Bridport doubled its normal complement of bailiffs: Ibid.
192 “Cruel death”: Knighton, “Chronicon Henrici Knighton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 77.
192 “The plague raged”: Reverend Samuel Seyer, Memoirs Historical and Topographical of Bristol and Its Neighbourhood; from the Earliest Period Down to the Present Time (Bristol: 1823, printed for the author by J. M. Gutch, 1821–23 [1825]), p. 143.
192 municipal death rate: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 135.
192 Christmas of 1348: Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, p. 195.
193 in Gloucester: Geoffrey le Baker, “Chronicon Galfridi le Baker,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 81.
193 “Wishing, as is our duty”: Ralph of Shrewsbury, “Register of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 112–13.
194 half its normal complement of priests: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 128.
194 holy relics: W. M. Ormrod, “The English Government and the Black Death of 1348–9,” in England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. by Boydell and Brewer (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1986), p. 176.
194 “Certain sons of perdition”: Ralph of Shrewsbury, The Register of Ralph of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1329–1363, ed. by Thomas Scott Holmes (Somerset Record Society, 1896), p. 596.
195 “go around the parish church”: Ibid., p. 598.
195 Tilgarsley: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 139.
195 Woodeaton: Ibid., p. 140.
195 “university is ruined”: Anna M. Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), p. 162.
195 “ye University of Oxenford”: Richard Fitzralph, in F. D. Shrewsbury, Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 81.
195 “houses in the country retired”: Anthony Wood, History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, vol. 1 (Oxford: Printed for the editor, 1792–96), p. 449.
196 “In the same year”: Knighton, “Chronicon Henrici Knighton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 77.
196 In Uzbekistan: Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe (London: Arnold, 2002), p. 132.
196 enjoy better health: Prestwich, The Three Edwards, p. 137.
197 According to one estimate: Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages, p. 272.
197 “Scepter and Crown”: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 132.
197 Joan Plantagenet: Norman F. Cantor, In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made (New York: Free Press, 2001), pp. 32–39.
198 On September 2, Pri
ncess Joan: Ibid., p. 44.
198 Bishop of Carlisle: Ibid., p. 48.
198 “No fellow human being”: “Letter of Edward III,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 250.
199 Southampton: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 138.
199 ecclesiastical death in Southampton: Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, p. 131.
199 “A voice has been heard in Rama”: Bishop William Edendon, “Vox in Rama,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 116, 117.
200 James de Grundwell: Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, pp. 189, 190.
200 “Supreme pontiff”: Ibid., p. 127.
200 attacked a monk: W. L. Woodland, The Story of Winchester (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1932), p. 114.
201 fined forty pounds: Richard Britnell, “The Black Death in English Towns,” Urban History 21, part 2 (Oct. 1994): 204.
201 clerical mortality rates: George Gordon Coulton, Medieval Panorama: The English Scene from Conquest to Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938–39), p. 496.
201 town of Winchester: Josiah Cox Russell, British Medieval Population (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1948), p. 285.
201 four thousand: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 146.
201 Crawley: Norman Scott Brien Gras and Ethel Culbert Gras, The Economic and Social History of an English Village (Crawley, Hampshire) A.D. 909–1928 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 153.
201 contemporary records indicate: Shrewsbury, Bubonic Plague in the British Isles, p. 91.
201 “Since the greater part”: Edward III, in Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 146.
202 “death without sorrow”: John of Reading, “Chronica Johannis de Reading,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 74.
202 “With his friends”: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 133.
203 crop yields: Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages, p. 238.
204 manor rolls for 1348: E. Robo, “The Black Death in the Hundred of Farnham,” English Historical Review 44, no. 176 (Oct. 1929): 560–72.
204740 people died: Ibid., p. 562.
204 more than a third: Ibid., p. 571.
205 “A man could have”: Knighton, “Chronicon Henrici Knighton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 78.
205 amounted to 305 pounds: Robo, “The Black Death in the Hundred of Farnham,” p. 565.
205 Forty times: Ibid., p. 566.
206 “No workman or laborer”: “Chronicle of Cathedral Priory of Rochester,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 78.
206 dairymaid’s output: Robo, “The Black Death in the Hundred of Farnham,” p. 567.
206 twenty-two shillings: Ibid., p. 568.
Chapter Nine: Heads to the West, Feet to the East
210 “among the noble cities”: William FitzStephen, in R. A. Pelham, “The Fourteenth Century,” in Historical Geography of England Before 1800, ed. by H. C. Darby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 222.
210 Cheapside, London’s premier commercial district: A. R. Myers, London in the Age of Chaucer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972), pp. 17–23. See also: Christopher Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850–1520 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 119, 217.
210 “citizens of London”: FitzStephen, in Pelham, “The Fourteenth Century,” p. 222.
210 John Rykener: David Lorenzo Boyd and Ruth Mazo Karras, “‘Ut cum muliere’: A Male Transvestite Prostitute in Fourteenth-Century London,” in Premodern Sexualties, ed. by Louise Fradenburg and Carl Freccero (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 99–116.
211 “They drive me to death”: Myers, London in the Age of Chaucer, p. 23.
211 Richard the Raker: Philip S. Ziegler, The Black Death (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), p. 154.
211 “city is very much corrupted”: B. Lambert, The History and Survey of London and Its Environs from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, vol. 1 (London: Printed for T. Hughes and M. Jones by Dewick and Clarke, 1806), p. 241.
211 “To this city”: FitzStephen, in Pelham, p. 222.
212 Southwark, a squalid little suburb: Myers, London in the Age of Chaucer, pp. 110–11.
212 Edward’s initial response: W. M. Ormrod, “The English Government and the Black Death of 1348–1349,” in England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium, eds. Boydell and Brewer (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1986), pp. 175, 176.
213 epidemic spreads eastward: le Baker, “Chronicon Galfridi le Baker,” in The Black Death: Manchester Medieval Sources, trans. and ed. by Rosemary Horrox (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), p. 81.
213 infected before the surrounding countryside: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 156. See also Horrox, The Black Death, p. 10.
213 Descriptions of pestilential London: Thomas Vincent and Daniel Defoe, quoted in “A Curse on All Our Houses,” BBC History Magazine 5, no. 10 (October 2004): 36.
214 mixture of caskets: Britnell, “Black Death in English Towns,” p. 204. See also: Duncan Hawkins, “The Black Death and the New London Cemeteries of 1348,” Antiquity 54 (1990): 640.
214 Sir Walter Manny: Hawkins, “The Black Death and the New London Cemeteries,” p. 637.
214 “grew so powerful”: Robert of Avesbury, “Robertus de Avesbury de Gestis Mirabilibus Regis Edwards Text,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 63–64.
215 “A great plague raging”: John Stow, “A Survey of London,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 266–67.
215 London’s overall mortality: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 157–58.
215 egalitarian abandon: Ibid., p. 159.
216 population of the postplague capital: Josiah Russell, British Medieval Population (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1948), p. 285. See also: Pelham, “The Fourteenth Century,” p. 233.
216 “forgetful of their profession”: John of Reading, “Chronica Johannis de Reading,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 75.
216 “wasted their goods”: Knighton, “Chronicon Henrici Knighton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 130.
216 “both in the East and West”: Ibn Khaldun, in Robert S. Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (New York: Free Press, 1983), p. 41.
216 “Objective studies indicate”: Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 21.
217 “sights that haunt”: in Lord Dufferin, “Black Death of Bergen,” Letters from High Latitudes (London: Oxford University Press, 1910), p. 38.
217 “superficial yet fevered gaiety”: James Westfall Thompson, “The Aftermath of the Black Death and the Aftermath of the Great War,” American Journal of Sociology 26 (1920–21): 23.
217 unpromising environment blossom: Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages, p. 167.
218 Norwich: Ibid., p. 190.
219 “year ending 1350”: Reverend Augustus Jessop, “The Black Death in East Anglia,” in The Coming of the Friars, and Other Historic Essays (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1894), pp. 206–07.
219 “was in the most flourishing state”: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 170.
219 “Most . . . of the dwelling places”: Francis Aidan Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 (London: George Bell and Sons, 1908), p. 152.
219 peasants of Conrad Pava: Jessop, “The Black Death in East Anglia,” p. 200.
220 twenty-one families: Ibid., p. 201.
220 Emma Goscelin’s life: Ibid., p. 202.
220 “threading [through] the filthy alleys”: Ibid., p. 219.
220 “Tumbrels discharging”: Ibid., p. 211.
221 “times of plague”: G. B. Niebuhr, in Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 259.
221 One-Day Priest: Jessop, “The Black Death in East Anglia,” p. 231.
221 Alice Bakeman: Ibid., p. 232.
221 Catherine Bugsey: Ibid., p. 234.
221 “Whether by chance”: Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, p. 251.
222 In the city: Hamilton Thompson, “Th
e Registers of John Gynwell, Bishop of Lincoln for the years 1347–1350,” Archeological Journal 68 (1911): 326.
222 “Almighty God”: Ralph of Shrewsbury, The Register of Ralph of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1329–1363, ed. Thomas Scott Holmes (Somerset Record Society, 1896), p. 596.
222 “O ye of little faith”: Johannes Nohl, The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague Compiled from Contemporary Sources, trans. by C. H. Clarke (London: 1926), p. 231.
223 “Let us look”: Thomas Brinton, Bishop of Rochester, “The Sermons of Thomas Brinton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 141.
223 “And a good job, too!”: Knighton, “Chronicon Henrici Knighton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 76,
223 “And no wonder”: John of Reading, “Chronica Johannis de Reading,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 133.
223 “before the pestilence”: Knighton, “Chronicon Henrici Knighton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 78, 79.
223 Norwich, where sixty clerks: Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, p. 238.
224 “the monastic orders”: Ibid., p. 251.
224 “The picture one forms”: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 261.
224 population of almost eleven thousand: Russell, British Medieval Population, p. 142.
225 “Almighty God”: William Zouche, Archbishop of York, “Historical Letters and Papers from the Northern Registers,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 111.
225 Clerical losses: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 181.
225 Abbey of Meaux: Friar Thomas Burton, “Chronica Monasterii de Melsa,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 68.
225 Siamese twins: Ibid., p. 70.
225 seven tax collectors: Ormrod, “English Government and the Black Death,” p. 178.
225 “Considering the waste”: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 183.
226 ten local parishes: Ibid., p. 184.
226 Wakebridge family’s brush with annihilation: Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 250, 251.
226 William of Liverpool: Ziegler, The Black Death, p. 184.
226 refusing to pay fines: Ibid., p. 185.
227 mad, lone peasant: Ibid., p. 186.
227 “Laughing at their enemies”: Knighton, “Chronicon Henrici Knighton,” in Horrox, The Black Death, p. 78.
227 “Within a short space of time”: Ibid.
