10. D. Housman and J. R. Gusella, “Application of Recombinant DNA Techniques to Neurogenetic Disorders,” Research Publications—Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disorders 60 (1983): 167–72.
11. The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, “A Novel Gene Containing a Trinucleotide Repeat That Is Expanded and Unstable on Huntington’s Disease Chromosomes,” Cell 72 (1993): 971–83.
12. Stanley B. Prusiner, “Novel Proteinaceous Infectious Particles Cause Scrapie,” Science 216, no. 4542 (1982): 136–44.
13. Stanley B. Prusiner, Madness and Memory: The Discovery of Prions—A New Biological Principle of Disease (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), x.
14. Mel B. Feany and Welcome W. Bender, “A Drosophila Model of Parkinson’s Disease,” Nature 404, no. 6776 (2000): 394–98.
8. THE INTERPLAY OF CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS EMOTION: ANXIETY, POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS, AND FAULTY DECISION MAKING
1. William James, “What Is an Emotion?” Mind 9, no. 34 (April 1, 1884), 190.
2. Aristotle, Lesley Brown, ed., and David Ross, trans., The Nicomachean Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
3. Sandra Blakeslee, “Using Rats to Trace Anatomy of Fear, Biology of Emotion,” New York Times, November 5, 1996.
4. Edna B. Foa and Carmen P. McLean, “The Efficacy of Exposure Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders and Its Underlying Mechanisms: The Case of OCD and PTSD,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 12 (2016): 1–28.
5. Barbara O. Rothbaum et al., “Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Vietnam Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62, no. 8 (2001): 617–22.
6. Mark Mayford, Steven A. Siegelbaum, and Eric R. Kandel, “Synapses and Memory Storage,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4, no. 6 (2012): a005751.
7. Alain Brunet et al., “Effect of Post-Retrieval Propranolol on Psychophysiologic Responding during Subsequent Script-Driven Traumatic Imagery in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, no. 6 (2008): 503–6.
8. William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 2 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1913), 389–90.
9. Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1994), 34ff.
10. Ibid., 43.
11. Ibid., 44–45.
12. Joshua D. Greene et al., “An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment,” Science 293 (2001): 2105–8.
13. Kent A. Kiehl and Morris B. Hoffman, “The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics,” Jurimetrics 51 (2011): 355–97.
14. Ibid. See also L. M. Cope et al., “Abnormal Brain Structure in Youth Who Commit Homicide,” NeuroImage Clinical 4 (2014): 800–807, and interview with Kent Kiehl in Mike Bush, “Young Killers’ Brains Are Different, Study Shows,” Albuquerque Journal, June 9, 2014.
9. THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE AND FREEDOM OF CHOICE: ADDICTIONS
1. James Olds and Peter Milner, “Positive Reinforcement Produced by Electrical Stimulation of Septal Area and Other Regions of Rat Brain,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 47, no. 6 (1954): 419–27.
2. Wolfram Schultz, “Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data,” Physiological Reviews 95, no. 3 (2015): 853–951.
3. Nora D. Volkow et al., “Dopamine in Drug Abuse and Addiction: Results of Imaging Studies and Treatment Implications,” Archives of Neurology 64, no. 11 (2007): 1575–79.
4. Lee N. Robins, “Vietnam Veterans’ Rapid Recovery from Heroin Addiction: A Fluke or Normal Expectation?,” Addiction 88, no. 8 (1993): 1041–54.
5. N. D. Volkow, Joanna S. Fowler, and Gene-Jack Wang, “The Addicted Human Brain: Insights from Imaging Studies,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 111, no. 10 (2003): 1444–51.
6. N. D. Volkow, George F. Koob, and A. Thomas McLellan, “Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction,” New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 4 (2016): 363–71.
7. Eric J. Nestler, “On a Quest to Understand and Alter Abnormally Expressed Genes That Promote Addiction,” Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Quarterly (September 2015): 10–11.
8. Eric R. Kandel, “The Molecular Biology of Memory: cAMP, PKA, CRE, CREB-1, CREB-2, and CPEB,” Molecular Brain 5 (2012): 14.
9. Jocelyn Selim, “Molecular Psychiatrist Eric Nestler: It’s a Hard Habit to Break,” Discover, October 2001, http://discovermagazine.com/2001/oct/breakdialogue.
10. Nestler, “On a Quest to Understand and Alter Abnormally Expressed Genes,” 10–11.
11. Eric J. Nestler, “Genes and Addiction,” Nature Genetics 26, no. 3 (2000): 277–81.
12. Eric R. Kandel and Denise B. Kandel, “A Molecular Basis for Nicotine As a Gateway Drug,” New England Journal of Medicine 371 (2014): 932–43.
13. Yan-You Huang et al., “Nicotine Primes the Effect of Cocaine on the Induction of LTP in the Amygdala,” Neuropharmacology 74 (2013): 126–34.
14. Kyle S. Burger and Eric Stice, “Frequent Ice Cream Consumption Is Associated with Reduced Striatal Response to Receipt of an Ice Cream–Based Milkshake,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 4 (2012): 810–17.
15. Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 370–79.
16. Josh Katz, “Drug Deaths in America Are Rising Faster Than Ever,” The New York Times, June 5, 2017.
10. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BRAIN AND GENDER IDENTITY
1. Norman Spack, “How I Help Transgender Teens Become Who They Want to Be,” TED, November 2013, www.ted.com/talks/norman_spack_how_i_help_transgender_teens_become_who_they_want_to_be; Abby Ellin, “Elective Surgery, Needed to Survive,” The New York Times, August 9, 2017.
2. David J. Anderson, “Optogenetics, Sex, and Violence in the Brain: Implications for Psychiatry,” Biological Psychiatry 71, no. 12 (2012): 1081–89; Joseph F. Bergan, Yoram Ben-Shaul, and Catherine Dulac, “Sex-Specific Processing of Social Cues in the Medial Amygdala,” eLife 3 (2014): e02743.
3. Dick F. Swaab and Alicia Garcia-Falgueras, “Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain in Relation to Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation,” Functional Neurology 24, no. 1 (2009): 17–28.
4. Deborah Rudacille, The Riddle of Gender: Science, Activism, and Transgender Rights (New York: Pantheon, 2005), 21–22.
5. Ibid., 23.
6. Ibid., 24.
7. Ibid., 27.
8. Sam Maddox, “Barres Elected to National Academy of Sciences,” Research News, Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, May 2, 2013, www.spinalcordinjury-paralysis.org/blogs/18/1601.
9. Rudacille, Riddle of Gender, 28–29.
10. Caitlyn Jenner, The Secrets of My Life (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2017).
11. Diane Ehrensaft, “Gender Nonconforming Youth: Current Perspectives,” Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics 8 (2017): 57–67.
12. Sara Reardon, “Largest Ever Study of Transgender Teenagers Set to Kick Off,” Nature News, March 31, 2016, www.nature.com/news/largest-ever-study-of-transgender-teenagers-set-to-kick-off-1.19637.
13. Swaab and Garcia-Falgueras, “Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain.”
11. CONSCIOUSNESS: THE GREAT REMAINING MYSTERY OF THE BRAIN
1. Hyosang Lee et al., “Scalable Control of Mounting and Attack by Esr1+ Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus,” Nature 509 (2014): 627–32.
2. Bernard J. Baars, A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge
University Press, 1988).
3. Stanislas Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts (New York: Viking, 2014).
4. Ibid.
5. C. D. Salzman et al., “Microstimulation in Visual Area MT: Effects on Direction Discrimination Performance,” Journal of Neuroscience 12, no. 6 (1992): 2331–55; C. D. Salzman and William T. Newsome, “Neural Mechanisms for Forming a Perceptual Decision,” Science 264, no. 5156 (1994): 231–37.
6. N. K. Logothetis and Jeffrey D. Schall, “Neuronal Correlates of Subjective Visual Perception,” Science, n.s., 245, no. 4919 (1989): 761–63.
7. N. K. Logothetis, “Vision: A Window into Consciousness,” Scientific American, September 1, 2006, www.scientificamerican.com/article/vision-a-window-into-consciousness/.
8. Timothy D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
9. Timothy D. Wilson and Jonathan W. Schooler, “Thinking Too Much: Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60, no. 2 (1991): 181–92.
10. Benjamin Libet et al., “Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness-Potential): The Unconscious Initiation of a Freely Voluntary Act,” Brain 106 (1983): 623–42.
11. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” Science, n.s., 211, no. 4481 (1981): 453–58.
12. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).
13. A. D. (Bud) Craig, “How Do You Feel—Now? The Anterior Insula and Human Awareness,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (2009): 59–70; Hugo D. Critchley et al., “Neural Systems Supporting Interoceptive Awareness,” Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (2004): 189–95.
14. G. Elliott Wimmer and Daphna Shohamy, “Preference by Association: How Memory Mechanisms in the Hippocampus Bias Decisions,” Science 338, no. 6104 (2012): 270–73.
15. Michael N. Shadlen and Roozbeh Kiani, “Consciousness As a Decision to Engage,” in Characterizing Consciousness: From Cognition to the Clinic?, eds. Stanislas Dehaene and Yves Christen (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2011), 27–46.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I have benefited greatly from the wonderful critical insights of my publisher, Eric Chinski, who reshaped the book in a number of important ways. I am also grateful to my colleagues at Columbia: Tom Jessell, Scott Small, Daniel Salzman, Mickey Goldberg, and Eleanor Simpson, for their thoughtful and detailed reading of an earlier draft. I am again deeply indebted to my wonderful editor, Blair Burns Potter, who worked with me on three earlier books and once again brought her critical eye and her insightful editing to this book. Finally, I am much indebted to Sarah Mack for her editorial work and development of the art program, and to Pauline Henick, who patiently typed the many versions of this book and skillfully guided it to completion.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abstract Expressionism
action potentials
adaptive response
adaptive unconscious
ADCY2 gene
addictions; animal models; biology of; dopamine and; environment and; genetics and; relapse; research on; substance; treatments for. See also specific addictions
adenine
adolescence; criminals; eating habits; excessive synaptic pruning and; gender identity in; schizophrenia and; transgender
Adorno, Theodor
adrenal gland
adrenaline
Adrian, Edgar
Affymetrix Gene Chips
age-related memory loss
aggression; sex and
Aghajanian, George
aging, and Alzheimer’s disease
Aha! insights
alcohol addiction
Alcoholics Anonymous
alleles
aloneness; autism and
alpha-synuclein protein
ALS
Alzheimer, Alois
Alzheimer’s disease; age-related memory loss and; creativity and; discovery of; early onset; genetics of; risk factors; role of proteins in; symptoms of; treatment
amino acids
amygdala
amyloid-beta aggregates
amyloid-beta peptides
amyloid plaques
amyloid precursor protein (APP)
anatomy; of emotion; of neuron; schizophrenia and; sex
Anderson, David
Andreasen, Nancy; “Secrets of the Creative Brain”
anger
angiography
animal models; addiction and; of autism; consciousness and; dementia and; of depression; of fear; gender-specific behavior in, genetics and social behavior in; of Huntington’s disease; of Parkinson’s disease; protein-folding disorders and; of schizophrenia. See also specific animals
Anna O.
anterior cingulate gyrus
anterior insula
antidepressants
antihistamines
antipsychotic drugs
anxiety disorders; drug therapy for; psychotherapy for; PTSD; treatment for
aphasias
Aplysia
APOE4 gene
appetite
arcuate fasciculus
area
Aristotle; The Nicomachean Ethics
Arnheim, Rudolf
art; Aha! insights; Alzheimer’s disease and; artist and; autism and; bipolar disorder and; brain disorders and; frontotemporal dementia and; mood disorders and; process; psychotic; schizophrenia and; viewer and. See also creativity
Asperger, Hans
Asperger’s syndrome
association
asylums
attention
auditory cortex
auditory thalamus
Auguste D.
Austria
autism; animal models of; biological basis of; copy number variations; creativity and; de novo mutations; discovery of; environment and; father and; gaze and; genetics and; living with; mother and; motion and; savants; social brain and; spectrum; terminology; theory of mind and; in twins
Autism Science Foundation
autoimmune disorders
automatic drawing
autopsy
awareness, biology of
axons
Baars, Bernard
bacteria
balanced autosomal translocation
Bargmann, Cori
Baron-Cohen, Simon
Barres, Ben/Barbara
basal ganglia
Beatles
Beck, Aaron
behavior; addictive; “abnormal”; consciousness and; gender-specific; mood disorders; moral; “normal”; psychopathic; schizophrenia; sexual differentiation and gender identity; social brain and
behavioral therapy
beholder’s share
Bellmer, Hans
Benabid, Alim-Louis
benign senescent forgetfulness
Benzer, Seymour
Berlin
Bernheim, Mary
Bettelheim, Bruno
binocular rivalry
biological motion
biological view of mental illness
bipolar disorder; bipolar I; bipolar II; causes of; creativity and; drugs for; genetics and; imaging and; onset of; psychotherapy for; sleep and; symptoms; treatment of
birds
bisexuality
black bile
Bleuler, Eugen
blood flow; brain and; lack of
blood pressure; high
bone; mass
brain; addiction and; aging and memory; biological makeup of; blo
od flow and; consciousness and; creativity and; decision making; development; emotion and; fear and; language and; left hemisphere; localization of function in; memory and; morality and; movement and; neural communication; Neuron Doctrine; neurons as building blocks of; psychopathic; reward system; right hemisphere; sexual differentiation of; sexual dimorphism in; social; synaptic dysfunction; temporal lobe and memory; unconscious and conscious processing in. See also brain disorders; specific regions of the brain
brain disorders; addiction and; Alzheimer’s disease; animal models; autism; bipolar disorder; conscious and unconscious components in; creativity and; dementia; depression; emotional, frontotemporal dementia; genetics and; Huntington’s disease; imaging; modern approaches to; movement and; narrowing divide between psychiatric disorders and; Parkinson’s disease; schizophrenia; self and. See also specific disorders
brain stem
Braun, Allen
Breuer, Josef
Broca, Pierre Paul
Broca’s area
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brothers, Leslie
Brunet, Alain
Burger, Kyle
Byron, Lord
Cade, John
Caenorhabditis elegans
CAG expansion
Cajal, Santiago Ramón y; Neuron Doctrine
California Institute of Technology
Canada
Carlsson, Arvid
Carnegie Mellon University
The Disordered Mind Page 27
