The Burma Campaign

by Frank McLynn

  Chapter Three

  pp. 42–68

  • 1. Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall. Organizer of Victory (NY, 1973), pp. 78, 257; Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and their War (1987), p. 518. • 2. Pogue, Marshall, op. cit., p. 77. • 3. SP, pp. 5–12. • 4. For the first 50 years of his life see Barbara Tuchman, Sand against the Wind. Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911–45 (1971), pp. 9–142. • 5. N.N. Prefer, Vinegar Joe’s War: Stilwell’s Campaigns for Burma (Novato, CA, 2000), p. 14. • 6. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit. • 7. Stilwell despised Drum and was amused by his prima donna antics while deciding whether to take the post (Larrabee, Commander in Chief, op. cit. • 8. L.I. Bland & S.R.S. Stevens, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (Baltimore, 1991), iii, p. 140 (hereinafter MP). • 9. C.T. Liang, General Stilwell in China 1942–1944. The Full Story (NY, 1972), pp. 24–5. • 10. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 243. • 11. SP, p. 50. • 12. Stimson diary, 14 January 1942 quoted in Henry L. Stimson & McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (NY, 1949), pp. 298–9. For Stimson see also Godfrey Hogson, The Colonel. The Life and Times of Henry Stimson 1867–1950 (1990); Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (1960); David F. Schmitz, Henry L. Stimson. The First Wise Man (2000). • 13. SP, pp. 50–3. • 14. Ibid., p. 58; Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 250. • 15. Francis, L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley & Manfred Jonas, eds., Roosevelt and Churchill. Their Secret Wartime Correspondence (NY, 1975), p. 206. • 16. SP, pp. 41, 43. • 17. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 253. • 18. Larrabee, Commander in Chief, op. cit., pp. 183–5. • 19. Derek Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War: An Account of the Chindit Commander (1972), p.102. • 20. SP, p. 43. • 21. Ibid., pp. 44, 54. • 22. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., pp. 236–7. • 23. Chiang’s vision and perception have also been defended by other friendly critics, notably Hans Van de Ven, ‘Stilwell in the Stocks: the Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War’, Asian Affairs 34 (2003), pp. 243–59. See also Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1942–1945 (2003). Less notice has been taken of his bizarre behaviour in manoeuvring towards war in Tibet in 1942–43 as a pre-emptive strike in his struggle against the Communists, hoping for direct control over China’s south-western provinces. That such a probe, if seriously carried out, would have brought Chiang into conflict with the British, who claimed Tibet as part of India, seems to have bothered him not at all: Lia Hsiao-Ting, ‘War or Strategy? Reassessing China’s Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943’, China Quarterly 186 (2006), pp. 446–62. • 24. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 322. • 25. Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo (Harvard, 2009), pp. 176–7. • 26. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 197. • 27. J.A. Goette, Japan Fights for Asia (1945), p. 79. • 28. R.J. Aldrich, Intelligence and the War against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 201–2. • 29. SP, pp. 54, 57. • 30. Ibid., p. 56. • 31. Forrest Pogue, Ordeal and Hope 1939–1942 (1966), pp. 355–9. • 32. Stephen C. Shadegg, Clare Booth Luce (NY, 1970), Wilfred Sheed, Clare Booth Luce (NY, 1982). • 33. SP, p. 67. • 34. Ibid., p. 68. • 35. Ibid., p. 71. • 36. For the Chiangs’ visit to India see Hannah Pakula, The Last Empress. Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China (2010), pp. 377–8; Taylor, Generalissimo, op. cit., pp. 195–6. • 37. SP, pp. 70, 72–3. • 38. Pakula, Last Empress, op. cit. See also Laura Tyson Li, Madame Chiang Kai-shek: China’s Eternal First Lady (NY, 2006); Sterling Seagrave, The Soong Dynasty (NY, 1996); Emily Hahn, The Soong Sisters (1942). Clare Booth Luce declared that Madame was the nearest thing to a Joan of Arc or a Florence Nightingale that the decade had produced (Pakula, Last Empress, op. cit., p. 379). • 39. See Martha Byrd, Chennault – Giving Wings to the Tiger (Tuscaloosa, 2003); Martin Caidin, The Ragged Warriors (NY, 1978); and the book by Chennault himself, Way of a Fighter (NY, 1949). Cf. also Robert Hebgen, ed., General Claire Lee Chennault. A Guide to his Papers (Palo Alto, 1993). • 40. Daniel Ford, Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and his American Volunteers 1941–42 (Washington DC, 2007), pp. 30–4, 45. • 41. O.J. Greenlaw, The Lady and the Tigers (NY, 1943), pp. 148–9. • 42. Leland Stowe, They Shall Not Sleep (1945), pp. 62–85. • 43. Ford, Flying Tigers, op. cit., pp. 333–4; Robert Lee Scott, Flying Tigers. Chennault and China (Santa Barbara, 1973), pp. 61–5. For Chiang’s obsession with airpower see Guangqiu Xu, War Wings: the United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949 (NY, 2001), p. 182. • 44. Larrabee, Commander in Chief, op. cit., p. 545. • 45. SP, p. 69. • 46. Stowe, They Shall Not Sleep, op. cit., pp. 21–5. For a description of Stilwell’s house in Chungking see Larrabee, Commander in Chief, op. cit., pp. 538–9. • 47. See Frederic Wakeman, Spy Master. Dai Lai and the Chinese Secret Service (Berkeley, 2003). Tai-Li famously got his comeuppance eventually at the hands of the legendary head of the OSS, ‘Wild Bill’ Donovan (Richard Dunlop, Donovan. America’s Master Spy (Chicago, 1982), pp. 426–7. • 48. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit. • 49. O.C. Spencer, Flying the Hump: Memories of an Air War (Texas, 1992), p. 40. • 50. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 267. • 51. Liang, General Stilwell in China, op. cit., pp. 33–5. • 52. Taylor, Generalissimo, op. cit., pp. 55–6, 257–9. • 53. SP, p. 79. • 54. Ibid., p. 78. • 55. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 270. • 56. F. Eldridge, Wrath in Burma (NY, 1946), pp. 47, 92; Ho Y-c, The Big Circle (NY, 1948), p. 5; M. Collis, Last and First in Burma, 1941–1948 (1956), p. 122. • 57. SP, p. 78. • 58. Ibid., p. 80. • 59. Ibid., pp. 81–9. • 60. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 271. One man who may not have liked the new entente was Churchill: he intensely disliked the Stilwell–Alexander dual command (W.S. Churchill, The Second World War (1950), iv, pp. 169–70. • 61. P. Carmichael, Mountain Battery (Bournemouth, 1983), pp. 75–7; T. Carew, The Longest Retreat (1969), pp. 204–5; Jack Belden, Retreat with Stilwell (NY, 1943), p. 215. • 62. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 274. • 63. SP, p. 89. • 64. For Merrill see N. Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War Two (Novato, CA, 1996), pp. 361–2. • 65. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 275. • 66. DIV, p. 51. • 67. SP, p. 90. • 68. Ibid., p. 92. • 69. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., passim. • 70. SP, pp. 93–4. See also Pakula, Last Empress, op. cit., pp. 387–8. • 71. Liang, General Stilwell in China, op. cit., p. 37. • 72. SP, pp. 96–9; Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit. • 73. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 282. • 74. SP, p. 99; Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 284. • 75. SP, pp. 100, 104. • 76.Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 285. • 77. Ibid., p. 276. • 78. DIV, p. 76. • 79. SP, p. 103. • 80. DIV, p. 77. • 81. Ronald Lewin, Slim. The Standard Bearer (1976), p. 65. • 82. DIV, p. 108; Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 276. • 83. DIV, p. 82. • 84. John Masters, The Road Past Mandalay (1961), pp. 265, 309–10; Robert Farquharson, For Your Tomorrow. Canadians and the Burma Campaign 1941–45 (2004), p. 59. • 85. Which in no way invalidates his critique of Chiang. Taylor, Generalissimo, op. cit., thinks it does, but his work is vitiated by a systematic no-holds-barred attempt to discredit Stilwell in order to bolster his unconvincing ‘rehabilitation’ of Chiang (see ibid., pp. 191–295). Unhappily for him, most of Taylor’s critique subsists at the level of mere assertion, not scholarship. • 86. SP, p. 99. • 87. Ibid., pp. 100, 104. • 88. Alanbrooke Diaries, pp. 442–3. • 89. SP, pp. 106–7. • 90. Ibid., pp. 107, 109. • 91. Ibid., p. 109. • 92. Ibid., p. 106. • 93. See Duane Schultz, The Doolittle Raid (NY, 1988); Carroll V. Glines, The Doolittle Raid (NY, 1988). • 94. Carroll V. Glines, Doolittle’s Tokyo Raiders (Princeton, 1964), p. 6. • 95. Quoted in Jon Latimer, Burma. The Forgotten War (2004), p. 113. • 96. F. Dorn, Walkout. With Stilwell in Burma (NY, 1971), esp. pp. 152–64, 206–11, 237–43. See also the account by the surgeon Gordon Seagrave, with whom Stilwell enjoyed a close entente: Seagrave
, Burma Surgeon (NY, 1943), pp. 210–11. • 97. Tuchman, Sand against the Wind, op. cit., p. 296. • 98. SP, p. 111. • 99. Ibid., p. 113. • 100. Ibid., p. 114. • 101. Ibid., p. 115. • 102. E.V. Fischer, The Chancy War. Winning in China, Burma and India in World War Two (NY, 1991), pp. 108–13; W.G. Burchett, Trek Back from Burma (Allahabad, n.d.), p. 272. • 103. SP, p. 116. • 104. C.F. Romanus & R. Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission to China (Washington DC, 1953), p. 139; Liang, General Stilwell in China, op. cit., p. 41. • 105. Chennault, Way of a Fighter, op. cit., p. 161. • 106. Pakula, Last Empress, op. cit., p. 392.

  Chapter Four

  pp. 69–89

  • 1. Christopher Sykes, Orde Wingate (1959). • 2. David Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits: Redressing the Balance (1994), p. 15. • 3. John Bagot Glubb, Arabian Adventures (1978), p. 9. • 4. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 52–82. • 5. It is instructive to contrast the lucid and convincing account in Trevor Royle, Orde Wingate (1995), pp. 79–81, with the vague and evasive version of events in Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 84–8. • 6. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 87–8. • 7. John Connell, Wavell. Scholar and Soldier (1964), pp. 183–94. • 8. John Rose, The Myths of Zionism (2004), pp. 130–1. • 9. Norman Finkelstein, Image and Reality in the Israel–Palestine Conflict (1995), p. 113. • 10. Tom Seger, One Palestine Complete (2000), pp. 430–1. • 11. Leonard Mosley, Gideon Goes to War (1955), p. 58. • 12. Ibid., pp. 38–72. See also the generous assessment in Simon James Angrim, ‘Orde Wingate and the British Army 1922–1944. Military Thought and Practice Compared and Contrasted’, PhD thesis, University of Wales, 2007; Chapter Four. • 13. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 109. • 14. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., p. 76; see also Sunday Express, 6 March 1954. • 15. Norman Rose, Chaim Weizmann. A Biography (1986), pp. 257–88. • 16. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 158. • 17. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 109–26. • 18. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 97–9. • 19. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 209–10. • 20. Derek Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War: An Account of the Chindit Commander (1972), pp. 285–6. • 21. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., pp. 97–144. • 22. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 245–6, 302–7, 318–19. See also Angrim, ‘Orde Wingate and the British Army’, op. cit., Chapter Five. • 23. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., pp. 149–58; Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 324–8. • 24. John Masters (1979), p. 161; Rooney, Wingate, op. cit., p. 73; Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., pp. 159–72; Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 216–20; Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 331–6. • 25. Shelford Bidwell, The Chindit War (1979), p. 39. • 26. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 335–41. • 27. The ‘all or nothing’ personality often co-exists with religious mania, as has been brilliantly demonstrated by Erik Erikson in Young Man Luther (1958). • 28. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., p. 170; Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 186–7. • 29. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 94, 129, 160–3. • 30. Wilfred Thesiger, The Life of My Choice (1987), pp. 318–22, 327–28, 350–54; Michael Asher, Thesiger: a Biography (1994), pp. 191–205. • 31. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., p. 116; Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 188; Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 250. • 32. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., p. 170; Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 235, 237. • 33. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 19, 56, 93–4, 125, 162, 186. • 34. Ibid., pp. 129, 241, 254; Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 339–40. • 35. Charles M. Wilson, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (1966). • 36. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., p. 157. • 37. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 232, 241–3. • 38. Ibid., p. 241. • 39. Ibid., pp. 30, 54, 67, 84, 92, 113, 232, 273–4. • 40. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., pp. 176–8. • 41. For the SOE see Charles Cruickshank, SOE in the Far East (Oxford, 1983); Ian Fellowes-Gordon, The Battle for Naw Seng’s Kingdom (1971). • 42. R. Dunlop, Behind Japanese Lines. With the OSS in Burma (Chicago, 1979), esp. pp. 29–41, 121–35, 151–64, 206–8; M. Miles, A Different Kind of War (NY, 1967), pp. 76–8. • 43. A. Irwin, Burmese Outpost (1945); B. Phillipps, KC8 Burma (NY, 2000). • 44. See David Rooney, Mad Mike. A Life of Michael Calvert (1996). • 45. Mike Calvert, Fighting Mad (Shrewsbury, 1996), pp. 55–66. • 46. DIV, p. 162. • 47. Calvert, Fighting Mad, op. cit., p. 77; Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., p. 179. • 48. Mike Calvert, Prisoners of Hope (1971). • 49. Mosley, Gideon, op. cit., pp. 180–1. • 50. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 364. • 51. Calvert, Fighting Mad, op. cit., p. 76, Calvert; Prisoners of Hope, op. cit. • 52. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 367–9. • 53. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 235–6. • 54. Louis Allen, Burma. The Longest War 1941–45 (1984), p. 120. • 55. Bernard Fergusson, Beyond the Chindwin (1995), p. 20. • 56. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., p. 25; Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 71. • 57. Calvert, Prisoners of Hope, op. cit.; Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 371. For these early days of Special Force and the evolution of 77 Indian Brigade into the Chindits see (in great detail) W0 172/611 and 106/4670. • 58. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 238. See also WO 172/2107; 106/46; 106/51. On the more general issues of integrating Asian units see Tarak Barkawi, ‘Culture and Combat in the Colonies: the Indian Army in the Second World War’, Journal of Contemporary History 41 (2006), pp. 325–55. • 59. Calvert, Fighting Mad, op. cit., p. 123. • 60. John Connell, Auchinleck: A Biography of Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck (1959), p. 743. • 61. Byron Farwell, The Gurkhas (1984), p. 217. • 62. Calvert, Prisoners of Hope, op. cit., p. 12. • 63. David Halley, With Wingate in Burma (1945), pp. 30–2. • 64. Bernard Fergusson, Wavell: Portrait of a Soldier (1961), p. 72. • 65. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 376. • 66. Fergusson, Beyond the Chindwin, op. cit., p. 24. • 67. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 241. • 68. C.J. Robb, Wingate’s Raiders (1944), pp. 761–62. • 69. Connell, Auchinleck, op. cit. • 70. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 244. • 71. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., p. 40. • 71. Bidwell, Chindit War p. 40. • 72. Royle, p. 226. • 73. Rooney, Wingate op. cit. p. 76. • 74. ibid. p. 77. • 75. Sykes, p. 378. • 76. ibid. p. 375. • 77. P. Chinney, March or Die (1997) p. 29. • 78. Mosley, op. cit. pp. 188–89; J.S.G. Blair, In Arduis Fidelis (Edinburgh 1998) p. 358. • 79. John Masters, The Road Past Mandalay (1961) p. 157. Virtually identical sentiments were expressed by Terence O’Brien, Out of the Blue. A Pilot with the Chindwins (1984), p. 22. • 80. P. Stibbe, Return via Rangoon (1995) p. 25. • 81. Latimer, Burma, p. 158. • 82. Fergusson, Beyond the Chindwin, op. cit. p. 47. • 83. Sykes, p. 379.

  Chapter Five

  pp. 90–109

  • 1. J. Lunt, Hell of a Licking. The Retreat from Burma 1941–42 (1986), p. 263. • 2. Ronald Lewin, Slim. The Standard Bearer (1976), p. 105. • 3. William Fowler, We Gave Our Today (2009), p. 85. • 4. M. Maybury, Heaven Born in Burma. Vol. 2. Flight of the Heaven Born (Castle Cary, 1985), p. 168; A.J.F. Doulton, The Fighting Cock (Aldershot, 1956), pp. 20–1. • 5. Jon Latimer, Burma. The Forgotten War (2004), p. 112; Louis Allen, Burma. The Longest War 1941–45 (1984), pp. 83–5. • 6. DIV, pp. 112–13. • 7. Latimer, Burma, op. cit., p. 111. • 8. Mike Calvert, Fighting Mad (Shrewsbury, 1996), p. 107. • 9. Roy McKelvie, The War in Burma (1948), pp. 44–5. • 10. See, for example, G. Fitzpatrick, No Mandalay, No Maymyo (Lewes, 2001), pp. 261–5. • 11. G. Seagrave, Burma Surgeon Returns (NY 1946), p. 30. • 12. Barbara Tuchman, Sand against the Wind (1971), p. 277. • 13. Ho Y-c, The Big Circle (NY, 1948), pp. 23–4. • 14. DIV, p. 114. • 15. R. McKie, Echoes from Forgotten Wars (Sydney, 1980). • 16. Patrick Davis, A Child at Arms (1970). • 17. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 141. • 18. Stephen Roskill, The War at Sea (1961), ii, p. 30. • 19. G. Moorehouse, India Britannica (1983), p. 242. • 20. Peter Clarke, The Cripps Version. The Life of Sir Stafford Cripps 1889–1952 (2002), pp. 292–302. • 21. This issue is dealt with at exhaustive length in Nicholas Mansergh, ed., Constitutional Relations between Britain and India. The Transfer of Power, 12 vols. (1982). • 22. Brian Connell, Wavell, Supreme Commander, 1941–1943 (1969), p. 23. • 23. H. Evans, Thimmaya of India. A Soldier’s Life (NY, 1960), pp. 180–1; C. Sommerville, Our War: The British Commonwealth and the Second World War (1998), pp. 11–12; P. Hart, At The Sharp End (Barnsley, 1998), pp. 119–20. • 24. A. Stewart, The Underr
ated Enemy. Britain’s War with Japan, December 1941–May 1942 (1987), p. 199; DIV, p. 136. • 25. Adrian Fort, Archibald Wavell (2009), pp. 302–3. • 26. DIV, p. 137. • 27. Ibid., pp. 142–3. For a detailed examination of these points see T.R. Foreman, The Jungle, the Japanese and British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45 (2005). • 28. Fowler, We Gave Our Today, op. cit., p. 31. • 29. Lunt, Hell of a Licking, op. cit., • 30. J. Becka, The Nationalist Liberation Movement in Burma during the Japanese Occupation Period, 1941–1945 (Prague 1983), pp. 81–101. • 31. F.C. Jones, Japan’s New Order in East Asia: Its Rise and Fall 1937–1945 (NY, 1978), pp. 333–7. • 32. W. Elsbree, Japan’s Role in South East Asian Nationalist Movements, 1940–1945 (Harvard, 1953), pp. 18–41. • 33. For full details see Latimer, Burma, op. cit., pp. 133–6. • 34. DIV, p. 151. • 35. Geoffrey Evans, Slim as Military Commander (1969), p. 86. • 36. Cecil Beaton, Far East (1945), p. 29. • 37. DIV, p. 150. • 38. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 94–5. • 39. Ibid., p. 95. • 40. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 105. • 41. Robert Lyman, Slim, Master of War (2004) p. 75. • 42. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 97. • 43. DIV, p. 152. • 44. B. Prasad, ed., The Arakan Operations, 1942–45 (Delhi, 1954), pp. 24–9. • 45. B. Perrett, Tank Tracks to Rangoon (1978), p. 80. • 46. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 106. • 47. ‘The conspiracy theorist might conclude that Irwin was quietly lining Slim up to be the scapegoat for the campaign, knowing that disaster was looming.’ (Lyman, Slim, op. cit., pp. 91–2). • 48. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 121. • 49. DIV, pp. 153–4. • 50. Connell, Wavell, op. cit., p. 252. • 51. S.W. Kirby, ed., The War against Japan (1960), ii, p. 339. • 52. DIV, pp. 155–7. • 53. Prasad, ed. Arakan Operations, op. cit., pp. 81–8. • 54. DIV, pp. 159–60. • 55. Quoted in Latimer, Burma, op. cit., pp. 148–9. • 56. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 114. • 57. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., pp. 123–4. • 58. Michael Calvert, Slim (1973), p. 53. • 59. DIV, p. 161. • 60. Connell, Wavell, op. cit., p. 255. • 61. J.S.G. Blair, In Arduis Fidelis: Centenary History of the Royal Medical Corps (Edinburgh, 1998), pp. 328–9; G. Armstrong, The Sparks Fly Upwards (East Wittering, 1991), pp. 138–40. • 62. Eric Munday, USAAF Bomber Units Pacific, 1941–45 (1979). • 63. Fowler, We Gave Our Today, op. cit., pp. 90–1. • 64. N.R.L. Franks, Hurricanes over the Arakan (Wellingborough, 1989), p. 210; M.C. Cotton, Hurricanes over Burma (1995), p. 175. • 65. D. Anderson, ‘Slim’, in John Keegan, Churchill’s Generals (1991), p. 305. For Slim’s own account of Gallabat see his Unofficial History (1959), pp. 127–48. • 66. Robert Lyman, The Generals, pp. 143–86, esp. pp. 141, 151–2. • 67. Ibid., p. 148. • 68. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 75. • 69. George MacDonald Fraser, Quartered Safe Out Here (1992), pp. 35–6. • 70. Fowler, We Gave Our Today, op. cit., p. 8. • 71. Ibid., pp. 8–9. • 72. Evans, Slim, op. cit., p. 27; Michael Carver, ed., The War Lords: Military Commanders of the Twentieth Century (1976), p. 377. • 73. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 2. • 74. DIV, p. 164. • 75. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 5. • 76. R. Lewin, The Chief (1980), pp. 215–20; Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide (1956), p. 624. • 77. DIV, p. 121. • 78. John Marsh, ed., Alexander. The Memoirs 1940–1945 (1962), p. 92; Nigel Nicolson, Alex: The Life of Field-Marshal Earl Alexander of Tunis (1973), p. 137; Lunt, Hell of a Licking, op. cit., p. 160; W.G.R. Jackson, Alexander as Military Commander (1971). • 79. J. Hedley, Jungle Fighter (Brighton, 1996), p. 26. • 80. DIV, p. 119; Lunt, Hell of a Licking, op. cit., p. xviii.