A Durable Peace
Page 49
31. Source: Yigal Carmon, Prime Minister’s Adviser on Terrorism, personal communication, Dec. 22, 1992.
32. Agence France Presse, May 21, 1986 and Reuters, July 4, 1986; for Abbas see Liberation, July 1, 1985 and France Soir, July 2, 1985.
33. The London Observer, Feb. 5, 1989.
34. Source: Yigal Carmon, personal communication, Dec. 22, 1992.
35. Ibid. Carmon has shown me photostats of captured PLO identity documents bearing such names.
36. Pryce-Jones, Closed Circle, pp. 206–207.
37. Sheehan, Secret History, p. 217.
38. Neil Livingstone and David Halevy Inside the PLO: Cover Units, Secret Funds, and the War Against Israel and the United States (New York: William Morrow, 1990), p. 64.
39. O’Brien, Siege, p. 368.
40. H. Sachar, History of Israel, p. 342.
41. O’Brien, Siege, p. 476.
42. Arafat quoted in Al-Destour, Dec. 26, 1983.
43. Quoted in Becker, PLO, p. 53.
44. Ibid., p. 51.
45. “Those [Israelis] who survive will remain in Palestine. I estimate that none of them will survive.” Shukeiri quoted in H. Sachar, History of Israel, pp. 633–34.
46. Becker, PLO, p. 66.
47. H. Sachar, History of Israel, p. 685.
48. The PLO estimated the toll at thirty thousand dead. Becker, PLO,p. 75- Israel offered medical treatment to casualties at Israeli hospitals. The Jerusalem Post, Sept. 23, 1970.
49. The jerusalem Post , May 16 and June 7, 1982.
50. Raphael Israeli, The PLO in Lebanon: Selected Documents (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).
51. Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, p. 82.
52. Al-Saeyasa (Kuwait), June 2, 1990.
53. Jimmy Carter, The Blood of Abraham (Boston: Hough ton Mifflin, 1985), pp. 112–13.
54. Arafat first approached the United States with a statement that he was willing to accept that “Israel is here to stay” in 1973, a full fifteen years before the supposed acceptance of Israel that prompted the U.S.-PLO dialogue. Arafat’s original proposal to the Americans was that he would accept Israel if the United States would support a PLO state in Jordan. The Americans did not respond, in part because they believed that the PLO “was certain to be irredentist” and would not be satisfied only with Jordan. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982), p. 626.
55. The jerusalem Post , March 26, 1973.
56. Harris Schoenberg, Mandate for Terror: The United Nations and the PLO (New York: Shapolsky, 1989), pp. 413–14.
57. The New York Times, Oct. 10, 1985. Cited in Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, p. 317.
58. Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, p. 259.
59. At an Arab League luncheon at the UN, at which the UN secretary-general was present; The New York Times, Dec. 4, 1985.
60. The New York Times, Nov. 13, 1988. Abbas continued: “It wasn’t us who carried out this [Achille Lauro] operation, but the Americans. They are the ones who made this whole thing up. The Americans are trying to play the role of ‘cowboy’” Al-Watan Al-Arabi (Paris), Dec. 16, 1988.
61. The Wall Street Journal, July 26, 1979.
62. Nov. 8–11, 1987. The Record of Events called the conference “extraordinary” in that it was called to deal with the Iran-Iraq War rather than the usual agenda. “The Middle East and North Africa” (London: Europa Publications, 1991), 37th ed., p. 244.
63. Abu Iyad interviewed on BBC, Nov. 10, 1985.
64. Kaddoumi in Quotidien de Paris, Nov. 19, 1985.
65. The denial was issued by PLO spokesman Mahmoud Labadi. The Jerusalem Post, July 26, 1982.
66. Arafat’s official text, Geneva, Dec. 13, 1988.
67. Arafat, in Ibid.
68. The New York Times, Jan. 19, 1989. Such reactions were based on the views of the State Department, whose spokesman announced that “things will never be the same again in the Middle East peace process.”The Washington Post, Dec. 16, 1988.
69. Arafat on Austrian television, Dec. 19, 1988.
70. Za’anoun quoted in Al-Anba (Kuwait), Dec. 23, 1988.
71. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Rayah (Qatar), Jan. 13, 1990.
72. Al-Hassan quoted in Al-Rayah (Qatar), Jan. 13, 1990.
73. Hawatmeh quoted by Jamahiriya News Agency (Libya), Apr. 19, 1989.
74. Abu Iyad on Radio Monte Carlo, March 4, 1989.
75. Kaddoumi quoted in Politiken (Denmark), May 18, 1989.
76. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Watan (Kuwait), Feb. 11, 1989.
77. Habash quoted in the PFLP’s Al-Hadaf, April 9, 1989.
78. Saudi Press Agency, Aug. 8, 1989.
79. Arafat and Qaddafi statement, Jana Libyan News Agency, quoted by Agence France Presse, Jan. 7, 1990.
80. Arafat on Radio Monte Carlo, May 2, 1989.
81. Arafat quoted by Agence France Presse, May 5, 1989.
82. Balawi interviewed with Al-Sabbah (Tunisia), quoted by Kuwait News Agency, May 6, 1989.
83. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Saeyasa (Kuwait), June 1, 1989.
84. Abu Iyad quoted in Ukaz (Saudi Arabia), Jan. 23, 1989.
85. Natshe quoted in Al-Watan (Kuwait), Jan. 8, 1989.
86. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Anba (Kuwait), Sept. 7, 1988.
87. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Yom Al-Sabi, Nov. 28, 1988.
88. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Sapir, Jan. 1988.
89. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Anba (Kuwait), Dec. 18, 1988.
90. Abu Iyad quoted in Dehira Ufales (Kuwait), Jan. 6, 1987.
91. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Anba (Kuwait), Sept. 7, 1988.
92. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Anba (Kuwait), Dec. 6, 1988.
93. Abu Iyad quoted in Al-Anba (Kuwait), Dec. 12, 1988.
94. Arafat quoted by Libyan News Agency, May 1, 1990.
95. Kaddoumi quoted over BBC Arabic Service, Apr. 5, 1989.
96. Sayah quoted in Al-Saeyasa (Kuwait), Dec. 21, 1988.
97. Sayah quoted in As-Shira (Beirut), Aug. 22, 1988.
98. PFLP statement, Voice of the Mountain Radio (Lebanon), June 9, 1989.
99. PFLP’s Al-Hadaf, Apr. 9, 1989.
100. Hawatmeh quoted by Agence France Presse, Jan. 1989.
101. Natshe quoted in Al-Qabas, Dec. 26, 1989.
102. Al-Rai (Amman), Nov. 12, 1992.
103. Dejani quoted in Ukaz (Saudi Arabia), Nov. 22, 1988.
104. Natshe quoted m Al-Watan (Kuwait), Jan. 8, 1989.
105. Danny Rothschild, Israel Government Coordinator for Judea and Samaria, Oct. 1991.
106. Hassan quoted in Al-Watan (Kuwait), Feb. 21, 1990.
107. Through Jan. 1, 1953. Atkinson, Security, p. 164. This amounts to more than $5 billion in 1992 terms.
108. Qaddafi on ABC, 20/20, Jan. 27, 1988. Nasser said as much three decades earlier: “If Arabs return to Israel, Israel will cease to exist.”Züricher Woche, Sept. 1, 1961; cited in Katz, Battleground, p. 31.
109. Arafat quoted in Qatar News Agency, Jan. 13, 1989.
110. Natshe quoted in Al-Watan (Kuwait), Jan. 8, 1989.
111. Arafat quoted by Middle East News Agency, Aug. 1, 1991.
112. Algiers Voice of Palestine, March 15, 1992.
113. Becker, FLO, pp. 175, 197.
114. Kaddoumi quoted in Ibid., p. 197.
115. As of Aug. 23, 1992, 698 “collaborators” had been murdered in the territories by the intifada committees. Source: IDF spokesman.
116. Arafat quoted in People’s Daily, June 29, 1989.
117. Arafat quoted by Associated Press, Jan. 7, 1991.
118. Farouq Kaddoumi, on Radio A-Sharq (Lebanon), Aug. 20, 1991.
119. Voice of Palestine, Aug. 19, 1991. Predictably, within hours after the coup failed, Arafat issued a contradictory message of congratulations to Gorbachev and Yelstin. They were not pleased.
120. Mufti quoted in Schechtman, Mufti, p. 104.
6. TWO KINDS OF PEACE
1. Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace,” in Hans Reiss, ed., Kant’s Political Writing
s (New York: Cambridge, 1970), pp. 100, 103.
2. Shirer, Rise and Fall, pp. 556–57.
3. Between 1989 and 1992, the U.S. government provided nearly $8 billion in unconditional loan guarantees to eight Arab governments, including $500 million in guarantees for Iraq approved immediately before its invasion of Kuwait. Near East Report, April 6, 1992.
4. Western European countries supplied Saddam with combat aircraft; assault, antitank, and reconnaissance helicopters; air-to-air, surface-to-air, and air-to-surface missiles and missile launchers; electronic systems for land and sea defense; military transports of various sorts; armored cars and antitank armored cars; mobile artillery; missile frigates and corvettes; and ammunition and explosives. Yedidya Atlas, “Where Did Saddam Get All Those Weapons?” The Jerusalem Post, Sept. 17, 1990. The recent revelations and accusations in Britain and the United States seem to indicate much more extensive Western involvement in creating the Iraqi menace than even the above list indicates.
5. Max Nordau, Morals and the Evolution of Man, Marie Lewenz, trans. (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1922), pp. 1–2.
7. THE WALL
1. Charles Perkins, Arms to the Arabs: The Arab Military Buildup Since 1973 (Washington, D.C.: AIPAC, 1989), p. 5.
2. Saudi defense expenditures in 1990 totaled $31.9 billion, as compared with Britain’s $38.5 billion. And Saudi expenditures in the coming years may include tens of billions of dollars in additional arms requested from the U.S. and other suppliers. International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance, 1991 (London: Brassey, 1991), p. 117.
3. The Germans had 3,350 tanks. Col. T. N. Dupuy, A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff 1807–1945 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977), p. 269. Compare this with Syria’s 4,350 today. Military Balance, p. 120.
4. The Syrian standing army comprises 404,000 troops. Israel’s active service comes to 141,000 men, and it can rely on 504,000 reserves. Military Balance, pp. 108, 120.
5. NATO forces arrayed against a possible Soviet assault were deployed across the entire depth of West Germany, affording 150 miles of defenses between East Germany and France at West Germany’s narrowest point. David Isby and Charles Kamps, Armies of NATO’s Central Front (London: Jane’s, 1985), p. 194.
6. Twain, Innocents Abroad, p. 379.
7. The Arab states comprise 5.4 million square miles, while the United States is 3.5 million square miles. Maryland is 9,837 square miles, as opposed to 8,290 for pre-1967 Israel. The West Bank is 2,187 square miles.
8. A surprise attack by Syria, Jordan, and an Iraqi expeditionary force would have a six-to-one advantage in standing ground forces over Israel during the first forty-eight hours of the fighting. Aryeh Shalev, The West Bank Line of Defense (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985), p. 42.
9. The Washington Times, Oct. 12, 1988.
10. The Jerusalem Post, Nov. 7, 1991.
11. The Jaffee Center Study Group on War in the Gulf Implications for Israel (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 388.
12. The length of the West Bank’s border with pre-1967 Israel is 361 kilometers, as opposed to 100 kilometers at present. Shalev, West Bank Line, p. 10.
13. Ha’aretz, July 22, 1988.
14. The Jerusalem Post, Nov. 12, 1986, and Apr. 5, 1987.
15. The Associated Press, Jan. 14, 1990.
16. Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, p. 68.
17. Arthur Goldberg, “The Meaning of 242,” The Jerusalem Post, June 10, 1977.
18. Ibid.
19. Caradon on The MacNeil-Lehrer Report, Mar. 30, 1978.
20. Eugene Rostow, “The Truth About 242,” The Jerusalem Post, Nov. 5, 1990.
21. Johnson, Address before the 125th anniversary meeting of B’nai Brith, Washington, D.C., Sept. 10, 1968. Reprinted in the Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 7, 1968.
22. Dayan quoted in H. Sachar, History of Israel, p. 674.
8. A DURABLE PEACE
1. “We, the Palestinian people, made the imaginative leap in the Palestine National Council of November 1988, during which the Palestine Liberation Organization launched its peace initiative based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 and declared Palestinian independence based on Resolution 181 of the United Nations, which gave birth to two states in 1948, Israel and Palestine” (emphasis added). Head of Palestinian delegation, Haidar Abdel-Shafi, in The New York Times, Nov. 1, 1991.
2. “The claims invoked by Israel for the migration of world Jewry to it at the expense of the native Arab population are not sanctioned by anylegal or humanitarian principle. If the entire world were to adopt such claims, it would have to encourage Christians to emigrate to the Vatican and all the Moslems to emigrate to holy Mecca.” Syrian foreign minister Farouq Al-Shara, in Ibid.
3. Tlas quoted on Damascus Television Service, Mar. 7, 1990.
4. The jerusalem Post , Oct. 22 and 23, 1991.
5. The New York Times, Mar. 22, 1991.
6. The New York Times, Mar. 18, 1991.
7. Telephone discussion with Eliyahu Rosenthal, Israel Water Authority.
8. Ibid.
9. Saudi News Agency, Jan. 2, 1989.
10. The Jerusalem Post, May 19, 1992.
11. Addendum to the report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, “Financial Situation of UNRWA in 1990 and 1991 and Budget Estimates for 1992–93.”
9. THE QUESTION OF JEWISH POWER
1. Cicero quoted in Stern, Greek and Latin Authors, vol. 1, p. 19.
2. Jabotinsky quoted in Benzion Netanyahu, Jabotinsky’s Place in the History of the Jewish People (Haifa: University of Haifa Faculty of the Humanities Publications, 1981), p. 15.
3. Shoah, An Oral History of the Holocaust: The Complete Text of the Film by Claude Lanzmann (New York: Pantheon, 1985), p. 200.
4. Protocols of the Wannsee Conference, Jan. 20, 1942, in Yitzhak Arad, ed., Documents of the Holocaust (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1981), p. 254.
5. In fact, many newspapers ridiculed the address. Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954), pp. 445–46.
6. Jabotinsky, in Do’ar Hayom, May 17, 1929. Cited in B. Netanyahu, Jabotinsky’s Place, p. 7.
7. Ha’aretz, Aug. 27, 1992.
8. Shoah, p. 169.
9. Mark Twain, The Complete Essays of Mark Twain, Charles Neider, ed. (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1963), p. 249.
Acknowledgments to
A Durable Peace
My friend Merv Adelson deserves all thanks for introducing me to Larry Kirshbaum of Warner Books, who persistently and doggedly pursued me to take time out from my schedule to complete the task of preparing this book for publication. Larry was not only successful in hunting his quarry (me), but also unusually generous with perceptive and invaluable editorial advice. At his suggestion, we touched as little of the original historical material as possible but updated the book to reflect the events of the last few years. Larry also brought with him excellent technical assistance in the person of his son Michael, who expertly manned the computer, kept up with my dictation, and proved that we are truly living in an electronic age. To both members of the Kirshbaum family, I extend my warmest thanks, as I do to David Bar Ilan, who applied his critical intelligence to the manuscript, old and new. As always, my wife, Sarah, put up with our impossible hours to complete the book with great understanding and even greater support.
Acknowledgments to
A Place Among the Nations
The task of writing this book would have been daunting enough in itself, but writing it in the midst of the turbulence of Israeli politics made it all the more so. A number of people helped me overcome what otherwise would have been insurmountable difficulties.
Dr. Dore Gold of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University and Douglas Feith read the manuscript and suggested important revisions. My brother, Dr. Iddo Netanyahu, and my cousin, Nathan Mileikowsky, went over every word, steering me away fro
m obscurity and toward what I hope is greater clarity and focus. The unwavering enthusiasm of Linda Grey and Ann Harris of Bantam Books was a constant source of encouragement, as were Ann’s good-natured yet incisive editorial comments. Rami Elhanan and Jackie Levy calmly produced the maps and illustrations in the face of ever-changing demands. Esther Loewy, Avishai Cohen, and Ita Hanya verified facts and quotations, relentlessly weeding out inaccuracies and hunting down reliable information. Ralph Cwernan methodically tracked down material from some of my UN speeches, which I incorporated into the text. Above all, Yoram Hazony acted as an amalgam of researcher, editor, and typist, bringing a perceptive intelligence, as well as much patience and dedication, to work that often continued literally around the clock. To each of them I am deeply indebted, and to each I offer my thanks.
Last and most important, I owe an inestimable debt to my wife, Sarah, who gave me her clear insights into what was important and what was not, combining wise judgment with a profound sensitivity, while offering me her firm convictions and her courage.
BENJAMIN NETANYAHU
ACCLAIM FOR THE FIRST EDITION OF A DURABLE PEACE
“Powerful, lucidly argued… impressive…. Very few Israeli spokesmen have ever understood the Arab arguments against Israel so well, or deployed counterarguments so skillfully…. Often entertaining as well as instructive.”
—CONOR CRUISE O’BRIEN, NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW
’Brilliant… mastery… shows that Netanyahu is as tough, as sharp, and as eloquent as his political enemies fear. And then some.” —NATIONAL REVIEW
“A good introduction to the man and his views… artful.” —JERUSALEM POST
“Scholarly yet swift…. Seasoned watchers of Middle Eastern affairs and interested laymen alike will enjoy Mr. Netanyahu’s clarity and thoughtfulness… a profound effort to explain the issues thoroughly while not being didactic… a pleasure to read.” —WASHINGTON TIMES
Israel at the half-century mark is one of the great success stories of our time. Now, as the Jewish State enters the twenty-first century, comes a new, thoroughly revised edition of Benjamin Netanyahu’s acclaimed A Place Among the Nations, updated to reflect both recent developments and Netanyahu’s unique vantage point.