An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru

by Ralph Bauer

  83. Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis de Cañete, was the third viceroy of Peru. His tenure was from 1556 to 1560.

  84. A repartimiento was a grant of land and Indian tributaries associated with a certain obligations on the part of the grantee. Saire Topa died in 1560.

  85. Juan Polo de Ondegardo was a corregidor, or municipal royal administrator, of Cuzco from 1558 to 1561 and from 1571 until his death in 1574. Martín de Pando was a mestizo and scribe who accompanied him and decided to stay in Vilcabamba after the embassy was complete. He later transcribed this text as dictated by Titu Cusi to fray Marcos García. Juan de Betanzos was a Spaniard who was married to Atahuallpa’s sister-wife (and Francisco Pizarro’s former mistress), Doña Angelina Yupanqui. He was fluent in Quechua. He had written a history of the Incas based on the traditions kept by his wife’s family. See Introduction.

  86. Given Titu Cusi’s stay in Cuzco as a child and his documented curiosity about other aspects of European culture, his claim of ignorance with regard to Spanish attempts at proselytizing seems less than credible.

  87. This took place in 1565.

  88. On 24 August 1566.

  89. Antonio de Vera was an Augustinian and the first to catechize Titu Cusi (in 1566).

  90. This person was Atilano de Anaya, a rich and respected citizen of Cuzco who had come along as the guardian of Doña Beatriz, the daughter of Saire Topa, who owned large tracts of land as a result of her then deceased father’s surrender. As related in the narrative, Titu Cusi had arranged for a marriage between Doña Beatriz and his son Quispe Titu as a part of the peace settlement.

  91. Juan de Vivero was prior of the Augustinian convent of Cuzco. He catechized Titu Cusi in Vilcabamba in 1568 and also baptized Inca Tito.

  92. Fray Marcos García, also a monk from the Augustinian order in Cuzco, is the translator of the present account. He had been charged with the instruction of Titu Cusi in 1569, the year after the latter’s baptism. After catechizing many Inca noblemen, he was finally expelled from Vilcabamba, most likely for attempting to suppress the ancient custom of polygamy (see Urteaga, Relación de la Conquista del Perú, 106, n. 98).

  93. This was September 1569.

  94. Urteaga (107) and Carillo (128) transcribe here “ffecho,” Millones (34) and Regalado de Hurtado (67) “fecho,” and Luiselli (113) “hecho.” In my opinion, the manuscript (ff 193) is amibiguous here, but the context would suggest “hecho” in the sense of “relatado,” as in Martín de Pando’s subsequent affirmation “lo relató y ordenó el dicho padre.”

  Bibliography

  Works Cited

  Academia Mayor de la lengua Quechua, Diccionario Quechua-EspañolQuechua. Qosqo: Municipalidad de Qosqo, 1995.

  Adelaar, Willem F.H. “La expresión de conceptos abstractos y generales en quechua: visión diacrónica.” In Andean Oral Traditions: Discourse and Literature/Tradiciones orales andinas: discurso y literatura, ed. Margot Beyersdorff and Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz, 1–20. Bonn: Bonner Amerikanistische Studien.

  ———. “A grammatical category for manifestations of the supernatural in early colonial Quechua.” In Language in the Andes, ed. Peter Cole, Gabriella Hermon, and Mario Daniel Martín, 116–125. Newark: University of Delaware, 1994.

  Adorno, Rolena, ed. From Oral to Written Expression: Native Andean Chronicles of the Early Colonial Period. Syracuse, NY: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, 1982.

  Andrien, Kenneth. Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, 1532–1825. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001.

  Andrien, Kenneth, and Rolena Adorno, eds. Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

  Ascher, Marcia, and Robert Ascher. Code of the Quipu. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981.

  Bauer, Ralph. “‘EnCountering’ Colonial Latin American Indian Chronicles: Guamán Poma de Ayala’s History of the ‘New’ World.” American Indian Quarterly 25:2 (Spring 2001): 274–312.

  ———. The Cultural Geography of Colonial American Literatures: Empire, Travel, Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

  Betanzos, Juan de. Narrative of the Incas. Trans. and ed. Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan from the Palma de Mallorca manuscript. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.

  Beyersdorff, Margot, and Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz, eds. Andean Oral Traditions: Discourse and Literature/Tradiciones Orales Andinas: Discurso y Literatura. Bonn: Bonner Amerikanistische Studien, 1994.

  Brading, David. The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

  Burkholder, Mark, and Lyman Johnson. Colonial Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

  Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge. How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.

  Chang-Rodríguez, Raquel. La apropiación del signo: Tres cronistas indígenas del Perú. Tempe: Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University, 1988.

  ———. El discurso disidente: Ensayos de literatura colonial peruana. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1991.

  ———. Violencia y subversion en la prosa colonial hispanoamericana, siglos xvi y xvii. Potomac, MD: Studias Humanintatis, 1982.

  ———. “A Forgotten Indian Chronicle: Titu Cusi Yupanqui’s Relación de la conquista del Peru.” Latin American Indian Literatures: A Review of American Indian Texts and Studies 4 (1980): 87–95.

  ———. “Writing as Resistance: Peruvian History and the Relación of Titu Cussi Yupanqui.” In R. Adorno, ed., From Oral to Written Expression, 41–64.

  ———. “Rebelión y religión en dos crónicas indígenas del Perú de ayer.” Revista de critica literaria latinoamericana 14:28 (1988): 175–193.

  Cieza de León, Pedro. The Discovery and Conquest of Peru. Ed. and trans. Alexandra Parma Cook and Noble David Cook. Durham: Duke University Press, 1998.

  Classen, Constance. Inca Cosmology and the Human Body. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993.

  Cole, Peter, Gabriella Hermon, and Mario Daniel Martín, eds. Language in the Andes. Newark: University of Delaware, Latin American Studies Program, 1994.

  D’Altroy, Terence. The Incas. Malden, MA, and Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.

  Dedenbach-Salazar, Sabine. “El arte verbal de los textos quechuas de Huarochirí (Perú, siglo XVII) reflejado en la organización del discurso y en los medios estiisticos.” In Andean Oral Traditions: Discourse and Literature/Tradiciones orales andinas: discurso y literatura, ed. Margot Beyersdorff and Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz, 21– 50. Bonn: Bonner Amerikanistische Studien, 1994.

  ———. “. . . luego no puedes negar que ay Dios Criador del mundo, pues tus Incas con no ser Christianos la alcanzaron a sauer, y lo llamaron Pachacamac”: La lengua de la cristianización en los Sermones de los misterios de nuestra santa fe catolica de Fernando de Avendaño (1649). In La lengua de la cristianización en Latinoamérica: Catequización e instrucción en lenguas amerindias/The Language of Christianization in Latin America: Catechisation and Instruction in Amerindian Languages, ed. Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar and Lindsey Crickmay, 223–248. Markt Schwaben: Saurwein, 1999.

  ———. La terminología cristiana en textos quechuas de instrucción religiosa en el siglo XVI. In Latin American Indian Literatures: Messages and Meanings, ed. Mary Preuss, 195–209. Lancaster, CA: Labyrinthos, 1997.

  Dedenbach-Salazar, Sabine, and Lindsey Crickmay, eds. La lengua de la cristianización en Latinoamérica: Catequización e instrucción en lenguas amerindias/The Language of Christianization in Latin America: Catechisation and Instruction in Amerindian Languages. Markt Schwaben: Saurwein, 1999.

  Demarest, Arthur. Viracocha: The Nature and Antiquity of the Andean High God. Cambridge, MA: Peabody
Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1991.

  Duviols, Pierre. “Camaquen, Upani: un concept animiste des anciens peruviens” Amerikanistische Studien I. Festschrift für Hermann Trimborn anlässlich seines 75. Geburtstages = Estudios americanistas I. Libro jubilar en homenaje a Hermann Trimborn con motivo de su septuagésimoquinto aniversario. Ed. Roswith Hartmann, and Udo Oberem (Collectanea instituti Anthropos, 20). St. Augustin: Haus Völker und Kulturen, Anthropos-Institut, 1978. 132–144.

  ———. “La destrucción de las religiones andinas: conquista y colonia.” Historia general 9. México: Universidad nacional autónoma de México, Instituto de investigaciones históricas. 441–459.

  ———. La Lutte contre les réligions autocthones dans le Pérou colonial. Lima: Institut Français d’Études Andines, 1972.

  ———. “Los nombres quechua de Viracocha, supuesto ‘Dios Creador’ de los evangelizadores.” Allpanchis: revista del Instituto de Pastoral Andina 10 (1977): 53–64.

  Espinoza Soriano, Waldemar. Destrucción del imperio de los incas: la rivalidad política y señorial de los curacazgos andinos. Lima: Ediciones Retablo de Papel, 1973.

  Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca. Obras Completas del Inka Garcilaso de la Vega. Edición y estudio preliminar de P. Carmelo Saenz de Santa Maria. t. 133. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles desde la formación del lenguaje hasta nuestros días. Madrid: Real Academia Española, 1960.

  González Echevarría, Roberto. “Humanismo, Retórica y las Crónicas de la Conquista.” In Isla a su Vuelo Fugitiva: Ensayos Criticos sobre Literatura Hispanoamericana, 9–26. Madrid: José Porrúa Turanzas, S.A. 1983.

  ———. Myth and Archive: A Theory of Latin American Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

  ———. “The Life and Adventures of Cipion: Cervantes and the Picaresque.” Diacritics 9:11 (1980): 15–26.

  Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe. Nueva corónica y buen gobierno (codex péruvien illustré). Paris: Institut d’ethnologie, 1936.

  Guillén Guillén, Edmundo. Versión inca de la conquista. Lima: Editorial Milla Batres, 1974.

  ———. “Titu Cussi Yupanqui y su tiempo: El estado imperial inca y su trágico final, 1572.” Historia y Cultura 13–14. Lima: Museo Nacional de Historia, 1981. 61–99.

  Hanke, Lewis. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965.

  Harrison, Regina. Signs, Songs, and Memory in the Andes: Translating Quechua Language and Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

  Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Incas. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970.

  The Huarochirí Manuscript, a Testament of Ancient and Colonial Andean Religion, ed. Frank Salomon and George Urioste. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.

  Jákfalvi-Leiva, Susana. “De la voz a la escritura: La Relación de Titu Cusi (1570).” Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana. 19:37 (1993): 259–277.

  Julien, Catherine. Reading Inca History. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000.

  Kubler, George. “The Neo-Inca State (1537–1572).” The Hispanic American Historical Review 27:2 (1947): 189–200.

  Ladrón de Guevara de Cuadros, Laura. Diccionario Quechua: Ingles, quechua, español: Español, quechua, ingles: Quechua, ingles, español. Lima: Editorial Brasa, 1998.

  Lara, Jesús. La poesía quechua. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1979.

  Lienhard, Martin. “La epica incaica en tres textos coloniales (Juan de Betanzos, Titu Cusi Yupanqui, el Ollantay).” Lexis 9:1 (1985): 61–80.

  ———, ed. Die Erschütterung der Welt: Ein Inka-König berichted über den Kampf gegen die Spanier. Augsburg, Germany: Bechtermünz Verlag, 1995.

  Lockhart, James. The Men of Cajamarca: Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972.

  ———. Spanish Peru, 1532–1560. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.

  Lohmann Villena, Guillermo. “El Inca Titu Cusi Yupanqui y su entrevista con el oidor Matienzo (1565).” Mercurio Peruano 66 (1941): 4– 18.

  Luiselli, Alessandra. “Introducción.” In Instrucción del Inca don Diego de Castro Titu Cusi Yupanqui, ed. Alessandra Luiselli. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2001.

  Mackehenie, Carlos. “Apuntes sobre Don Diego e Castro Titu Cusi Yupanqui.” Revista Histórica 3 (1909): 371–390.

  MacCormack, Sabine. “Pachacuti: Miracles, Punishments, and Last Judgment: Visionary Past and Prophetic Future in Early Colonial Peru.” The American Historical Review 93:4 (October 1988): 960–1006.

  ———. Religion in the Andes: Vision and Imagination in Early Colonial Peru. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.

  MacLeod, Murdo. “The relaciones de Méritos y Servicios and their Historical and Political Interpretation.” In The Book in the Americas, ed. Julie Greer Johnson. Providence, RI: John Carter Brown Library, 1987.

  Mannheim, Bruce. The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.

  Mignolo, Walter. “El Métatexto Historiográfico y la Historiografía Indiana.” MLN 96:2 (1981): 358–402.

  ———. “Cartas, crónicas y relaciones del descubrimiento y la conquista.” In Historia de la literatura hispanoamericana, época colonial ed. Luis Iñigo Madrigal, 57–116. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra, 1982.

  Millones, Luis. “Introducción.” Ynstrucción del Ynga Don Diego de Castro Titu Cusi Yupangui. Edición facsímil de Luis Millones. Lima: Ediciones El Virrey, 1985.

  Moseley, Michael. The Incas and Their Ancestors. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.

  Murra, John. El Mundo Andino: población, medio ambiente y economía. Lima: Pontifica Universidad Católica del Perú, 2002.

  Niles, Susan. The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1999.

  Ocampo, Baltasar de. “The Execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru.” History of the Incas by Sarmiento de Gamboa and The Execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru by Captain Baltasar de Ocampo. Trans. and ed. Sir Clements Markham. London: Hakluyt Society, 1907, 203–247.

  Patterson, Thomas. Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Precapitalist State. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.

  Pérez, Julio Calvo. Pragmática y Gramática del Quechua Cuzqueño. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1993.

  Pagden, Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

  Pizarro, Pedro. “Relación del desubrimiento y conquista de los reinos del Perú (1571).” In Crónicas del Perú, 5, 159–242. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, no. 168. Madrid: Atlas, 1963–1965.

  Rama, Angel. The Lettered City. Ed. and trans. John Charles Chasteen. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.

  Ramírez, Susan Elizabeth. The World Upside Down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

  Regalado de Hurtado, Liliana. “La relación de Titu Cussi Yupanqui. Valor de un testimonio tardío.” Histórica 5:1 (1981): 45–62.

  ———. “Introducción.” In Titu Cusi Yupanqui’s Instrucción al licenciado don Lope García de Castro (1570), ed. Liliana Regalado de Hurtado. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1992.

  ———. El inca Titu Cusi Yupanqui y su tiempo: los incas de Vilcabamba y los primeros cuarenta años del dominio español. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial, 1997.

  Romero, Carlos. “Biografía de Tito Cusi Yupanqui.” In Diego de Castro Titu Cusi Yupanqui’s Relación de la Conquista del Perú y hechos del Inca Manco II, ed. Horacio H. Urteaga, xxii–xxiv. Collección de Libros y Documentos relativos a la Historia del Perú, t. II. Lima: Imprenta y Librería San Martí y Compañía, 1916.

  Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María. History of the Inc
a Realm. Trans. Harry B. Iceland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

  Salomon, Frank. “Chronicles of the Impossible: Notes on Three Peruvian Indigenous Historians. In From Oral to Written Expression: Native Andean Chronicles of the Early Colonial Period, ed. Rolena Adorno. Syracuse, NY: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, 1982, 9–40.

  ———. “Introduction.” In The Huarochirí Manuscript, a Testament of Ancient and Colonial Andean Religion, ed. Frank Salomon and George Urioste, 1–38. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.

  Santa Cruz Pachacuti, Juan de. “Relación de antigüedades deste reyno del Pirú.” In Tres relaciones de antigüedades peruanas, ed. Marcos Jiménez de la Espada, 23–328. Madrid: Imprenta y Fundición de M. Tello, 1879.

  Santo Tomás, Domingo de. Lexicon o vocabulario de la lengua general del Peru [1560]. Edición facsimilar por Raúl Porras Barrenechea. Lima: Edición del instituto de Historia, 1951.

  ———. Gramática o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú [1561]. Edición facsimilar por Raúl Porras Barrenechea. Lima: Edición del instituto de Historia, 1951.

  Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. “History of the Incas.” In History of the Incas by Sarmiento de Gamboa and The Execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru by Captain Baltasar de Ocampo. Trans. and ed., Sir Clements Markham. London: Hakluyt Society, 1907.

  Spalding, Karen. Huarochirí: An Andean Society under Inca and Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.

  Stern, Steve. Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.

  Urton, Gary. The Social Life of Numbers: A Quechua Ontology of Numbers and Philosophy of Arithmetic. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.

  ———. The History of a Myth. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.

  ———. “From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record Keeping in the Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of the Inka Khipus.” Ethnohistory 45:3 (1998): 409–438.