Wages of Rebellion

by Chris Hedges

  3. Douglas Jehl, “70 Die in Attack at Egypt Temple,” New York Times, November 18, 1997.

  4. “Chris Hedges Interviews Lynne Stewart Following Release from Prison—Truthdig” (video), February 6, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-etkEPHA3zI.

  5. Ibid.

  6. US Supreme Court, Certiorari, Hedges v. Obama, April 28, 2014.

  7. Open Congress, “HR1540—National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012,” http://www.opencongress.org/bill/hr1540-112/show.

  8. Hedges v. Obama, Opinion and Order, September 12, 2012, 12–13; on Korematsu v. United States, see ACLU, “ACLU History: A Dark Moment in History: Japanese Internment Camps,” September 1, 2010, https://www.aclu.org/national-security/aclu-history-dark-moment-history-japanese-internment-camps.

  9. John O. Koehler, Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999), 8.

  10. Ibid., 8–9.

  11. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism [1951] (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 426.

  12. Ibid., 245.

  13. “Esclusiva Panorama: Datagate, anche il Papa è stato intercettato” (“Exclusive Panorama: Datagate, Even the Pope Was Intercepted”), Panorama, October 30, 2013, http://news.panorama.it/cronaca/urbi-et-orbi/papa-francesco-datagate.

  14. Jacob Appelbaum, Holger Stark, Marcel Rosenbach, and Jörg Schindler, “Berlin Complains: Did US Tap Chancellor Merkel’s Mobile Phone?” Spiegel International, October 23, 2013, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/merkel-calls-obama-over-suspicions-us-tapped-her-mobile-phone-a-929642.html; Ewen MacAskill and Julian Borger, “New NSA Leaks Show How US Is Bugging Its European Allies,” The Guardian, June 30, 2013.

  15. Scott Shane, “No Morsel Too Minuscule for All-Consuming NSA,” New York Times, November 2, 2013.

  16. “NSA Documents Show United States Spied Brazilian Oil Giant,” Fantástico, August 9, 2013, http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2013/09/nsa-documents-show-united-states-spied-brazilian-oil-giant.html; James Risen and Laura Poitras, “Spying by NSA Ally Entangled US Law Firm,” New York Times, February 15, 2014.

  17. Ewen MacAskill and Lenore Taylor, “NSA: Australia and US Used Climate Change Conference to Spy on Indonesia,” The Guardian, November 2, 2013.

  18. John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life (New York: Grove Press, 1995), 302.

  19. Brian Fung, “Darrell Issa: James Clapper Lied to Congress About NSA and Should Be Fired,” Washington Post, January 27, 2014.

  20. “Al Gore: Snowden ‘Revealed Evidence’ of Crimes Against US Constitution,” The Guardian, November 6, 2013.

  21. Charlie Savage, “Judge Questions Legality of NSA Phone Records,” New York Times, December 16, 2013; see also Adam Liptak, “Judge Upholds NSA’s Bulk Collection of Data on Calls,” New York Times, December 27, 2013.

  22. “Judge Rules NSA Phone Tracking Legal,” Associated Press, December 27, 2013.

  23. Barton Gellman, “NSA Broke Privacy Rules Thousands of Times per Year, Audit Finds,” Washington Post, August 13, 2013.

  24. Barton Gellman and Ashkan Soltani, “NSA Infiltrates Links to Yahoo, Google Data Centers Worldwide, Snowden Documents Say,” Washington Post, October 30, 2013.

  25. Nicole Perlroth, Jeff Larson, and Scott Shane, “NSA Able to Foil Basic Safeguards of Privacy on Web,” New York Times, September 5, 2013.

  26. Scott Shane and Jonathan Weisman, “Earlier Denials Put Intelligence Chief in Awkward Position,” New York Times, June 11, 2013.

  27. Charlie Savage and Scott Shane, “Secret Court Rebuked NSA on Surveillance,” New York Times, August 21, 2013.

  28. Charlie Savage, “Judge Questions Legality of NSA Phone Records,” New York Times, December 16, 2013.

  29. “Edward Snowden, Whistle-Blower” (editorial), New York Times, January 1, 2014; see also David E. Sanger and Charlie Savage, “Obama Is Urged to Sharply Curb NSA Data Mining,” New York Times, December 18, 2013.

  30. “Ex-Official for NSA Accepts Deal in Leak Case,” Reuters, June 10, 2011.

  31. “NSA Whistleblower Edward Snowden: ‘I Don’t Want to Live in a Society That Does These Sort of Things’ ” (video), The Guardian, June 9, 2013.

  32. Lewis Carroll, Lewis Carroll: Complete Illustrated Works, ed. Edward Guiliano (Avenel, NJ: Crown, 1982), 434.

  33. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (New York: Scribner, 1989), 318.

  34. Aristotle, Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), Book V.

  35. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (Ware, Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 1993), 114.

  36. Aristotle, Politics of Aristotle, ed. Justin D. Kaplan (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 331.

  37. Karl Marx, “The German Ideology,” in Karl Marx: A Reader, ed. John Elster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 302.

  38. Joseph Stiglitz, “Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%,” Vanity Fair, May 2011.

  39. David Cay Johnston, “9 Things the Rich Don’t Want You to Know About Taxes,” Willamette Week, April 13, 2011, http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-17350-permalink.html.

  40. Brandon Roberts, Deborah Povich, and Mark Mather, “Low-Income Working Families: The Growing Economic Gap” (policy brief), The Working Poor Families Project, Winter 2012–2013, http://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Winter-2012_2013-WPFP-Data-Brief.pdf; see also US Census Bureau, “2013 Highlights,” https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/overview/index.html.

  41. Craig K. Elwell, “Inflation and the Real Minimum Wage: A Fact Sheet,” Congressional Research Service, January 8, 2014, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42973.pdf.

  42. Wendell Berry, “Compromise, Hell,” Orion, November-December 2004, http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/147/.

  43. National Alliance on Mental Illness, “Mental Illness: Facts and Numbers,” http://www.nami.org/factsheets/mentalillness_factsheet.pdf.

  44. “LB Collective Labour Incidents Map,” China Labour Bulletin, www.numble.com/PHP/mysql/clbmape.html (accessed June 24, 2014).

  45. “Searching for the Union: The Workers’ Movement in China 2011–2013,” China Labour Bulletin, February 20, 2014, www.clb.org.hk/en/content/searching-union-workers’-movement-china-2011-13-0 (accessed June 24, 2014).

  46. “Striking Chinese Workers Are Headache for Nike, IBM, Secret Weapon for Beijing,” Bloomberg News, May 6, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-06/china-workers-power-sets-off-strikes-for-nike-wal-mart.html.

  47. “Defeat Will Only Make Us Stronger: Workers Look Back at the Yue Yuen Shoe Factory Strike,” China Labour Bulletin, May 22, 2014, www.clb.org.hk/en/content/defeat-will-only-make-us-stronger-workers-look-back-yue-yuen-shoe-factory-strike (accessed June 24, 2014).

  48. Teresa Cheng, “48,000 Chinese Strikers Say, Adidas, Nike, Timberland: You Fix It!” Labor Notes, April 23, 2014, www.labornotes.org/2014/04/48000-chinese-strikers-say-adidas-nike-timberland-you-fix-it (accessed June 24, 2014).

  49. Bloomberg News, “Striking Chinese Workers Are Headache for Nike, IBM, Secret Weapon for Beijing.”

  CHAPTER III

  1. Alexander Herzen, From the Other Shore: The Russian People and Socialism (Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1981), 124.

  2. Alexander Berkman, “The Idea Is the Thing,” Anarchy Archives, http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/berkman/iish/idea/ideathing.html.

  3. Steven Pinker, “The Evolutionary Social Psychology of Off-Record Indirect Speech Acts,” Intercultural Pragmatics 4, no. 4 (2007): 437–461, http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/pinker/files/evolutionary_social_psychology_of_off-record_indirect_speech_acts.pdf.

  4. Edward Sapir, “The Status of Linguistics as a Science,” Language 5, no. 4 (December 1929): 207–214, 210.

  5. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 32–33.

  6. John Ralston Saul, Voltaire’s Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West (New York: Vintage, 1992), 22, 29. />
  7. Ibid., 116.

  8. Stefan Zweig, Chess Story (New York: New York Review Book Classics, 2005), 13.

  9. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 49.

  10. Enlace Zapatista, “Between Light and Shadow,” May 2014, http://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx/2014/05/27/between-light-and-shadow/.

  11. Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, “A History About Herons and Eagles in the Lacandon Jungle” (letter to John Berger), May 12, 1995, http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/ezln/marcos_heron_eagle_may95.html.

  12. Enlace Zapatista, “Between Light and Shadow.”

  13. “Zapatistas Call Attention to Violence Targeting Their Communities,” Free Speech Radio News, May 29, 2014, http://fsrn.org/2014/05/zapatistas-call-attention-to-violence-targeting-their-communities/.

  14. Enlace Zapatista, “Between Light and Shadow.”

  15. “The Zapatista Uprising 1994–2004: A Look at How an Indigenous Rebel Group from Chiapas Took on Mexico and Corporate Globalization,” Democracy Now, January 2, 2004.

  16. Enlace Zapatista, “Between Light and Shadow,” May 2014.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Ibid.

  19. E. Roy Weintraub, “Neoclassical Economics,” in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, 2007, available at Library of Economics and Liberty website, http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/NeoclassicalEconomics.html.

  20. Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 313.

  21. Peter Kropotkin, Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings (Mineola, NY: Courier/Dover Publications, 2012), 80.

  22. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Portraits (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).

  23. Emma Goldman, “Minorities Versus Majorities,” in Anarchism and Other Essays (New York: Dover Publications, 1969), 77.

  24. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, “in 2013, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions—was 11.3 percent.” US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Economic News Release: Union Members Summary,” January 24, 2014, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm.

  25. “Trial Judge to Appeals Court: Review Me” (editorial), New York Times, July 16, 2012.

  26. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010).

  27. Jennifer Schuessler, “Drug Policy as Race Policy: Best Seller Galvanizes the Debate,” New York Times, March 6, 2012.

  28. Hanqing Chen, “What Militarization Has Done to Our Police Departments,” Mother Jones, August 21, 2014.

  29. Maria J. Stephan and Erica Chenoweth, “Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict,” International Security 33, no. 1 (Summer 2008): 7–44.

  30. Ibid., 11–12.

  31. Heather C. McGhee and Amy Traub, “State of the American Dream: Economic Policy and the Future of the Middle Class,” Demos, June 6, 2013, http://www.demos.org/publication/state-american-dream-economic-policy-and-future-middle-class.

  32. Berkman, “The Idea Is the Thing.”

  33. Thomas C. Schelling, “Some Questions on Civilian Defense,” in Civilian Resistance as a National Defense: Nonviolent Action Against Aggression, ed. Adam Roberts (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1967), 351–353.

  34. Berkman, “The Idea Is the Thing.”

  35. Ibid.

  CHAPTER IV

  1. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man and Common Sense (New York: Everyman’s Library, 1994), 196.

  2. Peter Parker and Joyce Mokhesi-Parker, In the Shadow of Sharpeville: Apartheid and Criminal Justice (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 19.

  3. Ronnie Kasrils, Armed and Dangerous: My Undercover Struggle Against Apartheid (Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1993).

  4. Ibid., 22.

  5. Ibid., 23.

  6. “There are excellent grounds for believing that Lenin’s radicalism flowered after Alexander’s death, and largely as a result of reading his martyred brother’s books,” writes Adam Ulam in The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 10.

  7. Albert Camus, The Rebel (New York: Vintage, 1984), 304.

  8. Sean K. Anderson and Steven Sloan, Historical Dictionary of Terrorism (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009), 685.

  9. “One Year On, Marikana Is Emblematic of South Africa’s Woes” (editorial), The Independent, August 16, 2013, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/one-year-on-marikana-is-emblematic-of-south-africas-woes-8770862.html.

  10. Camus, The Rebel, 249.

  11. South African Institute of Race Relations (IRR), “South African Survey, 2011/2012,” http://irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/south-africa-survey/south-africa-survey-2012.

  12. Vaclav Havel, “The Power of the Powerless,” in The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe, ed. John Keane (Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2010), 13.

  13. Ibid., 21.

  14. Ibid. (emphasis in original).

  15. Human Rights Watch, “China’s Rights Defenders,” http://www.hrw.org/Chinas-rights-defenders.

  16. Tania Branigan, “US Calls on China to Release Liu Xiaobo,” The Guardian, December 10, 2013.

  17. Starhawk, Lisa Fithian, and Lauren Ross, “An Open Letter to the Occupy Movement,” Tikkun Daily, November 10, 2011, http://www.tikkun.org/tikkundaily/2011/11/10/an-open-letter-to-the-occupy-movement/.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Nelson Mandela, Conversations with Myself (Toronto: Random House, 2011), 233.

  20. Hanna Krall, Shielding the Flame: An Intimate Conversation with Dr. Marek Edelman, the Last Surviving Leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, trans. Joanna Stasinska and Lawrence Weschler (New York: Henry Holt, 1986), 8.

  21. Ibid., 37.

  22. Ibid., 48.

  23. Ibid., 42.

  24. Ibid., 50.

  25. Ibid., 9.

  26. Ibid., 9–10.

  27. Ibid., xii.

  28. Ibid., 85.

  29. Ibid., 38.

  30. Ibid., 10.

  CHAPTER V

  1. “August Wilson on Blackness,” Moyers & Company, October 20, 1988, http://billmoyers.com/content/august-wilson/.

  2. Richard Wright, Black Boy (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 302.

  3. Amnesty International, “United States of America: A Life in the Balance: The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal,” AI Index AMR 51/01/00, February 17, 2000, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/001/2000/en/0987a185-dfd3-11dd-8e17-69926d493233/amr510012000en.pdf.

  4. Mumia: Long Distance Revolutionary: A Journey with Mumia Abu-Jamal (2012), directed by Stephen Vittoria.

  5. “Mumia Abu-Jamal Sues Pennsylvania over New Convicts Gag Law,” Associated Press, November 10, 2014.

  6. Criminal Justice USA, “10 Stats You Should Know About Our Prison System,” May 17, 2011, http://www.criminaljusticeusa.com/blog/2011/10-stats-you-should-know-about-our-prison-system/.

  7. Erica Goode, “Incarceration Rates for Blacks Have Fallen Sharply, Report Shows,” New York Times, February 27, 2013.

  8. Adam B. Ulam, Ideologies and Illusions: Revolutionary Thought from Herzen to Solzhenitsyn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 12.

  9. Legislative Analyst’s Office of the California State Legislature, “The Federal Crime Bill: What Will It Mean for California?” (policy brief), September 27, 1994, http://www.lao.ca.gov/1994/pb092794.html.

  10. US Department of Justice, “Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994: Fact Sheet,” October 24, 1994, https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/billfs.txt.

  11. “Bill Clinton Was Incredibly Destructive to Black People,” Prison Culture, April 24, 2012, http://www.usprisonculture.com/blog/2012/04/24/bill-clinton-was-incredibly-destructive-for-black-people; see also Violent C
rime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 103rd Congress (1993–1994), HR 3355, available at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-103hr3355enr/pdf/BILLS-103hr3355enr.pdf.

  12. Justice Policy Institute, “Too Little Too Late: President Clinton’s Prison Legacy,” February 2001, http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/too_little_too_late.pdf.

  13. Tracey Kyckelhahn, “State Corrections Expenditures, FY 1982–2010,” US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 239672, December 2012, revised April 30, 2014, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/scefy8210.pdf.

  14. Mumia Abu-Jamal, All Things Censored (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001), 195.

  15. Mumia Abu-Jamal, Faith of Our Fathers: An Examination of the Spiritual Life of African and African-American People (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004), xi–xii.

  16. Marie Gottschalk, Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 1.

  17. Ibid., 4–5.

  18. Mary Bosworth, ed., Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities (London: Sage Publications, 2004), 273.

  19. Ibid., 707.

  20. Harry Camisa and Jim Franklin, Inside Out: Fifty Years Behind the Walls of New Jersey’s Trenton State Prison (Adelphia, NJ: Windsor Press and Publishing, 2003), 195; Bosworth, Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities, 708.

  21. Bosworth, Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities, 570.

  22. Ibid., 16.

  23. Massachusetts Department of Correction, Office of Investigative Services, “Security Threat Group Monthly Report,” March 2012, http://www.mass.gov/eopss/docs/doc/march2012.pdf.

  24. Center for Constitutional Rights, “CMUs: The Federal Prison System’s Experiment in Social Isolation,” http://ccrjustice.org/cmu-factsheet.

  25. Rachael Kamel and Bonnie Kerness, “The Prison Inside the Prison: Control Units, Supermax Prisons, and Devices of Torture,” American Friends Service Committee, Justice Visions Briefing Paper, 2003, http://www.afsc.org/sites/afsc.civicactions.net/files/documents/PrisonInsideThePrison.pdf.

  26. Alfred McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Macmillan, 2007), 6.