Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman

by Jeremy Adelman

  22. Roger Rosenblatt, Coming Apart: A Memoir of the Harvard Wars of 1969 (New York: Little Brown, 1997).

  23. AOH to UH, 8 Sept. 1968, PP.

  24. SH to UH, 21 Feb. 1969, PP.

  25. SH to UH, 9 June 1969, PP.

  26. Cited in Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, p. 27, fn. 7.

  27. Ralph Nader to AOH, 7 Apr. 1969, box 60, folder 12, AOHP.

  28. AOH to UH, 8 Sept. 1968, PP.

  29. AOH, “Why EVS?” n.d., box 60, folder 2, AOHP.

  30. AOH, “Introduction: Political Economics and Possibilism,” Bias for Hope, p. 27.

  31. Oscar Oszlak, interview, 4 June 2011.

  32. AOH, “The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding,” World Politics 22:3 (March 1970), pp. 329–343, reprinted in Bias for Hope, pp. 342–360, quotation from p. 342.

  33. Notes on Payne and Womack, box 54, folder 9, AOHP; AOH, “Search for Paradigms.”

  34. Notes on Payne and Womack, box 54, folder 9, AOHP.

  35. AOH to UH, 20 June 1964, PP.

  36. Leon Festinger to AOH, 10 Apr. 1964, box 10, folder 16, AOHP; AOH, “Obstacles to Development: A Classification and a Quasi-Vanishing Act,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 13 (July 1965), pp. 385–393, reprinted in Bias for Hope, pp. 312–327.

  37. Philip Zimbardo to AOH, 17 Feb. 1971, box 10, folder 9, AOHP; Philip Zimbardo, interview, 11 Aug. 2009.

  38. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, p. 126.

  39. AOH, “Center Seminar,” December 1968, box 60, folder 5, AOHP.

  40. Stanford talk, January 1968, box 71, folder 3, AOHP.

  41. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, pp. 109–110.

  42. AOH to Ernest May, 11 Dec. 1968, box 11, folder 13, AOHP.

  43. AOH to UH, 22 July and 27 Aug. 1969, PP.

  44. AOH to UH, 27 Aug. 1969, PP.

  45. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, pp. 78–79.

  46. AOH, “Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Further Reflections and a Survey of Recent Contributions,” Social Science Information 13 (1974), pp. 7–26, reprinted in Essays in Trespassing, pp. 213–235.

  47. AOH, “Exit and Voice: An Expanding Sphere of Influence,” in Rival Views, pp. 76–77.

  48. Kenneth Boulding to Max Hall, 15 May 1969, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  49. Ibid.

  50. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, pp. 76–79.

  51. Joseph Reid Jr., review of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, Journal of Political Economy (July–August 1973), pp. 1042–1045.

  52. Roger Hansen, American Political Science Review 67 (September 1973), pp. 1110–1111.

  53. AOH to Ken Galbraith, 1 Oct. 1971, box 58, folder 24, AOHP.

  54. Gordon Tullock, review of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, Journal of Finance 25:5 (December 1970), pp. 1194–1195.

  55. Mancur Olson to AOH, 20 Feb. 1973, and AOH to Olson, 5 Mar. 1973, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  56. William Olson to Ralph Richardson, 17 June 1973, A 78, box R1369, series 120, RG 2, RAC.

  57. Brian Barry, “Review Article: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty,” British Journal of Political Science 4:1 (January 1974), pp. 79–107.

  58. David Riesman to Herbert Kelman and Everett Mendelsohn, 24 Mar. 1971, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  59. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, p. 103.

  60. Henry Kissinger to AOH, 13 May 1970, box 58, folder 24, AOHP.

  61. AOH to UH, n.d., PP.

  62. Richard Bird, interview, 5 Aug. 2009; Tom Schelling to AOH, 6 Oct. 1970, box 9, folder 13, AOHP.

  63. John Marshall Note, 15 July 1970, folder 528, box 91, series 900, RG 3.2, RAC.

  64. AOH, “Bias notes,” box 54, folder 9, AOHP; AOH, “Defense of Possibilism,” in Rival Views, p. 171; Seymour Martin Lipset, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” American Political Science Review 53:1 (March 1959), pp. 69–105.

  65. AOH, “Bias notes,” box 54, folder 9, AOHP.

  66. Ibid.

  67. AOH, “Political Economics and Possibilism,” in Bias for Hope, pp. 1–37.

  CHAPTER 15: The Cold Monster

  1. Colegio de Mexico 1971 file, box 24, folder 10, AOHP; Notebook Argentina 1971, box 24, folder 10, AOHP; AOH to Katia Solomon, 17 Dec. 1971, KSPP.

  2. Daniel Rodgers, The Age of Fracture (Cambridge MA; Harvard University Press, 2011), p. 49.

  3. Schelling to Hirschman, 18 July 1972, box 11, folder 7, AOHP.

  4. AOH to KS, 20 May 1970 and 31 Dec. 1972, KSPP.

  5. AOH to KS, 20 May 1972, KSPP; Stanley Hoffmann, interview, 7 Nov. 2009.

  6. AOH to KS, 10 May 1972, KSPP.

  7. Tom Schelling, interview, 2 Oct. 2008; Henry Rosovsky, interview, 9 Oct. 2008.

  8. Herb Gintis, interview, 6 Aug. 2009; AOH, “Notes on Changing Tolerance” and “Lexicographic Ordering,” box 54, folder 17, AOHP.

  9. Michael Rothschild, interview, 21 Sept. 2009; AOH to KS, 1 Dec. 1971, KSPP.

  10. Michael Rothschild, interview, 21 Sept. 2009.

  11. AOH to KS, 24 Feb. 1973 and 28 Sept. 1973, KSPP.

  12. AOH to Carl Kaysen, 3 Nov. 1971, box 10, folder 9, AOHP.

  13. Income Distribution Speech, Oct. 1973, box 71, folder 3, AOHP.

  14. AOH to Charles Lindblom, 27 Jan. 1975, box 11, folder 4, AOHP.

  15. AOH, “The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development,” IAS, October 1972, box 71, folder 3, AOHP.

  16. AOH to KS, 1 Dec. 1971, KSPP.

  17. AOH, “Some Political and Economic Responses to Income Inequality,” manuscript, February 1974 talk at Harvard, box 71, folder 3, AOHP.

  18. Ibid.

  19. AOH, “The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality”; IAS, October 1972, box 71, folder 3, AOHP; Clifford Geertz to AOH, 8 Nov. 1973, box 54, folder 16, AOHP; Quentin Skinner to AOH, 6 Oct. 1981, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  20. Plural, December 1972, box 54, folder 18, AOHP; Guillermo O’Donnell to AOH, 27 Feb. 1973, Box 58, folder 24, AOHP.

  21. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, The Accidental President of Brazil: A Memoir (New York: Public Affairs, 2006), pp.112–113.

  22. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, interview, 6 July 2012.

  23. Louis Goodman, interview, 3 Oct. 2008.

  24. AOH to KS, 28 Sept. 1973, KSPP.

  25. AOH to Guillermo O’Donnell, 26 Sept. 1973, box 9, folder 17, AOHP; AOH, “Policymaking and Policy Analysis in Latin America—A Return Journey,” 1974, in Essays in Trespassing, pp. 142–166.

  26. AOH to KS, n.d. [May 1974], KSPP.

  27. Louis Goodman, interview, 3 Oct. 2008.

  28. AOH to Carl Kaysen, 19 Nov. and 17 Dec. 1971, box 10, folder 9, AOHP; AOH to KS, 5 Mar. 1972, KSPP; AOH to Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 13 Feb. 1973, box 9, folder 16, AOHP; AOH to KS, 24 Feb. 1973, KSPP.

  29. Charles Lindblom to AOH, 27 Jan. 1975 (referring to a trip in 1973), box 11, folder 4, AOHP.

  30. Douglas Chalmers to Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Julio Cotler, JCLAS (Joint Committee on Latin American Studies) Memorandum, 8 Mar. 1974, SSRC, RG Acc 1, box 102, folder 550, and Acc 2, box 290, folder 3515, RAC.

  31. Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, “Work Plan for the Study of Public Policy in Latin America,” August 1974; AOH, JCLAS, 19 Sept. 1974, RG Acc 1, box 102, folder 552, RAC.

  32. AOH to KS, 26 Sept. 1975, KSPP; loose notes, n.d., box 8, folder 20, AOHP; Fernando Henrique Cardoso, interview, 6 July 2012.

  33. David Collier to AOH, 7 Oct. 1974, box 9, folder 17, AOHP; AOH to Philippe Schmitter, 15 Oct. 1974, box 9, folder 17, AOHP; Philippe Schmitter, interview, 5 July 2012; Louis Goodman, interview, 30 Oct. 2008.

  34. AOH to Harry Woolf and Clifford Geertz, 6 June 1977, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  35. Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Carl Kaysen, 27 Apr. 1976, Members Report, Box 8, 1975–76, The Shelby White and Leon Levy Archive Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.

  36. Louis Goodman to David Collier, 21 Oct. 1975, SSRC, RG Acc 1, box 102, folder 552, RAC; O’Donnell to Collier, 3 Nov. 1975, SSRC, RG Acc 2, bo
x 290, folder 3515, RAC.

  37. AOH to Guillermo O’Donnell, 27 Oct. 1975, box 8, folder 19, AOHP. On micro-Marxism, see his “A Generalized Linkage Approach to Development, with Special Reference to Staples,” in Essays in Trespassing, pp. 59–97.

  38. Shlomo Avineri to AOH, 30 Apr. 1973, box 11, folder 2, AOHP. The quotes from Hirschman are from “On Hegel, Imperialism, and Structural Stagnation,” 1976, in Essays in Trespassing, pp. 167–176.

  39. “Reflexiones sobre las tendencias generals del cambio en el Estado Burocrático-autoritario” was printed as the first CEDES working paper in August 1975; AOH to Guillermo O’Donnell, 14 Oct. 1975; Guillermo O’Donnell to AOH, 7 Nov. 1975, box 8, folder 19, AOHP.

  40. Working Group on the State and Public Policy, Progress Report on Phase I and Proposal for Phase II, February 1978, SSRC, RG Acc 1, box 102, folder 552, RAC; David Collier to AOH, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and José Serra, 21 Jan. 1978, box 8, folder 19, AOHP.

  41. Guillermo O’Donnell to AOH, 3 Nov. 1975, box 58, folder 24, AOHP.

  42. AOH to David Collier, 26 Apr. 1976, box 8, folder 19, AOHP.

  43. AOH, “Notes on LA Trip,” box 9, folder 7, AOHP.

  44. Cardoso, Accidental President, pp. 125–127; Fernando Henrique Cardoso, interview, 6 July 2012.

  45. AOH to KS, 6 Dec. 1976, KSPP.

  46. AOH to Gert Rosenthal, 16 Mar. 1977, box 9, folder 1, AOHP.

  47. AOH, “The Turn to Authoritarianism in Latin America and the Search for its Economic Determinants,” 1979, in Essays in Trespassing, p. 135.

  48. AOH, “A Generalized Linkage Approach to Development, with Special Reference to Staples,” 1977, in Essays in Trespassing, pp. 59–96.

  49. Juan Gabriel Valdés, Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

  50. AOH, Strategy, p. 24; “The Turn to Authoritarianism,” pp. 98–135.

  51. AOH to McGeorge Bundy, 5 Feb. 1976, box 10, folder 3, AOHP.

  52. “Conversation with Clifford Geertz and Albert Hirschman on ‘The Hungry, Crowded, Competitive World,’ ” IAS, 27 Jan. 1976, box 10, folder 3, AOHP.

  53. Ibid.

  54. Ibid.

  CHAPTER 16: Man, the Stage

  1. Elizabeth Jelin, interview, 4 June 2011.

  2. AOH, “Talk on Prince and Machiavelli,” IAS, October 1976, box 69, folder 12, AOHP.

  3. AOH to Katia Solomon, 13 Oct. 1975, KSPP.

  4. See John M. Najemy, Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli–Vettori Letters of 1513–1515 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) for more detail.

  5. AOH to KS, 26 Sept. 1976, KSPP.

  6. AOH, “Talk on Prince and Machiavelli,” IAS, October 1976, box 69, folder 12, AOHP.

  7. AOH to Katia Hirschman, 25 Mar. 1973, KSPP.

  8. Flexner quoted in Clifford Geertz, After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 122.

  9. Report to Carl Kaysen, n.d., box 10, folder 9, AOHP.

  10. Sir John Elliott, interview, 2 Apr. 2010.

  11. Israel Shenker, “Foes at the Institute Dig in for a Fight,” New York Times, 4 Mar. 1973; “Economic Development Lectures,” Woodrow Wilson School, March 1973, box 71, folder 3, AOHP; AOH to KS, 25 Mar. 1973, KSPP.

  12. Geertz, After the Fact, p. 125.

  13. Alexander Gerschenkron to John W. Milnor, 10 Dec. 1973, Albert O. Hirschman File, The Shelby White and Leon Levy Archive Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.

  14. Carl Kaysen, interview, 25 Aug. 2009; Albert O. Hirschman File, The Shelby White and Leon Levy Archive Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.

  15. Kenneth Arrow, interview, 7 Sept. 2009.

  16. “Economic Development in Latin America,” 1974, Box 9, folder 9, AOHP.

  17. AOH to KS, 6 Aug. 1974, KSPP.

  18. AOH to KS, 26 Sept. 1974, KSPP.

  19. Stanley Hoffmann, interview, 7 Nov. 2009.

  20. AOH to KS, 18 May 1974, KSPP.

  21. AOH to KS, 18 Sept. 1974, KSPP.

  22. Donald Winch, interview, 1 Apr. 2010; Susan James, interview, 19 May 2010; Joan W Scott, interview, 2 Apr. 2011.

  23. AOH to KS, 27 Sept. 1972, KSPP.

  24. Robert Darnton, interview, 12 Apr. 2010; Clifford Geertz to AOH, 8 Nov. 1973, box 54, folder16, AOHP.

  25. “Member Lists,” Box 4, folder 7, AOHP.

  26. AOH, “Eighteenth-Century Hopes and Twentieth-Century Realities,” MIT lecture, 1977, box 8, folder 17, AOHP. The lecture was his first draft of what would later be his essay for the Collier anthology The New Authoritarianism in Latin America.

  27. AOH, interview, 9 Sept. 2002.

  28. AOH, “Notebook Argentina 1971,” box 24, folder 10, AOHP.

  29. AOH, “Introductory Note,” Essays in Trespassing, p. 288.

  30. AOH to KS, 25 June 1972 and before Thanksgiving 1972, KSPP; José Serra, interview, 31 Oct. 2011.

  31. Robert Darnton, “Intellectual and Cultural History,” in The Past Before Us, ed. Michael Kamen (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), pp. 339–340.

  32. Donald Winch, interview 1 Apr. 2010; Joan W. Scott, interview, 2 Apr. 2011.

  33. Donald Winch to AOH, 30 Apr. 1975, box 71, folder 1, AOHP; Donald Winch, interview, 1 Apr. 2010.

  34. Quentin Skinner to AOH, n.d. [probably spring 1975], box 71, folder 1, AOHP.

  35. AOH, “Reasons for Undertaking this Project,” n.d. [probably 1975], box 71, folder 7, AOHP.

  36. Ibid.

  37. Ibid.

  38. Ibid.

  39. AOH to KS, 13 Apr. 1973, KSPP.

  40. AOH, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977).

  41. “The Concept of Interest: From Euphemism to Tautology,” in Rival Views, p. 36.

  42. AOH to KS, 13 Apr. 1973, KSPP.

  43. AOH, “The Concept of Interest,” p. 41, n 5.

  44. AOH, Passion and the Interests, pp. 43–44.

  45. Ibid., pp. 104, 111.

  46. AOH, “The Concept of Interest,” p. 51.

  47. Nannerl Keohane to AOH, 12 Sept. 1977 and AOH to Nannerl Keohane 10 Oct. 1977, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  48. Bruce Cummings to AOH, 13 June 1977, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  49. AOH to KS, 3 Feb. 1974, KSPP.

  CHAPTER 17: Body Parts

  1. AOH, “Favorite Quotes,” box 5, folder 8, AOHP.

  2. Robert Darnton, interview, 12 Apr. 2010.

  CHAPTER 18: Disappointment

  1. “Trip to Russia—June, 18–28 Diary,” box 9, folder 2, AOHP.

  2. AOH to McGeorge Bundy, 5 Feb. 1976, box 10, folder 3, AOHP.

  3. Alejandro Foxley to AOH, 9 Aug. 1976, box 9, folder 3, AOHP.

  4. Private goods are excludable—one person can prevent another from enjoying it—and rivalrous—one person’s benefit affects another’s. Public goods are neither.

  5. AOH, “The Concept of Interest,” in Rival Views, p. 48.

  6. Brian Barry’s review article of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty in British Journal of Political Science 4:1 (February 1974), pp. 79–104. Hirschman would have his riposte in Shifting Involvements, p. 78.

  7. AOH, “Olson and Collective Action,” December 1977, box 86, folder 2, AOHP.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Herbert Gintis, interview, 6 Aug. 2009.

  10. AOH, “Olson and Collective Action,” December 1977, box 86, folder2, AOHP.

  11. AOH, “Exit, Voice, and the State,” 1977, in Essays in Trespassing, pp. 246–265; Robert Keohane to AOH, 24 Oct. 1977, box 4, folder 5, AOHP.

  12. Clifford Geertz to AOH, 28 Sept. 1978, box 4, folder 5, AOHP; Sir John Elliott, interview, 2 Apr. 2010.

  13. Clifford Geertz to AOH, 3 Nov. 1978, box 4, folder 5, AOHP.

  14. AOH to Clifford Geertz, 27 Apr. 1979, box 4, folder 5, AOHP.

  15. Clifford Geertz, After the Fact: Two Countries, Fo
ur Decades, One Anthropologist (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 127.

  16. Paul Rabinow and William M. Sullivan, “The Interpretive Turn: A Second Look,” in Interpretive Social Science: A Second Look, ed. Rabinow and Sullivan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 1–31.

  17. AOH, “Our View of Social Science,” box 4, folder 12, AOHP.

  18. AOH to KS, 26 Sept. 1975, KSPP.

  19. AOH, “Self-Perception, Mutual Perception, and Historical Development,” 13 Oct. 1977, box 77, folder 5, AOHP; Sir John Elliott, interview, 2 Apr. 2010; David Cannadine, interview, 25 May 2010.

  20. AOH to Mark Gersovitz, 22 Feb. 1980, box 76, folder 5, AOHP.

  21. AOH, “The Rise and Decline of Development Economics,” 1981, Essays in Trespassing, pp. 1–24; David Cannadine, interview, 25 May 2010.

  22. “Professor A Hirschman’s Comments on the Final Draft of Science and Technology in the New Socio-Economic Context,” box 8, folder 12, AOHP.

  23. AOH, “Welfare State in Trouble: Systemic Crisis or Growing Pains?” manuscript, box 7, folder 7, AOHP, and final publication in American Economic Review 70:2 (May 1980), p. 113–116.

  24. Michael McPherson, interview, 4 Aug. 2009.

  25. AOH, “Private and Public Happiness: Pursuits and Disappointments,” The Eliot Janeway Lectures on Historical Economics in Honor of Joseph Schumpeter, Princeton University, December 1979, box 72, folder 11, AOHP.

  26. AOH, “Public vs Private” (summer 1978), box 80, folder 3, AOHP; Amartya Sen, interview, 7 Apr. 2010.

  27. AOH to KS, 25 Nov. 1979, KSPP.

  28. The quote from Cervantes is in Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 23–24.

  29. AOH, “Private and Public Happiness,” Janeway Lectures, December 1979, box 72, folder 11, AOHP.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Robert Keohane to AOH, 11 Apr. 1979, box 77, folder 8, AOHP.

  33. AOH, “Private and Public Happiness,” Janeway Lectures, December 1979, box 72, folder 11, AOHP.

  34. AOH to KS, 19 Aug. 1981, KSPP.

  35. AOH, Shifting Involvements, p. xvi.

  36. Quentin Skinner to AOH, 17 Dec. 1979, box 80, folder 3, AOHP.

  37. Judith Tendler to AOH, 9 July 1979, box 77, folder 8, AOHP.