Saga of Chief Joseph
Page 41
ambush among sawed trees, 177–79
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 12–13
annuities: not delivered, 44, 49, 54; pledged, 34, 50, 52; refused by Nez Perces, 44, 51, 53, 66–68
A-push-wa-hite. See Looking Glass, Chief (A-push-wa-hite)
Arenoth, 15
Arlee (Nez Perce adopted into Flathead Tribe), 346n9, 347n17
Arnold, A. J., 227, 230–31, 232, 238
Assiniboine Tribe, 273, 282
Aye-at-wai-at-naime, 58, 335n18
Bacon, George, 219, 226
Bailey, H. L., 165
Baird, Lieutenant, 148–49, 269
Bannock Tribe, 39, 212–13, 225, 238, 353n14
Barbour, Chauncey, 346n9
barge transport, 292–93
Baronet Bridge, 245
Battle of Canyon Creek, 253–57
Battle of Frenchtown, 38
Battle of the Bearpaw Mountains, 268–74, 277
Battle of the Big Hole, 201–10, 355n11
Battle of the Clearwater: first day, 161–66; preliminary skirmishes, 160; second day, 167–68, 169–71
Battle of White Bird Canyon, 132, 134–40
battles. See Camas Meadows raid; Cowan party attack; Cottonwood skirmish; Cow Island skirmish; Weikert party attack
Bell, Captain, 247, 253
Bendire, Captain, 252, 255
Benedict, Mrs. Samuel, 129
Benedict, Samuel, 110, 112
Benson, Lieutenant, 222, 224
Benteen, F. W., 247, 253–55
Big Dawn, 110–11, 113
Big Hole Valley, 196
Big Thunder, Chief, 16, 50, 51–52, 334n1
Bitterroot Mountains, 158, 182
Black Eagle, 127–28, 207, 215, 282, 320
Blackeagle, Joseph, 115
Black Feather. See Black Eagle
Blackfeet Tribe, 10, 36, 47
Blewett (citizen scout), 151–52
Bolon, A. J., 37–38
Bond, Fred, 293–94
Bonneville, B. L. E., 5, 330n5(chap.1), 356n3
“Boots and Saddles” bugle call, 222
Boston (Nez Perce term), 195, 348n13
Bowers, Miss, 126–27
Boyle, Lieutenant (later Captain), 86–87, 94, 125
Bradley, James H., 198, 199, 200, 201–2, 211, 212
Brady, Cyrus T., xxiii, 168, 182–83
Brayman, Mason, 121, 143, 156, 180
Brice, Patrick, 127–28, 342n7
Brininstool, E. A., xvi–xvii
Brotherton, Captain, 266, 274
Brown, L. P., 122, 124, 156
Brown, Martin L., 91–92, 182, 305
Browne, Ross, 43
Browning, Captain, 210, 217
Buchanan, James, 43
Buffalo Bill, xxiii, 307
buffalo hunt, 47–48, 334n20
burials during battle, 145–46, 159, 171, 211, 242, 345n2, 350n26
Cain, A. J., 44–45, 46
Caldwell farm, 101–2, 103
Camas Meadows raid, 221–25
Canada: as goal of nontreaty Nez Perce, 185–86, 250, 262, 264, 271, 282; as “old woman’s country,” 186, 250
cannons, 161, 266
cantonment (later Fort Keogh). See Fort Keogh
Canyon Creek, 253
Captain John (Nez Perce scout), 85–86, 274, 279–80
Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 313
Carpenter, Frank, 227, 228, 229–30, 232, 233–34, 241
Carpenter, Ida, 227, 228, 232–33, 234, 241
Carr, Captain, 222, 224
casualties: Bearpaw Mountains battle, 269–70; Big Hole battle, 211, 212; Camas Meadows raid, 223–24; Canyon Creek battle, 256, 353n14; Clearwater battle, 171; Cottonwood skirmish, 150; Cow Island skirmish, 261–62; Nez Perce War of 1877, 284, 355n15; Randall fight, 157; White Bird Canyon battle, 140
Cataldo, Father, 94
Catholic faith, 5, 28, 63, 94
cattle, 60, 78, 107, 109, 217
The Cattleman, xvi
Cave, Will, 116
Cayuse Tribe, 15, 16, 27, 29, 31, 34, 40–41
Cayuse Woman, 18, 42
Cearley, James L., 122, 160
Chamberlain family, 126–27
Chapman, Arthur I., 121, 131–32, 177–78, 274, 281, 341n6, 356n3
Charlot, Chief, 177, 185, 188–89, 193, 346n9, 347n17
Cheyenne scouts, 266–67, 290
Chief Joseph (ship), 321
Chief Joseph, His Pursuit and Capture (Howard), 239
Chief Joseph: The Biography of a Great Indian (Fee), xvii
Chief Joseph Dam, 321
Christianity, 5–6, 12–16, 18, 63, 65, 71–72, 97, 232, 331n6
Civil War, 46, 49–50, 298
Clark, William, 5. See also Lewis and Clark Expedition
Clark, William A., 194, 348n9
Colville gold mining area, 37, 42
Colville Reservation, 302, 309
Comba, Captain, 200, 202, 211
Cone, Harry W., 341n5, 341n6
Congregational Church, 12
Congress, 25, 27, 35, 43–44, 213, 297, 302
Coolcoolselina, 50, 51–52
Coolidge, Charles A., 184, 188, 204
Cornoyer, Agent, 86–87
Cottonwood House, 126, 145, 151, 153–54, 344n15
Cottonwood skirmish, 150, 152–55, 344n15
council, religious (1835), 12
council at Lapwai (1842), 13
council at Lapwai (1863), 50–52, 53, 57
council at Lapwai (1873), 67–68
council at Lapwai (1877): Alokut missing from, 338n32; preliminaries, 87–88, 93–95; reaction to, 106; results of, 100–105; tensions during, 94–100
council at Walla Walla (1856), 40–41
council at Weippe Prairie (1874), 73–75
council at Weippe Prairie (1877), 176–77
council in Rocky Canyon, 108–9, 168
council of 1848, 16
council of 1856, 40–41
council of 1863, 16
council of 1876, 81–82, 84
council of Chief Joseph’s band, 78–79
council of chiefs with Charles C. Rawn, 189–91
Council Smoke of 1855: business conducted at, 29, 31–33; preliminaries, 27–29; results of, 33–36, 111; tensions during, 29–31
Cowan, Emma (Carpenter), 227, 228, 232–34, 236–38, 241, 352n9
Cowan, George, 227, 228, 231–33, 234–36, 238
Cowan party attack: Cowen party during captivity, 229–34; Cowen party obtaining release, 236–38; preliminary interactions, 227–29
Cow Island skirmish, 260–62
Craig, William, 16, 28, 39
Crow Tribe, 177, 185–86, 192–93, 247, 248, 250, 256, 352n4(chap.20), 353n14
Curtis, Edward S., 111, 116–17, 186
Cushing, Captain, 247, 258–59
Custer Massacre, 246
Daily Missoulian, 321
Daily Tribune, xvii
dances, 21–22, 141, 160, 166–67, 320
Davis, H. J., 223–24
Davis, Jim, 79
Day, Lew, 126–27
Deery, Mrs. Peter, 115–16, 347n1
desertions from military, 190–91, 192
Dietrich, Richard, 239, 240–41, 242
Dingee, William, 227, 230–31
Doane, Lieutenant, 242, 246–47, 249
Donation Acts, 25
Doty, James, 27–28, 30
Dreamer religion: beginnings of, 60–63; Chief Joseph in, 97–98, 108, 192; land and home important to, 50, 63, 96, 112, 192; Tuhulhutsut in, 89, 98; Umatilla Tribe and, 86; U.S. government and, 82, 84, 97
Duncan, Leonard, 239, 241
eagle feathers, 8, 89, 96, 311, 319
Eagle-from-the-light, 44, 50, 51–52
Earth-Mother religion. See Dreamer religion
Edwards, W. H., 210
Elliott, T. C., 329n12
Ellis (Nez Perce), 14
English, Lieutenant
, 208, 211
Espowyes, 220, 318
Fee, Chester A., xvii
ferry boat, 176
Fifth Infantry, 263, 266, 268–69, 272
“Fifty-four Forty or Fight,” 18
Findley, A. B., 77–78, 81
Finney farm, 101–2, 103
fires, 208–9, 236, 250, 261, 341n6
First Cavalry, 79–80, 103, 125, 146, 160, 178, 181, 210
First Oregon Cavalry, 50
Fisher, S. G., 225, 236, 253, 256
Five Wounds (Pahkatos Owyeen), 152, 157, 162–63, 211, 345n16
“flanking the flankers,” 169–70
Flathead Tribe, 5, 9, 10, 185, 188–89, 195, 348n4
Fletcher, Lieutenant, 161, 166
Foller, August, 239, 241
food caches, 159, 172
Forse, Albert G., 79, 145–46, 212, 343n1
Fort Ellis, 244, 246
“Fort Fizzle,” 189, 190–91, 348n4
Fort Keogh, 262–63, 290, 292
Fort Lapwai, 50
Fort Leavenworth, 295, 296–97
Fort Missoula, 188
Fort Walla Walla, 40, 79, 87
Foster (citizen scout), 151–52
freighters. See teamsters
French, Captain, 247, 255
Fuller, George W., 115
Fuller, Lieutenant, 249
fur-trading companies, 4
Garfield, James A., 347n17
Gass, Patrick, 9
Gatling guns, 156, 161–62, 173
Geary, Edward R., 44, 45
Ghost Dance religion, 61
Gibbon, John: affected by sight of Nez Perce women and babies, 204; in Big Hole battle, 201, 204–5, 206–7, 210; countermanding orders, 247, 257–58; grass fire and, 208–9; mistaken about Looking Glass’s death, 211; on Nez Perce fighting skills, 213–14; preparing for Big Hole battle, 197–201; providing reinforcements, 184, 190, 194
Gilbert, Lieutenant Colonel, 226, 245–46, 258
Godfrey, Captain, 269
Goldin, Theodore, 252, 254, 255, 257
Goodwin, C. C., xxv
Grant, Ulysses B., 69, 75
Great Spirit (Tah-Mah-Ne-Wes), xxv, 20, 22, 62, 330n6, 335n5
Green, John, 75, 143, 181–82
Grizzly Bear Ferocious, 73–75
Grizzly Bear Youth, 202–3
Grover, L. F., 70–72, 75
Guardian Spirit dance (Wee’ kwetset), 21–22
Haines, F. J., xvii, 329n12
Hale, Calvin H., 50, 51
Hale, Joe. See White Bird, Chief (Pen-pen-hi-hi)
Hale, Owen, 266, 268, 269
Hardin, Lieutenant, 261–62
Hare, Lieutenant, 249
Hayes, Jonah, 101, 124, 131–32, 343n3
Hayes, Rutherford B., 297
Hayt, E. A., 115, 297
Hear Me, My Chiefs! (McWhorter), xix, xxiii–xxiv, 168
Hebard, Grace Raymond, xvi–xvii
Heyoom Moxmox (Yellow Grizzly Bear), 110
Higgins, Christopher P., 28, 30, 186, 188, 346n9
Higgins and Worden (store), 188
Hill, James J., 314
Hill, John, 184
Hin-mut-too-yah-lat-kekht. See Joseph, Chief (Hin-mut-too-yah-lat-kekht)
History of the Pacific Northwest (Fuller), 115
History of the State of Washington (Meany), 38
Holmes, Washington, 150, 344n12
Horner, J. H., 330n5(chap.1), 336n12, 336n13, 349n11
Horse Prairie Creek attack, 218
horses: abandoned, 150, 254–55, 256; in Bearpaw Mountains battle, 267–68, 269, 270–71; in Big Hole battle, 215; in burial customs, 66, 336n12; in Camas Meadows raid, 223; in Clearwater battle, 164, 167; hoof disease among, 257; in Lolo Trail march, 183–84; missing, of settlers, 77; of Nez Perce, 185; stolen by Nez Perce, 110, 160, 181, 218, 240; as symbol of Nez Perce loss, 296; used as food, 209, 257; used in trading, 25–26, 230; in White Bird Canyon battle, 135–36, 138–39, 343n5
Howard, Guy, 274, 281
Howard, Helen Addison, xi–xii, xv, xvii–xix, 329n6
Howard, Oliver O., xix, xxv, 341n6; at Big Hole battle, 210–11; biographical information about, 337n4; at Camas Meadows, 220; Camas Meadows raid and, 221, 224–25; Chief Joseph and, 76–78, 98, 102, 175–76, 214–15, 281–82, 284, 313–14; Chief Joseph, His Pursuit and Capture, 239; on commission of Interior Department, 81; Cottonwood skirmish and, 145–49, 153, 156–57, 159–62, 165–66, 168, 169–72; in councils, 87–88, 93–100, 338n32, 339n11, 339n12; Cowan party attack and, 236, 238; description of, 91–92; John Gibbon and, 197, 213, 257–58; on land-inspection ride, 100–103; on Lolo Trail, 194–95; misunderstandings about, 182; Nelson A. Miles and, 274, 278–79, 289, 291–92; overseeing move to reservation, 103–5, 122; preparing for war, 124–25; pursuing Nez Perce, 173–74, 176, 180–84, 185, 217–19, 225–26, 244–45, 247–48, 250–51, 262; as religious person, 182; rumors about, 145; on Smohalla, 61; volunteer soldiers and, 180; after White Bird Canyon battle, 141–43
howitzer, 161–62, 166, 206, 208, 224, 252, 255
Hudson’s Bay Company, 5, 13–14, 351n3
Hunter-Trader-Trapper, xvi
Hush-hush-cute, 89, 104, 281
Hutchins, Charles, 50, 51
I-a-tu-ton-my, 58, 311, 335n17
Ilges, Guido, 261–62
Imnaha Valley, 69, 72, 86
Indian Bureau, 25, 43, 55, 56–57, 67, 86, 87, 295
Indian Rights Association, 302
“An Indian’s Views of Indian Affairs” (Chief Joseph), 298
Inland Empire Magazine (Spokesman-Review), 175
Interior Department, 55–56, 67, 70, 75, 81, 83, 84–85, 103
Ip-as-ship-ap-la-chon-my, 18
Irwin (discharged soldier), 237, 244
Isapsis-ilpilp. See Red Moccasin-top (Isapsis-ilpilp)
Jackson, Captain, 169, 173, 222
Jacobs, J. W., 198
Jerome, D. H., 81
Jerome, Lieutenant, 269, 275–76
Jocelyn, Captain, 165, 346n10
Johnson, Andrew, 54
Johnson, Henry C., 154, 218
Jordan, Agent, 300–301
Joseph, Chief (Hin-mut-too-yah-lat-kekht) (Young Joseph), xi, xxiii–xxv; assuming duties of chief, 60, 65; baptism of, 331n14; Bearpaw Mountains battle and, 267–68, 271, 350n23; in Big Hole battle, 203, 209, 214–15; birth of, 7; on buffalo-hunting expedition, 47–48; in Camas Meadows raid, 223, 225–26; in Canyon Creek battle, 250, 251; character of, 236, 296–97; in Clearwater battle, 162–63, 167, 168–69, 170; on Colville Reservation, 302, 309; confused with Alokut, 168–69, 225; considering surrender, 174–76, 274–75; in Cottonwood skirmish, 144, 147; in councils, 74, 81–82, 91, 94–98, 100, 108–9, 192–93, 339n11, 339n12; Cowan party and, 233–34, 352n9; in Cow Island skirmish, 261; death and burial of, 315, 318–20, 357n10; deaths of family of, 207, 335n19; description of, 57, 91, 281; as dinner guest, 294; E. A. Hayt on, 297; Erskine Wood and, 305–6; in final years, 310–12; Findley-McNall incident and, 79–81; given whiskey, 313; in Guardian Spirit dance, 22; homeland important to, 192; honors and tributes to, 320–21; Hugh L. Scott on, 242–43, 356n3; “An Indian’s Views of Indian Affairs,” 298; kept prisoner, 275–76; on land-inspection ride, 100–103; leaving home, 106–8; marriages and children of, 57–59, 130–31, 170, 312; Martin L. Brown on, 305; meeting with Charles C. Rawn, 189–90; monuments to, 315, 318, 320; on name of Nez Perce Tribe, 4–5; names of, 15, 22; Oliver O. Howard and, 76, 102, 313–14; peaceful stance of, 65, 195, 262–63; plaque of head made, 305; as prisoner of war, 282, 290; as protector of women and children, 114–15, 117, 193, 215, 277, 343n1; reacting to massacre at Slate Creek, 112–15; releasing Patrick Brice, 127; reservation issue and, 60, 66–71, 82, 84–88, 104; returning home, 312–13, 314–15; sacred vigil of, 19–21; on scalping, 213; in Seattle, 314; seeking alliance with Sitting Bull, 264, 273; sense of humor of, 307, 328; spyglass and, 132; as subject of master’s thesis, 309–13; surrender of, 280–82; survivors of, 315;
on Tu-eka-kas (Old Joseph), 33–34, 52–53; U.S. government and, 43, 46–47, 53, 66–71, 75, 82–84, 297–99; visiting New York City, 307–8; wanting to remain in Idaho, 176–77, 183–84; war record of, 283–85; war role of, 115–18, 349n11; White Bird Canyon battle and, 130–34, 140–41; on whites, 78; William I. Lippincott on, 304–5; youth of, 7–11, 15, 17–18, 333n17(chap.5)
Joseph, Old (Tu-eka-kas). See Tu-eka-kas (Old Joseph)
“Joseph’s Dead Line,” 334n7
Journal of the Voyages and Travels of a Corps of Discovery (Gass), 9
Kamiakin, Chief, 27, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40–41
Kenck, Charles, 239, 241
Kendall, B. F., 45, 46
Kip, Lawrence, 28, 31
Kirkendall, Hugh, 208
Lahpeealoot. See Williams, Philip (Lahpeealoot)
land cessions, 34–35, 44, 50, 52
Lawyer (Nez Perce): as chief, 14, 52; cooperating with U.S. government, 40, 49, 53, 55, 111; in councils, 30–33, 50–51, 332n6(chap.4); missionaries meeting, 12; organizing Nez Perce citizen soldiers, 42; treaties and, 14, 36, 43, 52–53, 56–57
Lawyer, Jim, 74, 175, 181
Lean Elk. See Poker Joe (Lean Elk)
Leary, Peter, 165
Lee, Daniel, 12
Lee, Jason, 12
Lewis, Alonzo V., 320, 350n32
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 3–4, 8–9, 356n3
Life of Isaac I. Stevens (H. Stevens), 31
Lippincott, William I., xxv, 116, 304
Logan, William, 191, 200, 202, 211, 212
Looking Glass, Chief (A-push-wa-hite), xx, xxiv; approaching Canada, 264–65; bad judgment of, 267, 349n1; in Big Hole battle, 203–4, 211; in Camas Meadows raid, 220–21; in Canyon Creek battle, 250, 253, 352–53n4(chap.20); at Clearwater battle, 163, 168; Cottonwood skirmish and, 148–50; in councils, 74–75, 97, 99, 175, 177, 192; Cowan party and, 229–30; in Cow Island skirmish, 262; death of, 270, 350n22; description of, 88–89, 230; joining nontreaty Nez Perces, 150–51; on land-inspection ride, 100–101; meeting with Charles C. Rawn, 189–90; peaceful stance of, 112; war role of, 115–18, 195, 285
Looking Glass, Old Chief, 32–33, 36, 38, 44, 74
Lyon, Caleb, 54
MacDonald, Duncan, 116, 231–32, 233, 351n3
malaria, 297
Mandan Tribe, 292–94
Mann, Charles, 227, 232
Manuel, John J., 112, 341n6
Manuel, Maggie, 112, 127, 341n6
Manuel, Mrs. John J., 126, 341n6