Royalist Agents, Conspirators and Spies

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Royalist Agents, Conspirators and Spies Page 40

by Geoffrey Smith


  deals with 1644 Antrim-O’Neill mission, 67–9

  his network of agents, 69–70

  implored but fails to send assistance to Charles I in 1646, 76, 78–9

  employs Daniel O’Neill as envoy to Owen Roe O’Neill, 79, 97–8

  surrenders Dublin and goes into exile, 98–9

  returns to Ireland 1648, 104, 109–10

  renews approaches to Owen Roe O’Neill, 110–11, 126–8

  dispatch of Seymour to him to determine the capacity of Irish royalists to withstand Cromwellian assault, 132–4

  returns into exile, 140

  a leader of Old Royalist faction, 169, 180

  patron of Armorer and Stephens, 183, 187–8, 198, 202, 210

  who join him on secret mission to London 1658, 214–16

  does not follow his own view that continuation of resistance is futile, 244

  Byron, John, Lord, 119, 133, 134, 187

  Byron, Sir Nicholas, colonel, 74

  Caen, 99, 158, 161

  Callendar, Earl of, see Livingstone, James

  Cambridge, 14, 42, 46

  Campbell, Lady Anne, 150, 151n

  Campbell, Archibald, 8th Earl and 1st Marquess of Argyll

  the Incident, 30–33, 252

  power struggle in Scotland, 58, 93, 104, 107, 135

  and Charles II, 142, 150, 165

  withdrawal from public life, 165, 166

  Campbell lands, 13, 58, 60, 79

  Canterbury, 93, 233, 237

  Carbisdale, battle of, 2, 39, 141, 142

  Carew, Thomas, 12

  Carisbrooke Castle, 102, 103, 104, 112, 113, 116, 122

  Carnaby, Thomas, Sir[?], 164, 189, 193, 199, 210, 211

  death, 249–50

  Carnarvon, Earl of, see Dormer, Robert

  Carnwath, Earl of, see Dalziel, Robert

  Carter, Mrs, 196

  Carteret, Sir Philip, 47

  Cary, Lucius, 2nd Viscount Falkland, 50, 53, 55, 63

  Castlehaven, Earl of, see Touchet, James

  Cavendish, William, 1st Earl and 1st Marquess of Newcastle, 22, 65, 66

  Cessation of hostilities in Ireland, 59, 67

  Challoner, Richard, 46, 50, 51, 55

  gallows speech, 51

  Charles I, King

  raises standard at Nottingham, 1

  dispersal of court 4

  policies towards Scotland, 12, 14, 28, 58

  and army plots, 23–31 passim

  and the Incident, 31–3

  attempt to arrest 5 MPs

  wartime court at Oxford, 48

  fate of ‘fine designs’, 49, 55, 60, 62

  character, 39, 76, 81

  hopes for aid from the Continent, 60, 61

  from Ireland, 59, 64–5, 69, 76, 77, 78

  correspondence with queen, 72–3, 86

  approaches to Scots and English Presbyterians, 82–3, 86

  departure from Oxford and arrival at Newcastle, 87, 90, 92

  employment of agents and couriers, 85, 91, 93–6

  taken to Holmby House, 93, 99

  encounter with Boswell, 100–101

  then to Hampton Court and then to Carisbrooke, 99

  employment of agents at Carisbrooke, 102–4, 111

  signs the Engagement, 103–4

  unsuccessful plans for escape from

  Carisbrooke, 111–15

  and from Bagshot, 116–17

  Newport negotiations, 111–12, 116

  trial and execution 117–18

  final meeting with Seymour, 117–18

  royalist reactions to regicide, 119–21, 124

  Charles II, King

  as Prince of Wales in the West Country, 4, 72, 74

  goes into exile in 1646 from Pendennis

  via Scilly to Jersey, 86, 87

  continuing later on to Paris, 96

  with fleet at Helvoetsluys, 108–9

  at The Hague, 121

  undecided over whether to go to Scotland or Ireland, 131–5

  returns to Jersey, 132–3

  abandons plans to go to Ireland and returns to Holland, 137

  goes to Scotland and signs Covenant, 140, 144, 145

  and fate of Montrose, 140–42

  suffers purges of attendants, 145–6, 148, 149

  attempts to rally supporters with the Start, 147–9

  is crowned King of Scots and receives proposal from Argyll that he marry his daughter, 150

  invades England, escapes from Worcester, 155–8

  establishes court in Paris, 161–2, 177–8

  displays hostility to Bampfield and Dysart, 165–7, 177, 223

  departs to Rhineland, 177, 183

  resorts to O’Neill to reconcile different

  groups of plotters, 190

  to organise transfer of court from Cologne to Bruges, 207

  to deal with Lucy Walter, 208

  approves Mordaunt’s creation of ‘Great Trust’, 224–6

  attends Franco-Spanish peace negotiations at the Pyrenees, 230–31

  returns to Brussels, 231

  receives news of Monck’s order to Rump to dissolve itself and of his declaration of allegiance, 233–4

  leaves Breda to return to England, landing at Dover, 234–5, 237

  ambiguous and equivocal directions to agents, 141, 190, 241

  response to news of death of O’Neill

  Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, 71, 135, 137, 167, 168

  Stuart marriage ambitions, 168–9

  Charles-Louis, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, 184, 223

  Charlton, Job, 226

  Chase’s Apothecary, 195

  Chester, 78, 228, 230

  Cholmley, Sir Hugh, 125, 126

  Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway, 60, 66, 71, 79, 80

  Chudleigh, James, 22, 38

  Church, Percy, 211

  Clarendon, Earl and Countess of, see Hyde, Sir Edward and Frances, Lady

  clientage networks and relationships, 9, 75, 181, 192n, 197, 227, 240–41

  Cochrane, Sir John, colonel

  background, 32

  the Incident, 32–3, 61

  missions to Denmark, 61, 65, 71, 72, 76, 96

  to Baltic states and Hamburg, 129, 130, 131, 132

  a ‘Montrosian’, 82, 130

  incidents of thuggish behaviour, 129, 130

  disgrace, 138, 142, 160, 245

  Coke, Thomas, 143

  Colchester, siege of, 2, 109, 153–4

  Cologne, exiled court at, 174, 187, 189, 190, 203, 205

  Committee of Estates, 146, 156, 164

  Commons, House of, investigations of plots, 30, 51, 112, 114

  Compton, James, 3rd Earl of Northampton, 229

  Compton, Sir William, member of Sealed Knot, 180, 211, 222, 249

  Confederate Association, also Confederation of Kilkenny, 59, 67

  Conway, Edward, 2nd Viscount, 15, 18, 22, 23, 25, 52

  Conyers, Sir John, 15, 18, 22, 24–7 passim

  Cooper, John, 210, 234, 248

  Copenhagen, 66, 139

  Corbet, Sir Richard, 181

  Corker, Francis, spy for Thurloe, 205, 206, 210, 216, 221, 240, 250

  Cornwallis, Sir Frederick, 74, 75, 132, 159, 160, 164

  arrested, 194, 199

  rewards, 248

  Cotterell, Sir Charles, 221

  Council of State, 100, 120, 126, 130, 1331, 148, 160, 170, 199, 232–3

  Courland, duchy of, 57, 129, 130, 138

  Covenanters, 13–15, 28, 58, 83, 86, 104, 137, 142, 152, 168

  Cowley, Abraham, 6, 14, 149, 194, 246

  Crelly, Patrick, 109

  Cresset, Francis, 43, 95, 101–3, 112, 115, 124

  Crispe, Sir Nicholas, 42, 48, 50, 77

  Crofts, William, Lord, 130, 156, 178

  Cromwell, Henry, 209, 215

  Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector, 25, 38, 81, 99, 107

  in Ireland, 127, 132

  in Scotland, 146–7

  Worcester campaign, 156


  expulsion of Rump and establishment of Protectorate, 172, 173

  attitude to royalists, 190, 24

  assassination plots against, 201–2

  death 224

  Cromwell, Richard, Lord Protector, 224, 226

  Crouch, John, 124, 125

  ‘Cumberlanders’, 70

  see also factions

  Cunningham, William, 8th Earl of Glencairn, 165, 174, 176

  Dalnaspidal, battle of, 186

  Dalziel, Robert, 1st Earl of Carnwath, 58

  Danzig, 129, 132, 240

  Davenant, Sir William

  and army plots, 22, 23, 25, 35

  employed as courier, 74, 75, 76, 94

  captured, 133

  Davison, Charles

  background, 164, 181

  Hyde’s dislike of, 182, 183

  and assassination plots, 201, 293

  arrest and death, 204, 224

  Day, Robert, of Dover, 191, 192, 196

  Denham, Sir John, 11

  Denmark, 32, 57–62 passim, 66, 71, 79

  wars with Sweden, 80, 96, 159, 222

  Derby, Earl of, see Stanley, James

  Derby House committee, 112, 114, 115, 121

  Devereux, Robert, 3rd Earl of Essex, 25, 70

  Digby, George, Lord, 2nd Earl of Bristol

  patron and friend of O’Neill, 63, 65, 67, 69, 70

  of Jermyn, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81

  in Ireland, 97

  in exile, 178, 206, 240

  Digby, Sir John, 18, 19

  Digby, Sir Kenelm, mission to Rome, 71, 72, 76, 80

  Dorislaus, Isaac, murder of, 131, 132, 136

  Dormer, Robert, 1st Earl of Carnarvon, 26, 27, 29, 30, 35

  Dover, castle, 191, 192, 196

  port, 191, 192, 199, 233, 234, 237

  Downing, Sir George, Protectorate resident at The Hague, 205

  Drogheda, 127, 128, 132, 133

  Drummond, William, 175

  Dublin, 98, 99, 111, 127, 168

  castle, 249

  Dunbar, battle of, 147, 150

  Duncannon Fort, 249

  Dunes, battle of, 221, 222

  Dunfermline, Earl of, see Seton, Charles

  Dungan, Robert, 210

  Duppa, Brian, Bishop of Salisbury, 6, 243

  Durham, 19, 43, 248

  Dutch Republic, 62, 81, 117, 223

  see also Holland, United Provinces

  Dysart, Countess of, see Murray, Elizabeth

  Dysart, Earl of, see Murray, William

  Edgehill, battle of, 37, 39, 57, 62

  Edgeman, William, Hyde’s secretary, 139

  Edinburgh, 12, 32, 33, 117, 141, 142, 150, 151

  Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 38, 61, 184, 192

  Elliot, Thomas, background and character, 5, 13–14, 74

  mission to England 1645, 75–6, to Portugal 1650, 138–9

  employment of wife of as courier, 199

  remains in exile, 246

  rewards, 247

  Engagement, Engagers, the, 104, 107, 145–7, 150

  ‘Episcopal party’, 177

  see also ‘Old Royalists’

  Essex, Earl of, see Devereux, Robert

  Evelyn, John, 232, 251

  Ewer, Isaac, colonel, 146

  factions

  English parliamentarian, 51, 54, 172, 224, 226

  Irish, 68, 77, 97, 109, 139

  royalist, 8–9, 131, 169, 177, 178, 180, 192, 240

  Scottish, 145, 147–8, 175

  see also Cumberlanders, Louvrians, Old Royalists, Royal Presbyterians, Swordsmen

  Fairfax, Sir Thomas, general, 25, 81, 123

  Falkland Palace, 145

  Fanshawe, Ann, Lady, 237, 243

  Fanshawe, Sir Richard, 178, 243

  Feilding, Basil, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, 101, 120

  Feilding, William, 1st Earl of Denbigh, 38

  Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, 223

  Firebrace, (later Sir), Henry, 101

  in attendance on Charles I, 102, 106, 113, 115, 116, 120, 136

  later career, 120, 248

  Fitzwilliam, Oliver, 2nd Viscount, 77, 78, 79

  Fleming, Sir William, background, 34–5, 82

  and Montrose, 82–3, 140, 140–42

  in negotiations with Scots, 82–3, 106, 107, 171

  at Worcester, 82, 83, 140, 141, 142

  in exile, 171, 246

  rewards, 248

  Fraiser, Alexander, physician, 148, 149, 156, 248

  France, 2, 4, 62, 71

  hoped for as a source of aid, 79, 81, 106, 109

  exiles in, 92, 158, 162

  alliance with Protectorate, 184, 187, 205, 221

  peace negotiations with Spain, 223, 230

  Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, 60, 72, 81

  Fronde, the, 109, 159, 167, 170

  Frost, Gualter, secretary to Council of State, 160

  Fuentarrabia, 230, 231

  Galway, 2

  Gardiner, Samuel R., 21

  Gardiner, Sir Thomas, 41

  Gatehouse prison, 30, 125, 126, 195

  Gerard, Charles, Lord, general, 137, 183, 240

  Gerard plot, 182, 183, 187

  Glamorgan, Earl of, see Somerset, Edward

  Glemham, Sir Thomas, 85, 87

  Goffe, Stephen, Dr, 71, 72, 76, 80, 81, 132

  Gordon, Lewis, 3rd Marquess of Huntly, 148

  Gordons, Scots royalists, 13, 60, 68, 146–7

  Goring, George, Lord, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21

  ambiguous behaviour in army plots, 22–7 passim

  exile, 92

  Gothenburg, 129, 130

  Graham, James, 5th Earl and 1st Marquess of Montrose, 4

  and the Incident, 28, 31

  at Oxford advocating royalist rising in Scotland, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64

  marches north to lead rising, 65, 66, 69

  defeated at Philiphaugh, 83

  in exile, 96, 104

  plans return to Scotland, 130, 131, 135, 137

  return, capture and death, 141, 142

  Graves, Richard, colonel, 150, 151, 158

  ‘Great Trust and Commission’, 224–7, 240

  Grenville, Sir John, (later) 1st Earl of Bath, 86, 211, 224, 226

  meeting with Monck, 234

  rewards, 247, 249, 251

  Grey, Edward, colonel, 181, 189, 210, 248

  Gurney, Sir Richard, Lord Mayor of London, 41

  Guy, Mrs, 44

  Hague, The, 31, 72, 92, 96, 131–2, 138, 140, 155, 161, 163, 179, 183–4, 207, 241

  Halkett, Sir James, 166

  Halsall, James, major, courier for Sealed Knot, 189, 191, 193, 195–6

  involved in assassination plots, 201–3

  capture, imprisonment and release, 202, 227

  rewards, 248

  Hamburg, 32, 129

  behaviour of Cochrane in, 129, 130, 160

  Ham House, 31–2, 198, 245

  Hamilton, James, 1st Duke of Hamilton, 12, 58, 93

  an intended target of the Incident, 31, 32, 33

  failure of his attempt to keep Scotland neutral, 58, 59

  sponsors the Engagement and invades England in the 2nd Civil War, 103, 104, 106, 110

  execution, 119

  Hamilton, Sir James, 200

  Hamilton, William, Earl of Lanark, 2nd Duke of Hamilton, 93, 104, 106, 131, 144, 147

  march to Worcester and death, 156, 157

  Hammond, Robert, governor of Carisbrooke, 102, 103, 111, 112, 116

  Hampden, Alexander, 48, 51

  Hampton Court, 99, 101

  Haro, Don Luis de, 230

  Harrison, Thomas, 116, 117, 172, 173

  Harwood, Richard, 91, 118, 243

  Hastings, Henry, Lord Loughborough, member of Sealed Knot, 180, 188

  Hatton, Christopher, Lord, 163, 171, 184, 186

  Hay, John, 1st Earl of Tweeddale, 166

  Hay, Lucy, Countess of Carlisle, 86, 114

  Heenvliet, Jan van der Kerckhove, Lord of, 185, 207, 208

 
Heidelberg, 223

  Henderson, Alexander, 93

  Henderson, Sir John, 61, 66, 79

  Henrietta Anne (Minette), Duchess of Orleans, 70, 254

  Henrietta Maria, Queen, circle around, 21

  and army plots, 21, 29

  and Civil War, 35, 49, 57, 70

  household in Paris, 4, 92, 96, 132, 184, 211

  encouragement of royalist projects by, 83, 104, 109, 154, 168

  uncomfortable relations with Charles II, 178, 234

  Herbert, Philip, 4th Earl of Pembroke, 43, 95, 101

  Herbert, Thomas, 117, 118

  Hereford, siege of, 77, 82

  Heron, Henry, 48

  Hertford, Marquess of, see Seymour, William

  Hewett, John, Dr, 211, 216, 218

  High Court of Justice, 218, 221

  High Ercall, sieges of, 5, 89, 163, 181

  Highlands, 2, 4, 17, 58, 64, 79, 96, 165

  Glencairn’s rising in, 166, 174–6, 185–7

  failed attempt to renew rising in, 208–9

  Holland, 1, 19, 57, 79, 84, 105, 237

  flight of royalists to, 114, 121, 125, 158

  see also Dutch republic, United Provinces

  Holland, Earl of, see Rich, Henry

  Holles, Denzil, 94

  Holles, Gervase, colonel, 135, 227

  Holmby (Holdenby) House, 93, 99, 100, 101

  Honywood, Sir Philip, 211

  Hopkins, Sir William, 112, 113, 115

  Hopton, Ralph, Lord, 38, 57, 85, 131, 141, 161, 210

  Hopton, Richard, 212, 213, 246, 248

  Howard, Thomas, 14th Earl of Arundel, 15, 74

  Hull, 57, 63, 65

  Hume, Sir Alexander, 217

  Hutton, Ronald, 142

  Hyde, Anne, 185

  Hyde, Sir Edward, (later) 1st Earl of Clarendon, Chancellor of Exchequer, 95

  at Jersey 95–6

  hostility to Bampfield, 108, 165, 167, 176, 177

  embassy to Madrid, 138–9

  joins exiled court in Paris, 161

  and court factions, 166, 169, 177

  receives intelligence report from O’Neill, 172

  from other intelligencers, 213, 225, 226, 232

  from the Sealed Knot, 180, 211

  attitude to assassination plots, 203

  and Abbess Knatchbull, 213–18

  opinions of and relations with agents

  O’Neill, 9, 178, 185, 193, 196, 207, 216–17, 219, 227, 231; Armorer, 179, 181–2, 183, 184, 188, 231; Aubigny, 100; Fraiser, 148, Murray, 165; Seymour, 170; Langdale, 181; Davison, 204; Carnaby, 211

  see also 252–3

  Hyde, Frances, Lady, Countess of Clarendon, 185

  Incident, the, 31, 33, 34, 35, 61

  Independents, the, party in Parliament, 83, 85, 103, 150n

  Innocent X, Pope, 71, 80, 81, 197, 238

  Instrument of Government, the, 173

  Ireland, 2, 4, 15

  Strafford’s army in, 19, 24, 31

  rebellion in, 33, 98

  royalist hopes of aid from, 58, 59, 62, 76, 77, 80, 109

 

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