divisions in, 74, 77, 78, 109, 110, 111
return of Ormond to and renewal of war, 104, 107, 110, 118, 122
indecision over whether to invite Charles II to, 127, 128, 131, 134
collapse of resistance to Cromwellian invasion in, 137, 139, 140, 143, 153, 155, 167
and approaches to Duke of Lorraine, 167–9
see also Dublin, Munster, Ulster
Ireton, Henry, general, 25, 99, 140
Isham, Sir Justinian, 6
Isle of Man, 97, 143, 152, 154
Isle of Wight, 99, 109, 114, 116–22 passim, 234
James, Duke of Courland, 129, 130, 138
James, (later) Duke of Monmouth, 208
James, Duke of York, afterwards King James II
left behind in Oxford, 87, 93
rescue of, 105, 106, 108
marriage proposal to daughter of Duke of Lorraine, 168
Jane, Joseph, Nicholas’s intelligencer at The Hague, 201, 207
Jermyn, Henry, Lord, favourite of the queen, 22, 23, 70, 151, 169, 184
and army plots, 23, 27, 30
attempts to organise foreign aid for Charles I, 71, 72–3, 80–81
friendship with Bampfield, 177, 223
Jersey, 86, 96, 132–6 passim, 139
surrender of, 158, 162
John IV, King of Portugal, 138
Jones, Inigo, 12, 31
Jones, Michael, 127
Joyce, George, cornet, 99
Kay, John, 196
Keith, Sir William, 99
Keynes, Alexander, 3, 143, 157
Kilkenny, 65, 67, 68, 77, 79, 97, 99, 110–11
see also Confederation of Kilkenny
Killigrew, Thomas, 138, 159
King, James, Lord Eythin, 66, 141
Kinsale, 1212, 133
Kirk party, 93, 137, 141–3 passim
divisions within, 145, 146, 149, 155
purges and expulsions by, 145–6, 147, 148, 150, 174
see also Covenanters
Knatchbull, Mary, abbess, 213, 214, 225
Kniveton, Daniel, execution of, 47
Knocknanuss, battle of, 161
Lambert, John, general, 228, 231, 232, 233
Lambeth House, (Palace), 233
Langdale, Sir Marmaduke
general, service of Paulden brothers under, 162, 162n
leader of an anti-Hyde faction, 173, 181, 182, 183
deficiencies as a patron, 204, 250
employment of Corker, 205, 210
failure of attempt to revive network, 210–11
retirement and death, 250
Laud, William, Archbishop, 12, 19
patron of Berkenhead, 45, and of Goffe, 71
Legge, William, 35
accompanies Charles I to Carisbrooke, 99, 114
sails for Ireland and captured, 122, 123
rewards, 249
friend of Rupert, 249, and of O’Neill, 254
Leighton, Sir William, 163
Leopold-William, Archduke, 206
Leslie, Alexander, 1st Earl of Leven, 17, 59, 81, 82
Leslie, David, 79, 83, 147, 157, 158, 171
Levellers, 201
Leven, Earl of, see Leslie, Alexander
Leyburn, George, (Winter Grant), 98
Lilburne, Robert, 166, 186
Lincoln, 57, 63
Lindsay, Alexander, 1st Earl of Balcarres, 146, 151, 154, 156, 158
friendship with Bampfield, 165, 166, 177
Lisbon, 2, 9
Livingstone, James, 1st Earl of Callendar, 82, 106, 117, 131, 142, 146–7
Livingstone, James, Viscount, (later 1st Earl of) Newburgh, 114, 116, 210, 246
Lockhart, Sir William, 205, 221
London, loss of control of by Charles I, 34
royalist army’s inability to attack, 39, 42
importance of, 40–41
communications with Oxford, 42–7
Waller’s plot to seize control of, 48–55
royalist underground presses in, 123–5
royalist and Presbyterian plots in, 152–6, 182, 193, 214–19
safe houses in, 195–6
unpopularity of Rump in, 231–4
see also Barwick, John, Dr
Long, (later Sir) Robert, 131, 133, 149
Lords, House of, 1, 26, 27, 34, 45, 61
Lostwithiel, battle of, 2
Louis XIII, King of France, 60
Louis XIV, King of France, 110, 159
‘Louvre’, ‘Louvrians’, 131, 149, 151, 177, 194, 205, 231
see also factions
Love, Christopher, 152, 153
trial and execution of, 154, 155
Lowe, Laurence, 105, 114
Lyttelton, Charles, 228, 246
MacColla, Alasdair
invades western Scotland, 60, 67, 68, 69
death, 161
Macdonald, Angus, of Glengarry, 175, 176
MacDonnell, Randal, 1st Marquess of Antrim
ambitions, 17, 58, 67–8
mission to Ireland 1644, 59, 60, 62–9 passim
friendship with O’Neill, 17, 64, 69
negative opinions of, 64, 64n
opposition to ‘Ormond peace’, 110, 111
Mackenzie, Sir George, of Tarbat, 166
Mackenzie, Kenneth, 3rd Earl of Seaforth, 175, 176, 177
Maclean, John, Gothenburg merchant, 130
MacMahon, Heber, Bishop of Clogher, 139, 140
Maitland, John, 2nd Earl (later 1st Duke) of Lauderdale
signs Engagement, 104, 146
accompanies Charles II to Scotland, 144, 146
fights at Worcester and captured, 156, 157, 158, 171
marries Elizabeth Murray, 245
Man in the Moon, The, 123–4
Manning, Henry, spy for Thurloe
background, 183
intelligence reports on agents, 184, 189, 191, 195, 196, 199, 204, 246, 252
arrest, trial and death, 199–20
Marshall, Alan, 84, 253
Mary, Princess of Orange, Princess Royal
marriage, 60
household at The Hague, 161, 183, 184, 185, 207
friendship with O’Neill, 161, 185
Mason, Jermyn’s ‘man’, 153, 154
Massey, Sir Edward, general, 103n, 121
captured at Worcester, 157, 158
escapes, 171
and plot to seize Gloucester, 225, 228
patron and friend of Titus, 103n, 225–6, 233
Masten, William, 202, 203
Mathew, Toby, 128
Maurice, Ormond’s ‘man’, 214, 215, 230
killed Bordeaux postmaster, 231
Mazarin, Cardinal, 83, 205
Meade, Robert, 135
Mercurius Aulicus, 44–5, 46, 47, 75
see also Newsbooks
Mercurius Britanicus, 45–6
see also Newsbooks
Mercurius Civicus, 45
see also Newsbooks
Mercurius Politicus, 147, 150, 155, 218
see also Newsbooks
Mews, Peter, captain and (later) Bishop of Winchester), 175, 176, 195, 196, 248
Middleburg, 190, 217, 252
Middleton, John, general, 1st Earl of
background as Covenanter, 146
conversion to royalism, 148, 176
captured at Worcester, 157, 158, but escapes, 171, 174
a leader of Highlands rising 1653–4, 175, 176, 185–6, 187
warned against Bampfield, 176
fails in attempt to organise another rising, 208–9, 240
Military Scribe, The, 65
Miner, Earl, and ‘Cavalier winter’, 92, 125
Mittau, capital of Courland, 9, 129, 130
Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle
completes conquest of Scotland 1651–2, 156, 164–5
suppresses Glencairn’s rising, 186
prevents another rising, 208, 209
impenetrability of intentions, 233 and n
enters England
and occupies London, 232–3
declares for Charles II, 234, 247
Montagu, Edward, admiral, 1st Earl of Sandwich, 227, 234
Montereul, Jean de, French envoy, 83, 86
Montgomery, Hugh, Lord, 82, 83
Montgomery, Robert, 149, 222
Moray, Sir Robert, 151, 165, 174, 175–6, 187
Mordaunt, Elizabeth, Viscountess, 218, 231
Mordaunt, John, Viscount, 211–12, 214, 216
trial of, 218, 246
and Great Trust, 224–7 passim
criticisms of, 228
and failure of Booth’s rising, 231
treatment of at Restoration, 234, 237, 247
Morland, Samuel, 216, 221, 222, 228
Morris, John, colonel, execution of, 162
Munster, 78, 79, 97, 110, 133
Murdoch, Steve, 80
Murray, Anne, (later) Lady Halkett
relationship with Bampfield, 105, 126, 166, 176
and escape of Duke of York, 105–6
Murray, Elizabeth, Countess of Dysart, (later) Duchess of Lauderdale, 198, 245
Murray, William, 1st Earl of Dysart, favourite of Charles I, 31, 33
character and interests, 31–2, 93
and the Incident, 32–3
employment as agent, 75, 93, 94, 144, 156
suspicions and criticisms of, 107, 165, 198
death, 245
Myddleton, Sir Thomas, 43
Naseby, battle of, 72, 79, 81, 91
National Covenant, 12
see also Covenanters, Kirk party
navy, mutiny in, 107–8
Nedham, Marchamont, 125, 218
Newburn, battle of, 18
importance of, 19
Newbury, battle of, 57, 63
Newcastle, 18,
Charles I at, 90, 92, 94, 99
Propositions of, 146
plans to capture, 181, 189
Newcastle, Marquess of, see Cavendish, William
New Model Army, 81, 83, 95, 103, 106, 111, 116, 173, 202
see also army, parliamentary
Newport, Andrew, 225, 227, 229
Newport, Earl of, see Blount, Mountjoy
Newport, Treaty of, 111, 112, 116
Newsbooks, Man in the Moon, Mercurius Aulicus, Mercurius Britanicus, Mercurius Civicus, Mercurius Elencticus, Mercurius Melancholicus, Mercurius Politicus, Mercurius Pragmaticus, Military Scribe, Parliament Scout, 44–5, 47, 51, 123, 124, 147, 150, 155, 218
Nicholas, John, 202
Nicholas, Sir Edward
as director of intelligence, 8, 232, 235, 241
Secretary of State, 30, 253
and army plots, 30–31
patron of Berkenhead, 55, 235, 241
of Armorer, 163, 179–80, 181, 183, 184
refusal to leave The Hague, 96, 159, 163
rejoins court, 185
disapproval of O’Neill, 178, 207, 253
disapproval of Bampfield, 223, 250
Nominated Parliament, 173
see also Parliament
Northumberland, Earl of, see Percy, Algernon
Nottingham, 1, 2, 35
‘Old Royalists’, 131, 165, 169, 177, 180
see also factions
O’Neill, Daniel
escape from Tower, 1, 34–5
background, 16–17
character, 69, 251–2
military record, 15, 18–19, 62–3
and army plots, 15–31 passim
friendship with Ormond, 9, 63, 64, 169, 178, 253
with Antrim, 17, 64
with Hyde, 178, 253
groom of the bedchamber, 63
mission to Ireland 1644, 63–5, 67–9
return to England 1644, 70
mission to Ireland 1645
and negotiations with Owen Roe O’Neill, 77–9, 97–9
exile in France, 99
return to Ireland with Ormond 1648 and renewal of negotiations with Owen Roe, 110–11, 126–8, 131, 132
rejected as commander of Ulster army and leaves Ireland, 139–40
arrives in and expelled from Scotland, 145–6, 148
return to Scotland, 155–6
escape after Worcester, 157–8
joins exiled court in Paris 161, 169
intelligence report to Hyde 1653, 172
‘Infallible Subtle’s’ activities as a ‘fixer’, 178, 185, 207–8
return to England with Armorer to help organise March 1655 rising, 190–96 passim
employment as courtier and diplomat 206–7
return to England with Ormond 1658, 214–19 passim
criticism of, 219
journey to Pyrenees with Charles II, 230–31
rewards, 247, 251
death, 254
O’Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone, 16, 17
Daniel O’Neill compared to, 251
O’Neill, Owen Roe, officer in Spanish service, 17
negotiations through O’Neill with Ormond, 64, 69, 79, 97, 98, 110–11, 126–8
victory at Benburb, 98
loyalty to clerical party, 98, 110–11
death, 127–8
Ormond, Marquess of see Butler, James
Ostend, 90, 217, 232, 233
Oudart, Nicholas, background, 103
in attendance on Charles I, 103, 112, 113
goes into exile, 121
with Charles II in Scotland 144, 156
Oxford, 2, 4
factions in, 8, 9
Civil War defences of, 39, 40, 50
communications with London, 42–4, 46, 48, 54
agreement signed at between Antrim and Montrose, 77, 78
surrender of, 87, 89, 90, 91
Page, Sir Richard, 1043, 152
Paris, queen’s household in, 4, 92, 96
flight of army plotters to, 27, 30
dispatch of queen’s agents and correspondence from, 72–3, 74, 94, 138, 149, 153
Prince Charles arrives in, 95–6
exiled court in, 159, 161, 177–8
arrival of Bampfield in, 177
departure of Charles II in 1654 from, 177, 184
Charles’s arrival in on way from Pyrenees to Brussels in 1659, 231
Parker, Henry, minister in Hamburg, 129
Parliament
Long Parliament and demolition of the Personal Rule, 19
response to news of escape of O’Neill, 1, 34–5
response to army plots, 10, 23, 26, 29, 30
response to Waller’s plot, 51, 52, 53
divisions within, 81, 94
and with Scots, 83
Nominated (Barebone’s) Parliament, 173
2nd Protectorate Parliament, dissolution of, 21
Richard Cromwell’s Parliament, divisions within, 226
Rump Parliament
expulsion of by Cromwell, 172–3
by Lambert, 231
unpopularity of, 226, 232, 233, 234
Parliament Scout, The, 44, 45
Paulden brothers, 162–3, 164, 178, 193, 199, 240, 250
Gregory, 189, 210
Thomas, 189, 216
Pearce, Thomas, 202, 203
Pembroke, Earl of, see Herbert, Philip
Pendennis Castle, 86
Pennington, Isaac, 41
Penruddock, John, 193, 194
execution of, 195
Penruddock’s rising, 193, 201, 202, 243
Penyall, Mrs, 44
Pepys, Samuel
on O’Neill, 251
Percy, Algernon, 10th Earl of Northumberland
command in Bishops’ Wars, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28
alleged involvement in London plots, 52
guardianship of Duke of York, 95, 105
Percy, Henry
and army plots, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 30, 34
in Civil War, 35
in queen’s household at the Louvre, 92, 153, 169, 178, 183
appointed Lord Chamberlain, 184
Peyton, Sir Thomas, 194, 225
Phelips, Rober
t, 191, 193, 199, 204, 247
Philip IV, King of Spain, 167
Philiphaugh, battle of, 65, 69
Philip-William, Duke of Pfalz-Neuburg, 214
Phillips, Edward, 253
Pile, Richard, surgeon
sent from Jersey to West Country, 136
active agent in West country 151, 154, 164, 211, 212, 246
O’Neill’s opinion of, 219
rewards, 248
Pindar, Sir Peter, 42, 46
Poley, John
background, 61
missions to Denmark, 61, 67, 72, 74, 75, 79, 96, 197, 238
employment as courier, 132, 133, 149, 155
court offices, 75n, 164
return to England, 159, 164, 246
rewards, 248
Pollard, Sir Hugh, 21, 23, 27, 30
Pontefract Castle, 162
Pope, Roger, 43
Porter, Endymion, 31, 90
Portland, Earl of see Weston, Jerome
Preston, battle of, 107, 110, 242
Preston, Thomas, general, 97, 98
Progers, Edward, groom of the bedchamber and friend of Charles II, 133n, 149
employed as courier, 133
accompanies Charles to Scotland, 144
and with him on the Start, 149
expelled from Scotland, 150, 156
returns to England, 159–60
arrested, 194, 199
rewards, 235, 247
a friend of O’Neill, 254
Pym, John, 19
and army plots, 24, 25, 26, 34
and Waller’s plot, 41, 48, 49, 53
Radcliffe, Sir George, 149
Raglan Castle, 81, 82
Rainsborough, Thomas, 162
Rathmines, battle of, 127
Regensburg (Ratisbon), 27, 197
Rich, Henry, 1st Earl of Holland, 15, 22, 25, 86, 109, 119
Rich, Robert, 2nd Earl of Warwick, 109, 134
Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista, Archbishop of Fermo, papal nuncio to Ireland 80, 87, 98, 99, 110
Rochester, Earl of see Wilmot, Henry
Ripon, Treaty of, 19
Roe, Sir Thomas, 27, 28
Roger, Malcolm, Balcarres’s ‘man’, 175
Roscarrock, Edward, 224
Ross, Alice, 199, 218
Ross, Thomas, 184, 189, 191, 193, 196
dislike of O’Neill, 219
Roy, Ian, 48
‘Royal Presbyterians’, 166, 177, 192n
see also factions
Royston, Richard, bookseller, 43–5, 54
arrested, 45, 95
continued loyalism, 125, 125n
Rumbold, William, secretary to Sealed Knot, 202, 213, 225, 227, 232, 234
imprisoned, 202
rewards, 248
‘Rump Parliament’, see Parliament
Rupert, Prince
in the Civil War, 42, 47, 49, 62, 66, 67, 69
as leader of ‘Cumberlanders’ faction, 70, 70n, 75
goes into exile, 92
at Kinsale, 122, 123
leader of anti-Hyde ‘Swordsmen’ faction in exile, 178, 181, 182, 241
withdraws to Heidelberg, 184, 223
Russell, Conrad, 11, 19
Royalist Agents, Conspirators and Spies Page 41
