Alex's Wake
Page 37
boarding St. Louis, 85–86
departing for Martigny-les-Bains, 138
disembarking St. Louis in France, 119–120
dismissal of Jews from school, 58–59
early life and schooling of, 49–54
hardships of, 2–3
at Hotel International agricultural center, 160–162
internment at Agde, 202–204
internment at Auschwitz, 297–298
internment at Camp des Milles, 245–251
internment at Drancy camp, 277
internment at Montauban, 188–189, 192–194
internment at Rivesaltes, 223–225, 227–229
letters from Camp des Milles, 249, 253–255, 257–263
memorial service in Oldenburg, 316–324
name on Wall of Names at Shoah Museum, 274
Nazis’ murder of, 4
plea for help, 269
Goldschmidt, Levi (great-great-grandfather), 19–22, 28
Goldschmidt, Max (uncle), 25
Goldschmidt, Moses (great-grandfather), 22–26, 28
Goldschmidt, Peter (brother), 4–5, 8
Goldschmidt, Toni (grandmother), 36–41, 59–60, 166, 309–310, 319
Goldsmith, George Gunther (father)
affection for Saint-Rémy, 235
early life of, 37–40
emigration to United States, 1, 3, 226–227
employment in U.S., 250, 255–256, 258
failure to save family from Nazis, 3–6
last years of, 6–8
letters from Camp des Milles to, 247–249, 251–254, 258–262
memorial service in Oldenburg and, 319
reaction to The Inextinguishable Symphony, 2
saying goodbye to father and brother on St. Louis, 86
scattering of ashes in Oldenburg, 315–316
securing affidavit for Alex and Helmut, 256
Goldsmith, Rosemary (mother)
affection for Saint-Rémy in Provence, 235
emigration to United States, 1, 3–4, 226–227
employment in U.S., 250, 255–256, 258
letters from Camp des Milles to, 247–249, 251–254, 258–262
working for Pierre Boulez, 171
Good King René, 236
Göring, Hermann, 77–78
Goseling, Carolus, 115
Gottschalk, Max, 115
Gouges, Olympe de (feminist writer), 179–180
Gouin, Katell, 265–268, 270
Gould, Glenn, 217
Graepel, Friedrich Otto, 38
Great Freedom (Grosse Freiheit), 87
Great War. See World War I
Grosse Freiheit (Great Freedom), 87
Grynszpan, Herschel, 55–56, 58, 182
Gumpert, Julian, 226
gypsies (Roma), 194, 296
Hamburg
author’s arrival in, 74–76
emigration of Jews to Cuba, 79–82
HAPAG ships sailing from, 76–78
music in history of, 87–89
preparing St. Louis for Cuba, 82–86
Hameln (Hamelin), 20
HAPAG (Hamburg American Packet-Shipping Joint Stock Company), 76–82
Hapsburg Empire, 286
Harkis (Algerians), at Rivesaltes camp (1954), 223, 229
Harlingen, 132
Hart, Peter, 157
Haus der Mode, 34–35, 38, 41, 42–44, 61
Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America (HIAS), 263
Herrmann, Frau, 29–30
Herzl, Theodore, 152
Hestermann, Ottheinrich, 51, 54
Hestin, Audrey, 272
Heydrich, Reinhard, 77–78, 290–291
HIAS (Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America), 263
HICEM organization, helping Jews emigrate, 243
Himmler, Heinrich, 287–288, 291
Hindeloopen, 132
Hitler, Adolf
assuming power in 1933, 149
early history of National Socialism, 44–47
French armistice and, 181–182
on meaning of St. Louis voyage, 130
Munich Agreement and, 202
Nuremberg Laws of, 48
social, ethnic, and military goals, 287
Holocaust
Auschwitz as epicenter of, 288
Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial Museum, 299
author as Jewish descendant of victims of, 62
Birkenau and, 301–302
Camp Agde and, 208
German legacy and, 283
memorial at Yad Vashem in Israel, 191
Peschanski, Denis, as historian of, 230
Rivesaltes and, 212
survivors, 309
Zuccotti, Susan, as historian of, 265
Holocaust Memorial Museum (United States)
archivists of, 168
author’s visits to, 8–9
letter from Alex at Camp Agde, 204–205
researching Alex and Helmut’s journey through France, 165
researching Camp des Milles, 241, 244
researching Rivesaltes, 221–224
researching St. Louis refugees, 11, 83, 96, 98, 121, 123
Holthusen, Claus-Gottfried, 78, 84
Holy Roman Empire, 286
Hope Chained, war monument in Montauban, 192–194
horse trade, 21–24, 36
Höss, Rudolf, 288, 295
Hotel des Emigrants, Boulogne, 135–138
Hotel International, at Martigny-les-Bains agricultural center for Jewish refugees, 156–164
history of, 148–149
ruined hopes for, 168–169
visit to, 145–147
House of Coats. See Mantelhaus Goldschmidt
House of Style. See Haus der Mode
Hugo, Victor, 273
Immigration Act of 1924, 127–129, 245
Inextinguishable Symphony, The (Goldsmith), 1–2, 5, 165–166, 226
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique (painter), 180
International Red Cross, 202
International Relief Association, Inc. (IRA), 250
IRA (International Relief Association, Inc.), 250
Iron Cross, First Class, 2, 38, 44
Jacob, Max, 278
Jacoby, Dietgard, 70
attending memorial in Oldenburg, 313–315, 317–318, 320, 323–324
hosting author in Oldenburg, 34, 62
scattering of George’s ashes, 64–65
James the Conqueror, 213
Janssen, Ingrid, 275, 279–281, 283
Jaspers, Karl, 50
Jeudi noir (Black Thursday), 263
Jewish Cultural Association, 226
Jewish Problem, 47–48, 77–78, 185, 290
Jews
anti-Semitism of Vichy government, 184–187
Aryanization of Jewish enterprises, 58–60
commemoration of Jews persecuted in Germany, 313–314
expelling Jewish children from schools, 58–59
extermination policy via Final Solution, 290–291, 296
fleeing Germany, 154–156
fleeing Germany via Hamburg, 77–82
Gestapo round-up of, in Sachsenhagen, 28–29
history in France, 149–150
Hitler’s social, ethnic, and military goals, 287
life in Sachsenhagen, 17–19
mass deportation to extermination camps, 190–191
Nazi Party and, 45–48
policy enforcing delivery of foreign Jews to Nazis, 263–264
professions/excluded professions of, 21
subtle and overt attacks on, 50–55
Joffre, Joseph, 218
Joint, the. See American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
Joseph, Liesl, 118
Journey Into Freedom (Hart), 158
Judaism, 4–5
Karliner, Herbert, 113–114, 128
Karliner, Joseph, 82
Kennedy, Joseph P., 116
Kindertransport, 308–309
Kishagashugah, chief of Osage tribe, 175–178
Klarsfeld, Serge, 190
Knochen, Helmut, 184
Kremer, Johann, 289
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
arrest of author’s grandfather, 319
German Jews response to, 78–82
Grynszpan, Herschel, blamed for, 182
Janssen, Ingrid, and events in Oldenburg, 279–280
spurring France to take refugees, 155–156
violence of, 28, 56
Kryl, Bohumir, 250, 255
La Cité de la Muette (The Silent City) (Lods and Beaudouin), 275–281
La France juive (Drumont), 150–151
La Libre parole, 151–152
Labarthète, Henri du Molin de, 184
Lambert, Raymond-Raoul, 117, 135, 155, 186
L’Auto daily, 152
Laval, Pierre, 240, 263
Law Against Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities, 50–51
Law for the Defense of German Blood and Honor, 48
Le Velo sports daily, 152
Lebensraum, 287
Leger, Alexis, 116
Lenz & Company, 295
Leopold III, King, 115
Les Milles, 238–239. See also Camp des Milles; Les Milles, concentration camp
Les Milles, concentration camp, 307
artists and intellectuals at, 244–245
author and wife’s visit to, 264–270
author’s research on relatives in, 9–10
brick factory as internment camp for refugees, 239
letters from Alex and Helmut, 251–255
living conditions, 240–243
as product of Vichy government, 239–240
U.S. immigration policy and, 246–251
Lichtman, Allan, 127–128
Liliane, Madame Gerard, 163–164
Lipman-Wulf, Peter, 244–245
living conditions
Agde, 203–204
Auschwitz, 288–289
Camp des Milles, 240–242
Drancy, 276
Rivesaltes, 218–221
Lods, Marcel, 275–276
Long, Breckinridge, 246
Louis XV, King of France, 175
Luther, Martin, 284
Maginot Line, German invasion and, 180
Majdanek extermination camp, 291, 295
Majorca, 213–214
Manen, Henri, 264–265
Mann, Golo, 244
Mantelhaus Goldschmidt, 43–45, 61
Margoshes, Samuel, 124–126, 140–142
Markreich, Max, 166, 225–226, 245, 250–251, 260
Marseille (Massalia), 236, 243–244
Martigny-les-Bains
agricultural center for Jewish refugees, 156–162
author’s journey to, 143–149
internment of Alex and Helmut at Camp du Martinet, 167–169
meeting with Madame Gerard Liliane, 163–164
ruins of Hotel International, 307
St. Louis refugees disembarking in, 10–11
Master Race, twenty-five-point platform, 45–46
Maussane-les-Alpilles, 237
Mauthausen concentration camp, 287
medical research (experimentation), at Nazi concentration camps, 289
memorials. See also Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States
at Agde, 208–209
at Altes Gymnasium in Oldenburg, 316
Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial Museum, 299
at Camp des Milles, 265
at Drancy, 275
at family home in Oldenburg, 310–313
at Gerda Philippsohn school, 29
for Jews persecuted in Germany, 313–315
at Montauban, 192–194
at Rivesaltes, 230–231
Menage, Pieter Pieters, 132
Menage, Pieter Thomas, 132
Mengele, Josef, 289–290
Merton, Thomas, 216
Meyerbohlen, Carsten and Monica, 70–73, 310–311, 316–324
Meyerhof, Otto Fritz, 244
Milhaud, Darius, 181
Mitterrand, François, 190
Mona Lisa (da Vinci), 180
Mont Sainte-Victoire, 237
Montauban
anti-Semitism in, 191–192
author’s research on relatives in, 10
Drouilhet family as hosts in, 173–180
internment of Alex and Helmut, 188–189
memorial service honoring Alex and Helmut, 193–194
millennial flood in 1930, 187–188
war monuments in, 192–193
Montbrison, 171
Montes, Elodie, 214, 217–218, 229–232
monuments. See memorials
More Judaico, 150
Munich Agreement, 202
Musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation, in Montauban, 180, 191
Musée Ingres, in Montauban, 180
National Center for the Gathering of Jews (Centre National de Rassemblement de Israélites), 221–222, 264
National Jewish Daily, 124–126
National Socialist German Workers’ Party. See Nazi Party
National Youth Organization (NYO), Belgium, 120
Native Americans, 174–177, 193–194
Nazi Party
American public opinion and, 111
Aryanization methods, 58–60
attempts to erase evidence of war crimes, 295–296
climate of fear created by, 65
desecration of Jewish cemeteries, 314
emergence of, 44–46, 317
extermination statistics, 301
forcing resignation of Professor Moritz Weiler, 96–97
history of Goldschmidt family in Oldenburg and, 319
on meaning of St. Louis voyage, 130
medical research (experimentation) at concentration camps, 289
national violence and, 55–56, 58
Nuremberg trials of Nazis, 294
policies, laws, edicts, 46–48, 50–51, 69, 92, 115, 184, 287, 291–292, 319
protecting art in the Louvre from, 180
regarding Jews as “criminal race,” 112
Wannsee Conference and, 290–291
Neidhardts, Roland and Hiltrud
attending memorial for Alex and Helmut in Oldenburg, 316–324
author’s relationship with, 33–34
on hypocrisy of citizens of Oldenburg, 68–70
role in placing memorial plaque for Alex and Helmut, 310–315
scattering of George’s ashes, 60–65
Neufchâteau, 166–169
Neutrality Acts during 1930s, U.S., 127–128
Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht). See Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
Nostradamus, 237
Nuremberg Laws, 47–48, 184–185
Nuremberg trials, of Nazi war criminals, 294
NYO (National Youth Organization), Belgium, 120
Occitania
capital of, 199
history of, 178–179, 191, 198
Occitan language, 171
Occupied Zone, 182, 185
“Ode to Joy” (Schiller), 285
Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE, Agency for the Rescue of Children), 138
Oldenburg
Aryanization of Jewish enterprises, 60
author and wife’s visit to, 32–35
as first state with elected Nazi leaders, 45–48, 317
Goldschmidt family home, 37–44, 49
history of, 35–36
Jewish history in, 279–280
memorial for Alex and Helmut, 310–314, 316–324
national violence, 55–56
prisoners herded to Sachsenhausen, 57
scattering George’s ashes in, 315–316
Oldenburg, Friedrich August von, 36
Oldenburger Pferde, 36
Ordre des Médecins, anti-Semitism of Vichy government, 185
Osage tribe, 174–178, 193–194, 197
&nb
sp; Ossietzky, Carl von, 32–33
Oswiecim, 282–283, 285–287, 299. See also Auschwitz
Paris
assassination of German Embassy official, 56, 58
author and wife’s visit to, 272–274
Central Refugee Committee, 116–117, 155–156
as cultural center (1920s), 153
invasion and occupation by German army, 180–182
James Joyce fleeing, 14
Jeudi noir (Black Thursday), 263
Osage delegation visiting, 175–176
Rothschild bank, 150
Vélodrome d’Hiver (Winter Velodrome) detention center, 189–190
Pawhuska, Oklahoma, 178, 197
Pearl Harbor, 290
People of the Middle Waters. See Osage tribe
Perpignan, 213–214
Peschanski, Denis, 230–231
Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 180–184, 189, 195
Peyrouton, Marcel, 185
Pferdehändler profession, 21–22
Philip the Fair, King, 179
Philippsohn, August (great-grandmother), 24–25
Philippsohn, Gerda, 29
Philips, Deborah, 273, 311, 315, 317
“phony war,” 180
Pied Piper, 20
pilgrimage, author’s trip as, 308
Pitchipoi myth, 276–278
Place des Martyrs, in Montauban, 180, 191
Plague, The (Camus), 198
poison gas. See gas chambers
Poland, Lebensraum policy and, 287
Port Barcarès, 213
Poult, Adolphe, 187, 191, 307
Poult, Emile, 187–188, 189
Prades, 215, 216–217
Provence, 235–237
Rameau, Jean Phillippe, 170
Rassenkunde, 52
Ravensbrück concentration camp, 287
Reeperbahn, 86–87
Reich Citizenship Law, 48
Reich Security Office (RSHA), 290
Reitlinger, Gerald, 293
Relatives Rule, U.S. immigration policy and, 246–247
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 152
Resistance
Jean-Claude Drouilhet on, 197–198
monument to local partisans in Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, 194–195
public hanging in Montauban, 180
role of Marie-Rose Gineste in, 191
Resolution 111, 129
Reynaud, Paul, 180–181, 183–184
Rhakotis, 122–123, 134–138
Ricciotti, Rudy, 230–231
Riga, 319
Righteous Among the Nations designation, Yad Vashem, 130, 191
“Rite of Spring” (Stravinsky), 171
River Marne, 144
Rivesaltes concentration camp
author and wife’s visit to, 214–216, 229–233, 235
author’s research on relatives in, 8–12
bleakness of, 307
history of, 221–223
internment of Alex and Helmut, 223–224
living conditions, 218–221
policy enforcing delivery of foreign Jews to Nazis, 264
Roach, Amy (wife)
accompanying author on trip to Europe, 12–13