Book Read Free

Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet

Page 27

by Andrew Blum


  and data centers on Google Maps, 117, 248

  of Dutch data centers, 148–49, 154

  and Kelly “Internet Mapping Project,” 7–8

  of physical infrastructure of Internet, 17, 33–34

  of quantities of network traffic, 14, 27–28

  of undersea communications cables, 14, 16–17

  See also TeleGeography

  Massachusetts: Sprint and, 123

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 41, 42, 50, 52

  Matt (engineer), 223, 224–25

  Maudlin, Alan, 33–34, 112, 113

  MAZ (Hamburg, Germany), 138

  McGaugh, Dave, 129

  McGowan, William, 173

  MCI, 56, 86, 173, 178

  Menlo Park, California, 69

  Metropolitan Fiber Systems, 152

  MFENET, 52

  MFN, 102

  MFS Datanet (Metropolitan Fiber Systems), 56, 58–59, 64, 84, 151–52

  Miami, Florida, 114, 128

  MICE (Midwest Internet Cooperative Exchange), 111

  Microsoft, 57, 79, 87, 120, 147, 232, 233, 234–35, 250, 256, 257

  MIDnet, 53

  military, US

  history of Internet and, 49, 51, 52

  Miami Internet exchange and, 114

  See also Defense Department, US

  Miller, Rich, 78

  Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 11–13, 21–25, 29–30, 78.

  See also Kubin-Nicholson Corporation

  Minnesota

  “Chicago problem” in, 109–10, 111

  Internet exchange in, 109–10

  MIX (Milan, Italy), 111

  Monmonier, Mark, 15

  Morgan, Dave, 91, 93, 95, 101–2

  Mosaic, 56–57

  Moscow Internet Exchange, 112

  MSN, 57, 233

  “multihoming,” 130

  “My Lost City” (Fitzgerald), 3

  Nash, Mark, 223–24, 225

  National Aeronautical and Space Agency (NASA), 52, 124

  National Science Foundation (NSF), 59, 64, 74

  National Security Agency (NSA), 63

  National Weather Service, 57

  “Nature” (Emerson), 162–63

  Neggers, Kees, 148

  Netcom, 59, 73, 92

  Netflix, 120, 230

  Netscape, 57

  network, irrelevancy of physical reality of, 8

  network access point (NAP), 63–65

  network engineers

  backhaul and, 237

  competition among Internet exchanges and, 134–35

  connections as dependent on, 80

  credo of, 124

  at Internet exchanges, 111, 112

  openness of Internet and, 117

  peering and, 119, 126, 129, 134–35

  public images of Internet as different from, 9

  role of government at MAE-East and, 62–63

  threats to Internet and, 116–17

  See also specific person or Internet exchange

  Network Measurement Center, 43

  networks

  autonomy of, 54, 65, 133

  beginning of Internet and, 36, 42–49

  as carrier of networks, 19

  as centers of Internet, 9

  composing the Internet, 19–21

  connections of, 67

  designing a network of, 42–49

  “eyeball,” 79

  geographical, 20

  as important to Internet, 9

  as “information highway,” 19–20

  infrastructure of, 56

  lack of communication among, 53

  logical, 20–21

  maps of traffic on, 14

  “middle mile,” 237

  physical, 20–21

  prevalence of, 162

  TCP/IP transition and, 53–54

  tracking of, 31–34

  vulnerability of, 31

  what are, 19

  and what is the Internet, 7

  See also Internet exchanges; specific network

  New Jersey, 194–95, 266. See also Tata Communications

  New York City

  data storage in, 230

  Equinix in, 164

  and Europe-US telephone connection, 175

  fiber highways in, 163–71, 172, 265–66

  fiber-optic connections to, 26

  Fitzgerald story about, 3

  Google headquarters in, 163–64, 172

  history of Internet and, 50

  hubs in, 171–80, 181

  as important network meeting point, 164

  and Internet as series of tubes, 5

  London traffic with, 180, 202, 208

  111 Eighth Avenue (New York City), 163–64, 171, 266

  peering and, 128

  60 Hudson Street in, 171–74, 176

  structure of Internet and, 27

  32 Avenue of the Americas in, 171–80

  as undersea cables port, 194, 199

  New York University (NYU), 50

  Newby, Hunter, 174

  Ninth Avenue fiber highway (New York City), 164

  Nipper, Arnold, 137–38, 140–43, 144–45, 239

  North American Network Operators’ Group (NANOG), 58, 66, 157

  Austin meeting of, 119–23, 127, 128–35, 157

  Northrop Grumman, 62, 123

  NorthWestNet, 53

  NSFNET, 59, 138

  NTT, 125

  O’Kane, Victoria, 165

  One Wilshire (Los Angeles, California), 200–201

  111 Eighth Avenue (New York City), 163–64, 171, 266

  online videos, 119

  Open Compute project (Facebook), 258

  optical modules, 160

  Orlowski, Frank, 133–34, 135, 145, 157

  Osés, Mara Vanina, 7

  Pacific Bell, 64, 84

  Pacific DC Intertie, 228

  Page, Larry, 69–70

  PAIX, undersea cables, PAIX and, 78

  Pakistan Telecom, 30

  Paling, Jol, 208, 209, 210–15, 216, 267

  Palo Alto, California

  Adelson-Troyer-Blum meeting in, 71–72, 73

  See also Palo Alto Internet Exchange (PAIX)

  Palo Alto Internet Exchange (PAIX)

  Adelson and, 72, 76–77, 88

  Blum visit to, 71–72, 76–85

  cable management at, 81–82

  carriers and, 89

  DEC and, 76, 87, 88

  definition of Internet exchange and, 109

  diversity at, 79

  Equinix and, 76–77, 87

  expansion of, 78, 86–87

  importance of, 78

  location of, 76

  “network effect” at, 80–81

  openness of Internet and, 117

  peering and, 122, 127, 128

  problems of, 85–86

  Qatar Telecom and, 139

  quantity of information passing through, 82–83

  and rerouting traffic, 200–201

  routers at, 79–80, 82–83, 266

  security at, 95

  Paris, France, structure of Internet and, 27

  Passaic, New Jersey, Smithson tour of, 150–51, 152, 154

  Patchett, Ken, 255–56, 257, 258–59, 260–62, 267

  Pedro, John, 82

  “peering”

  de-peering and, 123–24, 151

  definition of, 118–19

  division of groups for, 121–22

  globalization of, 125–26

  Internet exchanges and, 121–22, 126, 127, 129, 130

  NANOG meeting and, 118–23, 128–30, 131–32

  and “open peering policy,” 127

  Qatar Telecom and, 140

  Tier-1 domination of, 124–25

  Witteman-Orloski meeting and, 133–35

  PeeringDB (website), 126

  Peter Faber (cable ship), 219, 221–22

  Petrie, Anne, 83

  Pipex, 184, 185, 186

  “point of entry,” 178, 179

  POP (point of presence),
59, 78, 84

  Porthcurno (Cornwall, England), 202–16, 253, 267

  Portugal, 191–92, 194, 217–26, 267

  Postel, Jon, 31, 45

  Prineville, Oregon: Facebook data center in, 250–62, 267

  privacy issues, 258

  Provo, Joe, 122

  Provo, Ren, 122, 123

  PSI, 56, 59, 60

  Qatar, 197

  Qatar Telecom, 79, 139–40

  Quality Life Broadband (Q-Life), 236, 237, 238, 242, 246

  Quincy, Washington, data centers in, 234–35, 250

  RAND Corporation, 42

  Reid, Brian, 74, 75, 76

  Renesys, 123, 124–25, 151

  Renton, Alan, 205–6

  Research in Motion (RIM), 121

  Resolute (cable ship), 218

  Reyes, Felix, 77, 81

  Roberts, Larry, 42–43, 51

  routes/routers

  in Ashburn, 99–100

  as basic building blocks of Internet, 158

  Brocade, 157–58, 159–63, 188

  dead-end, 31, 32

  expansion of Internet and, 55

  function of, 160

  Internet as self-healing and, 200

  IP addresses and, 29–30

  at large Internet exchanges, 111

  at MAE-East, 65–66, 75–76, 80

  in New York City, 164–71

  at PAIX, 79–80, 82–83, 266

  peering and, 124–25, 127

  and rerouting traffic, 200–201

  “routing table” and, 30

  Traceroute program and, 31–34

  trust and, 30–31

  “routing table,” 30, 125

  Rudin Management, 174–75, 176

  Rwanda, 110

  Sabey, 235

  Sacca, Chris, 237–38, 239

  San Jose, California: peering and, 128

  SAT-3 (undersea communications cables), 191–92, 197

  satellites: Internet exchanges and, 110

  Saudi Arabia, 197

  Schoffstall, Marty, 60

  SEACOM (undersea communications cables), 192, 197

  Seales, Brian, 166–71

  security/secrecy

  for cable landing stations, 202, 203

  for data centers/storage, 93, 141, 237–40, 242–43, 254, 257

  at DE-CIX, 140–41

  at Dutch data centers, 152

  at Equinix, 93, 141

  at Google data center, 242–50, 254, 257

  at Internet exchanges, 113–16

  at LINX, 185–86

  Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities (“skiffs”), 62

  Seoul, Korea: structure of Internet and, 27

  service providers: peering and, 119

  SESQUINET, 53

  The Shadow Factory (Bamford), 63

  Shorto, Russell, 146

  Siemens Brothers, 206

  Sigma-7 computer, 43

  Silcock, Colin, 186, 187–89

  Silicon Valley

  belief in limitless potential of technology in, 70

  connection of networks in, 67

  expansion of Internet and, 50

  structure of Internet and, 27

  wealth in, 70

  See also Palo Alto, California; specific person or corporation

  Singapore, 128, 139, 194, 196, 199, 201

  Singapore Telecommunications, 79

  SIX (Seattle, Washington), 111

  60 Hudson Street (New York City), 171–74, 176, 202, 215, 266

  Smallwood, Christine, 107

  Smithson, Robert, 150–51, 154

  South Africa, 191–93, 197, 204, 219

  South Asia, 196, 200

  South Park (TV show), 107–8

  Spain, 113

  SPAN, 52

  speed. See latency

  Sprint, 56, 59, 64, 98, 123, 125, 151, 235, 237

  squirrel incident, 1–4, 18, 144, 264

  Stanford Research Institute, 43, 48, 69

  Steenman, Hank, 155

  Stephan (cable ship), 206

  Sterling, Bruce, 263–64

  Stevens, Ted, 5

  Stevens, Wallace, 36

  Stout, Mark, 62

  Strategic Studies Programming Division, US Air Force, 52

  SURFnet, 148

  Sussex University Conference (1973), 50–51

  Swisscom, 79

  Switch & Data, 77

  switches, 60

  Taiwan, 199–200

  Tata Communications/Global Network, 121, 139, 194–202, 215, 217, 218, 219, 225

  TCP/IP protocol, 45, 53–54

  TDC, 129

  technology: limitless potential of, 70

  telecom companies, 74. See also specific company

  Telecom New Zealand, 79

  TeleGeography, 14–18, 25–34, 112, 180, 202

  Telehouse, 174, 183–89, 192, 202, 214

  Telx, 174

  TENET (South Africa network), 192

  TGN–Pacific network, 195, 198

  32 Avenue of the Americas (New York City), 169, 171–76, 180

  Thompson, Clive, 6

  Thoreau, Henry David, 10

  Time Warner, 24, 25, 30, 79

  Titley, Nigel, 185

  Tokyo, Japan. See Japan

  TORIX (Toronto, Canada), 111, 130, 134

  Tortilla Factory (Herndon, Virginia): meeting about MAE-East at, 60, 92

  Townsend, Anthony, 65

  Traceroute program, 31–32, 208

  transatlantic telegraph cable, first, 203

  transatlantic telephone cable (TAT-1), first, 175

  Troyer, Eric, 72, 77, 80, 81, 91–92, 94–95, 97–99, 101, 103, 118, 121

  trust: route as based on, 30–31

  tubes, Internet as series of, 5–6

  Turkle, Sherry, 70–71

  Tyco Communications, 218, 219

  Tyco Global Network, 195, 198, 199

  “Tysons Corner problem,” 111

  Tysons Corner, Virginia, 61–62, 88. See also MAE-East

  undersea cables

  AC-1, 202–3, 216–17, 218

  and connecting to unconnected places, 197–98

  globalization and, 193, 197

  as important to Internet, 9

  as invisible, 194

  latency of, 198–99

  location of, 194

  Main One, 218

  maps of, 14, 16–17

  Porthcurno and, 202–16

  Portugal and, 191–92, 194, 217–26, 267

  SAT-3, 191–92, 197

  SEACOM, 192, 197

  at 60 Hudson Street (New York City), 174

  South Africa and, 191–93, 197

  South Asia and, 196

  of Tata Communications, 194–202, 218–26

  WACS, 218–26

  See also specific landing station or hub

  United Arab Emirates, 197

  universities

  history of Internet and, 43–49, 51, 52, 53

  See also specific institution

  University of California—Los Angeles (UCLA): history of Internet and, 36, 39–49, 51

  University of California—Santa Barbara, 43

  University College London, 50, 52

  University of Karlsruhe, 137

  University of Minnesota, 110

  University of Pennsylvania, 52

  University of Utah, 43

  Up in the Air (Kirn), 38

  UUNet, 56, 59, 60

  Verizon, 19, 79, 86, 98, 102, 110, 121, 151, 152, 165, 166, 196

  Vienna, Virginia: peering and, 128

  Vietnam, 201

  Virginia

  data storage in, 230

  See also Ashburn, Virginia

  Voldemort Industries, 242, 243

  Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker, 172

  WACS (West Africa Cable System), 218–26

  Washington, D.C.

 

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