Mandela
Page 77
1. Moodie, op. cit.; Lodge, op. cit., pp. 19–20
2. Benson, South Africa, pp. 99–100
3. Treason Cage, p. 78
4. Long Walk, p. 118
5. Hancock, op. cit., p. 485
6. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 236, 243, 253–5
7. For a comprehensive study of Indians in Natal, see Bill Freund, Insiders and Outsiders: The Indian Working Class of Durban, 1910–1990
8. Mandela, letter to F. Meer, June 29, 1983
9. Ismail Meer, conversation with author, Oct. 6, 1997
10. Mandela, interview with author, Aug. 8, 1997
11. Jail Memoir
12. Kader Asmal, conversation with author, March 19, 1997
13. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 169; Rivonia speech, April 20, 1964
14. Lodge, op. cit., p. 20
15. Enuga Reddy and Fatima Meer (eds.), Passive Resistance 1946: A Selection of Documents, p. 27
16. Mandela, letter to Mrs. Bhalla (Indian Council for Cultural Relations), August 3, 1980. In a postscript to the letter, Mandela notes that during December 1980 he had discovered that the Department of Prisons had failed to dispatch the letter because of its contents. He adds: “For this reason I decided to use my own channels of reaching you.”
17. Meer, op. cit., p. 43
18. Mandela to Richard Stengel
19. Mda, interview with Gerhart, op. cit.
20. Meer, op. cit., p. 43
21. D. H. Darling, letter to Oliver Tambo, May 27, 1948
22. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 323
23. T. R. H. White, “Z. K. Matthews and the Formation of the ANC Youth League,” Kleio, No. XXVII, 1995
24. Brian Lapping, Apartheid: A History (television documentary, 1986, directed by John Blake)
25. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 329
26. Long Walk, p. 124
27. Bunting, op. cit., pp. 153–6
28. Sisulu, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
29. Bunting, op. cit., pp. 138–9
30. Mandela, speech to ANC Conference, Mafikeng, Dec. 20, 1997
31. Long Walk, p. 126
32. Jail Memoir
33. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 362
34. Mandela to Richard Stengel
35. Jail Memoir
36. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 368
37. Jail Memoir
38. Ben Pimlott, The Queen, p. 111
39. Meredith, op. cit., p. 67
40. Charles Douglas-Home, Evelyn Baring: The Last Proconsul, p. 153; Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
41. [Cape Town] Guardian, Feb. 20, 1947
42. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
43. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 274
44. Esme Matshikiza, conversation with author, Oct. 10, 1996
45. Dan O’Meara, Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948–1994, pp. 40–57; Sampson, Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity, p. 186
46. Mandela, Nelson Mandela Speaks: Forging a Democratic, Nonracial South Africa, p. 76
47. Douglas-Home, op. cit., p. 160
48. Economist, June 5, 1948
49. Long Walk, p. 128
50. The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 87–8; Treason Trial testimony, 1960
51. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 370–6
52. Mandela to Richard Stengel
53. Mandela, letter to Marie Naicker, 1978
54. Ahmed Kathrada, interview with author, Nov. 27, 1995
55. Mda, interview with Gerhart, op. cit.
56. Mandela to Richard Stengel
57. Long Walk, pp. 131–2
58. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 337
59. Meer, op. cit., p. 48
60. [Bloemfontein] Friend, Dec. 17, 1949
61. Meer, op. cit., p. 48
62. Bantu World, April 1, 1950
63. Benson, South Africa: The Struggle for a Birthright, p. 129
64. Sisulu, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
65. Treason Trial transcript, p. 15,775
66. F. Matthews, op. cit., p. 46
5 Nationalists vs. Communists: 1950–1951
1. Les Switzer (ed.), South Africa’s Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880–1960, p. 254; see also Tim Couzens, The New African: A Study of the Life and Work of H. I. E. Dhlomo
2. Can Themba (ed. Essop Patel), The World of Can Themba; Nat Nakasa (ed. Essop Patel), The World of Nat Nakasa; Ezekiel Mphahlele, Down Second Avenue; Bloke Modisane, Blame Me on History; Casey “Kid” Motsisi (ed. Mothobi Mutloatse), Casey and Company; Peter Abrahams, Return to Goli; Todd Matshikiza, Chocolates for My Wife; Don Mattera, Memory Is the Weapon
3. See Drum, op. cit.; Couzens, op. cit.
4. C. W. de Kiewiet, The Anatomy of South African Misery, p. 37
5. Lewis Nkosi, Home and Exile, p. 25
6. Drum, op. cit., p. 233
7. Joe Matthews, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
8. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997
9. Nthato Motlana, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
10. J. Matthews, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
11. The print shop is the subject of a short story by Nadine Gordimer, “Which New Era Would That Be?,” in Six Feet of the Country, 1958
12. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Nov. 29, 1992
13. Long Walk, p. 207
14. Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 25
15. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 452–8
16. Benson, South Africa, p. 130
17. Joe Slovo, The Unfinished Autobiography, p. 52
18. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997
19. Rusty Bernstein, “Memory Against Forgetting” (unpublished manuscript)
20. Mandela, speech to South African Parliament, Feb. 7, 1997
21. Long Walk, p. 134; Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 454
22. Benson, Nelson Mandela, pp. 25–6
23. Jail Memoir
24. Long Walk, pp. 134–5; Jail Memoir
25. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 409
26. Long Walk, p. 135
27. Modisane, op. cit., pp. 141–4
28. Jack and Ray Simons, Class and Colour in South Africa, 1850–1960, p. 606
29. Slovo, op. cit., p. 51
30. Rusty Bernstein, interview with author, Sept. 29, 1996
31. Simons, op. cit., p. 609
32. Brian Bunting, interview with author, Oct. 15, 1996
33. R. Bernstein, interview with author, Aug. 18, 1996
34. Mda, interview with Gerhart, op. cit.
35. J. Matthews, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
36. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1997
37. Jail Memoir
6 Defiance: 1952
1. Drum, op. cit., pp. 104–5
2. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 471
3. Long Walk, p. 142
4. Bunting, op. cit., p. 182
5. Drum, op. cit., p. 106
6. Slovo, op. cit., p. 87
7. A. Lerumo, Fifty Fighting Years: The Communist Party of South Africa, 1921–1971, p. 96
8. Mda, interview with Gerhart, op. cit.
9. Fatima Meer, interview with author, July 27, 1996
10. Long Walk, p. 147; Jail Memoir
11. Treason Trial transcript, p. 16,047
12. Slovo, op. cit., p. 88
13. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 482
14. Benson, South Africa, p. 141
15. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 482
16. J. Matthews, interview with author, Aug. 18–19, 1996
17. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 418
18. Jail Memoir
19. Treason Trial transcript, p. 15,871
20. Long Walk, pp. 153–4
21. Lodge, op. cit., p. 55; Kari
s and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 420
22. Mandela, “We Defy,” Drum, August 1952, pp. 35–7
23. Long Walk, pp. 155, 159
24. Jail Memoir
25. Treason Trial transcript, pp. 15,993, 16,088–9
26. Naboth Mokgatle, The Autobiography of an Unknown South African, p. 307
27. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, Aug. 29, Sept. 2, 1996
28. Drum, op. cit., p. 108
29. Mandela to Richard Stengel
30. Long Walk, p. 158; Jail Memoir; Helen Joseph, Side by Side, p. 220
31. Drum, op. cit., p. 108
32. G. Mbeki, Student Politics at Fort Hare, op. cit.
33. Mandela, letter to Lionel Ngakane, April 1, 1985
34. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 35
35. J. Matthews, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
36. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 485–6
37. Treason Trial transcript, p. 16,054
38. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 36
39. Drum, op. cit., p. 110
40. C. J. Driver, Patrick Duncan: South African and Pan-African
41. Long Walk, p. 160
42. Treason Trial transcript, p. 15,789
43. Long Walk, p. 161
44. Albert Luthuli, comments on The Treason Cage in letter to author, 1957
45. Karis and Carter, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 486
46. Drum, op. cit., p. 113
47. Extract Union Rep. Despatch, May 13, 1952 (PRO: DO 35/3259)
48. J. H. le Rougetel, British High Commissioner, letter to Sir Percival Liesching, June 2, 1952 (PRO: DO 35/3137); J. H. le Rougetel, “South African Racial Riots,” Nov. 18, 1952; unsigned letter to N. Pritchard, Commonwealth Relations Officer, Sept. 24, 1952 (PRO: DO 35/3259)
49. Prime Minister’s personal minute to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, Oct. 16, 1952 (PRO: DO 35/3259)
50. T. W. L. MacDermot, Canadian High Commissioner in Cape Town, report to Secretary of State for External Affairs, Canada, Feb. 10, 1953 (PRO: DO 35/10575)
7 Lawyer and Revolutionary: 1952–1954
1. Phyllis P. Jordan (Ntantala), letter to Fatima Meer, 1989
2. John Collins, Faith under Fire, pp. 205–6
3. Mandela to Richard Stengel
4. Evelyn Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
5. Mphahlele, conversation with author, March 16, 1997
6. Piliso, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
7. George Bizos, Notes for a Memoir (unpublished)
8. A. Tambo, interviews with author, Oct. 20, 1996, Feb. 13, 1997
9. Joe Mogotsi, interview with author, Jan. 7, 1997
10. Oliver Tambo, introduction to Long Walk, pp. ix–x
11. Mendi Msimang, interview with author, June 30, 1997
12. Pitje, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
13. Ruth Mompati, interview with author, Oct. 26, 1996
14. Bizos, op. cit.
15. Pitje, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
16. Meer, op. cit., p. 61
17. Bizos, op. cit.
18. Long Walk, p. 190
19. Bizos, op. cit.
20. Mail & Guardian, Dec. 5, 1996
21. Bizos, op. cit.
22. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 83
23. Jail Memoir
24. Long Walk, pp. 186–7
25. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 148; Trial statement, 1962
26. Jail Memoir
27. Long Walk, pp. 166–8; Jail Memoir
28. Treason Trial transcript, pp. 15,800–1
29. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 40
30. Jail Memoir
31. Lodge, op. cit., p. 75
32. Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 76
33. Treason Trial transcript, p. 16,175
34. Long Walk, p. 183
35. Treason Trial transcript, p. 16,174
36. Drum, op. cit., p. 135
37. Trevor Huddleston, Naught for Your Comfort, p. 133
38. Trevor Huddleston, conversation with author, Sept. 27, 1996
39. Jail Memoir
40. Mattera, op. cit., p. 140
41. Jail Memoir
42. Sampson, diary, Feb. 12, 1955
43. Long Walk, pp. 193–4
44. Walter Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996
45. Mandela to Richard Stengel; Long Walk, p. 184
46. Treason Trial transcript, p. 15,791; The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 34–5
47. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 42
48. Mandela, interview with author, August 8, 1997
49. Treason Trial transcript, pp. 16,105–10, 8,503–5, 15,807–8, 16,022; Mandela, “Africa and World Peace,” Liberation, Dec. 1953
8 The Meaning of Freedom: 1953–1956
1. Treason Cage, p. 127
2. Meer, op. cit., pp. 54–6
3. Z. K. Matthews, op. cit., p. 169
4. F. Matthews, op. cit., p. 55
5. Thomas Karis and Gwendolen M. Carter, From Protest to Challenge, Vol. 3: Challenge and Violence, 1953–1964, p. 105
6. Z. K. Matthews, op. cit., p. 175
7. Jail Memoir
8. Long Walk, p. 199
9. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 115
10. Long Walk, p. 200; Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 19–20
11. Slovo, op. cit., p. 89
12. Jail Memoir; Meer, op. cit., p. 72
13. Mandela to Richard Stengel
14. Diana Collins, Partners in Protest: My Life with Canon Collins, pp. 205–6
15. Alan Paton, Journey Continued: An Autobiography, p. 68
16. Treason Trial transcript, pp. 15,829, 16,041, 15,828; The Struggle Is My Life, p. 44
17. Mandela, “Searchlight on the Liberal Party,” Liberation, June 1953, pp. 7–8
18. Randolph Vigne, Liberals Against Apartheid: A History of the Liberal Party of South Africa, 1953–68, pp. 24, 48 and 51, citing David Everatt, “ ‘Frankly Frightened’: The Liberal Party and the Congress of the People,” undated
19. Slovo, op. cit., p. 89
20. Sydney Kentridge, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
21. Mandela to Richard Stengel
22. Jail Memoir
23. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 128
24. Sampson, diary, July 22, 1954
25. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 22, 135
26. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
27. Jail Memoir
28. Lerumo, op. cit., p. 100
29. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 50
30. Treason Cage, p. 106
31. Meer, op. cit., p. 74
32. Long Walk, p. 203; Treason Cage, p. 107
33. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
34. Africa X-Ray Report, Sept. 1956, p. 9
35. Lodge, op. cit., p. 74
36. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 71, 242, 210
37. Meer, op. cit., p. 76; Africa X-Ray Report, Nov. 1956
38. Albert Luthuli, letter to Mary-Louise Hooper, July 1956
39. Treason Cage, p. 113
40. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 54
41. Kathrada, Summary of Different Viewpoints (unpublished), 1977
42. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 55
43. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, p. 247
44. The original version of Mandela’s essay, “In Our Lifetime” (Liberation, June 1956, pp. 4–8), was republished as “Freedom in Our Lifetime” in No Easy Walk to Freedom (1965, pp. 55–60, ed. Ruth First). The missing lines were also excluded from The Struggle Is My Life (1978). See also Arise! Vukani: Magazine of Action Youth, Vol. 1, No. 5, Sept.–Oct. 1985, pp. 5–7, which analyzes the missing lines as being “… a denial that the Charter implies the overthrow of capitalism. In fact, it is positively interpreted as a program of reforming capitalism.” The anthology also removed a number of significant sentences from Mandela, “Searchlight on the Liberal Party” (Liberation, June 1953, pp. 7–8)
before its republication as “The Shifting Sands of Illusion” (No Easy Walk, pp. 33–5). Ruth First told readers in an editorial note: “The articles are reproduced here almost exactly as they were written, with light editing only here and there to omit repetition or local references” (No Easy Walk, p. xiv). The editorial note was not reproduced in The Struggle Is My Life.
45. Mandela, “Verwoerd’s Grim Plot,” Liberation, May 1959, pp. 7–17
46. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 67
47. Jail Memoir
48. Long Walk, p. 212
49. Jail Memoir
50. Mandela, “Bluffing the Bunga into Apartheid,” Fighting Talk, July 1955, pp. 6–7
51. Matanzima, interview with author, May 12, 1997
52. Jail Memoir
53. Allister Sparks, The Mind of South Africa, p. 196, citing House of Assembly Debates, 1953, col. 3576
54. Jail Memoir
55. Long Walk, p. 196
56. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 86
57. Welsh, op. cit., p. 447
58. Jail Memoir
59. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 65
60. Dugard, op. cit.
61. Long Walk, p. 224
62. Jail Memoir
63. Mandela, letter to Minister of Justice, April 13, 1956; J. J. Marais, Acting Secretary for Justice, letter to Mandela, July 13, 1956 (Justice Archive)
9 Treason and Winnie: 1956–1957
1. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 259
2. Drum, Dec. 1956–Jan. 1957; Lionel Morrison, interview with author, Nov. 1, 1996
3. Long Walk, p. 232
4. Jail Memoir; Long Walk, p. 234
5. Treason Cage, p. 202
6. Drum, Jan. 1957
7. Jail Memoir
8. Long Walk, p. 237
9. Slovo, op. cit., pp. 93–4
10. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997
11. Jail Memoir
12. New Age, May 9, 1957
13. Morrison, interview with author, Nov. 1, 1996
14. Albert Luthuli, Let My People Go: An Autobiography, p. 157
15. Treason Cage, pp. 207–14; The Struggle Is My Life, p. 68
16. Mary Benson, Guardian, August 16, 1962
17. Kentridge, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
18. F. Matthews, op. cit., pp. 151, 137, 134, citing Z. K. Matthews, letters to F. Matthews, May 5 and 10, 1957
19. Luthuli, op. cit., p. 170
20. Paul Joseph, interview with author, Dec. 6, 1996
21. Sampson, diary, August 1957
22. Mandela, letter to Mrs. Perlman, Sept. 5, 1983