57. Billy Nair, interview with author, Feb. 20, 1997
58. Bruno Mtolo, The Road to the Left, p. 40
59. Long Walk, pp. 371–3; Nair, interview with author, Feb. 20, 1997
60. Mandela, speech at a luncheon before receiving the freedom of Howick, Dec. 12, 1996
61. Rand Daily Mail, Aug. 8, 1962; [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Aug. 12, 1962
62. Slovo, op. cit., p. 159
63. New York Times, Oct. 13, 1986; see also Star, July 14, 1986; Atlanta Journal and Constitution, June 10, 1990
64. Kathrada, interview with author, Oct. 16, 1996
65. Long Walk, p. 379
66. Kodesh, interview with author, Oct. 13, 1996
67. Long Walk, pp. 375–6
68. Guardian, June 11, 1964
69. Joseph, op. cit., p. 127
70. David Astor, letter to Sir John Maud, Aug. 10, 1962; Maud, letter to Astor, August 20, 1962; Maud, letter to V. R. Verster (Commissioner of Prisons), Sept. 10, 1962; Mandela, letter to Maud, Sept. 14, 1962. The other books were J. M. Keynes, Essays in Biography, and Theodore H. White, The Making of the President (PRO: DO 119/1478)
71. Lord Dunrossil, report to P.M. Foster, Dec. 7, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161887)
72. W. Mandela, letter to A. Tambo, Sept. 5, 1962
73. R. Bernstein, interview with author, Aug. 18, 1996
74. Leaflet issued by the Free Mandela Committee, 1962
75. “Release Nelson Mandela,” African Communist, Oct.–Dec. 1962
76. Slovo, op. cit., pp. 159–65
77. Long Walk, pp. 385–6
78. Lord Dunrossil, letter to Peter Foster, Oct. 23, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161901)
79. Long Walk, pp. 387–95; Jail Memoir; the first draft of Mandela’s speech is held by the Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand
80. Douglas-Home, op. cit., pp. 247–8
81. Jail Memoir; UN General Assembly Resolution: The Policies of Apartheid of the Government of the Republic of South Africa (A/RES/1761 [XVII]), Nov. 6, 1962, The United Nations and Apartheid, 1948–1994, p. 251
82. Sir John Maud, Note for the Record, Oct. 23, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161886); Record of a Meeting Convened by Sir Roger Stevens on June 6: Future Policy Towards South Africa, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161884)
83. J. P. R. Maud, Farewell Interview with Dr. Verwoerd, April 29, 1963 (PRO: FO 371/167504)
84. Record of a Meeting Convened by Sir Roger Stevens on June 6: Future Policy Towards South Africa, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161884)
85. T. W. Aston, Notes on Meeting with Paul Eckel, Jan. 23, 1959 (PRO: DO 119/1209)
86. R. W. H. du Boulay, letter to P. M. Foster, June 14, 1963 (PRO: FO 371/167503)
87. Joseph Satterthwaite, “Country Internal Defense Plan” (declassified U.S. State Department document), Dec. 18, 1962
88. Marcus Edwards, Note of Conversation, Dec. 5, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161887)
89. Note of a Conversation with Joe Matthews, Oct. 5, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161886)
90. P. M. Foster, letter to Hilary Young, Dec. 21, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161906)
91. Donald Gordon (for Hilary Young), letter to P. M. Foster, Dec. 29, 1962 (PRO: FO 371/161906)
92. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
14 Crime and Punishment: 1963–1964
1. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, p. 42
2. Long Walk, pp. 396–7
3. Pogrund, How Can Man Die Better, op. cit., p. 176
4. Long Walk, pp. 398
5. Jurgen Schadeberg, Voices from Robben Island, pp. 7–13; Long Walk, p. 404
6. Neville Alexander, Robben Island Dossier, 1964–1974, p. 20
7. Mandela, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
8. Long Walk, p. 408
9. Ibid., p. 413
10. Joseph, op. cit., p. 154
11. Hilda Bernstein, The World That Was Ours: The Story of the Rivonia Trials, p. 54
12. Holland, op. cit., p. 145
13. Mtolo, op. cit., p. 73–7
14. Rivonia trial evidence, R71
15. W. Mandela, letter to A. Tambo, April 16, 1963
16. R. Bernstein, op. cit.; Kathrada, comments on text
17. Slovo, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
18. H. Bernstein, op. cit., p. 55
19. Mandela, comments on text
20. Stephen Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary, pp. 302, 313
21. Joel Joffe, The Rivonia Story, pp. v, 19
22. Bizos, interview with author, Aug. 3, 1998
23. Jail Memoir
24. Long Walk, p. 416
25. H. Bernstein, op. cit., p. 108
26. Joffe, op. cit., p. 37
27. Guardian, Nov. 24, 1995
28. Joffe, op. cit., p. 190
29. Sir John Maud, valedictory report to Lord Home, May 14, 1963 (PRO: CAB 129/114)
30. Lord Home, letter to Sir Hugh Stephenson, June 12, 1963 (PRO: CAB 129/114)
31. Private information
32. UN General Assembly resolution: Release of Political Prisoners (A/RES/1881 [XVIII]), Oct. 11, 1963, The United Nations and Apartheid, op. cit., p. 267
33. Clingman, op. cit., p. 319
34. John Wilson, “Trial of Nelson Mandela in South Africa,” May 5, 1963 (PRO: FO 371/177036); Sir Hugh Stephenson, letter to Sir Geoffrey Harrison, Dec. 20, 1963 (PRO: FO 371/177122)
35. Leslie Minford, report to Lord Dunrossil, Dec. 13, 1963 (PRO: FO 371/167542)
36. Long Walk, p. 422
37. Joffe, op. cit., pp. 61–2
38. R. Bernstein, interview with author, Sept. 29, 1996
39. Rivonia trial evidence, T29, T14–16, T25; Mandela, comments on text
40. Bizos, interview with author, July 21, 1996
41. Rivonia trial evidence, R12, R15, R18–19, R89–90, R20–23
42. Joel Joffe, interview with author, Jan. 23, 1997
43. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
44. Jail Memoir
45. Joffe, op. cit., p. 72
46. Jail Memoir
47. Joffe, op. cit., pp. 76–7, 88–9, 91, 125
48. Bizos, interview with author, July 17, 1998
49. Joffe, interview with author, Jan. 23, 1997; Joffe, op. cit., pp. 127, 122, 124
50. Mac Maharaj, interview with author, Feb. 19, 1997
51. The Jail Memoir contained a description of this incident
52. George Bizos, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
53. The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 155–75
54. Joffe, op. cit., p. 133
55. John Wilson, minute to John Ure (Information Research Department), May 22, 1964; Ure, minute to Wilson, May 25, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177122)
56. Joffe, op. cit., p. 190
57. David Astor, letter to R. A. Butler, April 2, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177036)
58. R. A. Butler, letter to David Astor, April 8, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177035)
59. Leon Brittan, letter to Peter Thomas, April 24, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177035)
60. Record of a Meeting between the Minister of State and a Delegation from the Anti-Apartheid Movement Held at the Foreign Office on May 19, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177036)
61. John Wright, draft letter, May 14, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177122)
62. P. W. J. Buxton, note, May 13, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177065)
63. Hilary Young, Cape Town, report to Guy Millard, London, May 20, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177122)
64. Clingman, op. cit., p. 320
65. Bizos, interview with author, July 17, 1998
66. Joffe, op. cit., pp. 151, 144
67. Star, April 22, 1964
68. Joffe, op. cit., pp. 203–4
69. Long Walk, pp. 450, 445
70. Mandela, Brief Notes in the Event of a Death Sentence (Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London)
71. Long Walk, p. 444; Kathrada, comments on text
72. Meli, op. cit., p. 158, citing Bram Fischer, letter, June 24, 1964
73. Paton, Journey, op. cit., p. 250
74. Jail Memoir
75. Clingman, op. cit., p. 322
76. Long Walk, pp. 448–9
77. Daily Telegraph, June 12, 1964; Guardian, June 13, 1964; The Times, June 12, 1964
78. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, June 14, 1964
79. Star, June 13, 1964
80. Sir Hugh Stephenson, telegram to Foreign Office, June 12, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177123)
81. R. A. Butler, note, July 3, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177124)
82. Donald McD. Gordon, letter to John Wilson, July 1, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177124)
83. Sir Hugh Stephenson, report to R. A. Butler, Sept. 8, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177124)
15 Master of My Fate: 1964–1971
1. Mandela, interview with author, July 25, 1996
2. Jail Memoir; Long Walk, p. 453
3. Alexander, op. cit., p. 21
4. Long Walk, pp. 460, 464
5. Jail Memoir
6. Mandela, letter to the British Ambassador, May 4, 1964 (Prison Records)
7. Mac Maharaj, in The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 182–3, 192; Jail Memoir
8. Clingman, op. cit., p. 328
9. Kathrada, comments on text
10. Mandela, letter to Connie Njongwe, May 12, 1986
11. Long Walk, p. 460
12. Mandela, speech to the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, July 11, 1997
13. Long Walk, p. 475; for examples see Prison Records
14. Claudia Schadeberg, Voices from Robben Island (film, 1994, directed by Adam Low)
15. Sisulu, interview with author, July 25, 1996
16. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1996
17. Jail Memoir
18. Maharaj, in The Struggle Is My Life, p. 191
19. Long Walk, p. 461; Kathrada, comments on text
20. Clingman, op. cit., p. 328
21. Bizos, interview with author, Aug. 3, 1997
22. Alexander, op. cit., p. 32
23. James Gregory, Goodbye, Bafana, p. 108
24. Kathrada, comments on text
25. Maharaj, comments on text; Gregory, op. cit., p. 108
26. Long Walk, p. 464
27. Eddie Daniels, interview with author, Feb. 9, 1996
28. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 299; Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
29. Jail Memoir
30. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
31. Jail Memoir
32. Govan Mbeki, Learning from Robben Island: The Prison Writings, p. ix
33. Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996
34. Jail Memoir
35. Kathrada, interview with author, Jan. 31, 1996
36. Nair, interview with author, Feb. 20, 1997
37. Maharaj, interview with author, Feb. 19, 1997
38. General Willemse, interview with author, Oct. 21, 1996
39. Fran Lisa Buntman, “The Politics of Conviction: Political Prisoner Resistance on Robben Island, 1962–1991” (unpublished Ph.D. thesis)
40. Long Walk, p. 463
41. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., pp. 298–9
42. Long Walk, p. 523
43. Kathrada, letter to Sylvia Neame, Jan. 1971
44. Long Walk, pp. 523–4
45. Mandela, interview with author, Nov. 25, 1996
46. Kathrada, letter to Sylvia Neame, Jan. 1971
47. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996; Jail Memoir
48. Mandela, interview with author, July 25, 1996
49. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
50. Long Walk, p. 523; Jail Memoir
51. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
52. Govan Mbeki, interview with author, Feb. 15, 1996
53. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
54. Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996
55. Long Walk, p. 522
56. Indres Naidoo and Albie Sachs, Prisoner 885/63: Island in Chains—Ten Years on Robben Island as Told by Indres Naidoo to Albie Sachs, pp. 214–15; see also Long Walk, p. 551
57. Jail Memoir
58. Long Walk, pp. 525–7
59. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., p. 51
60. Thomas G. Karis and Gail M. Gerhart, From Protest to Challenge, Vol. 5: Nadir and Resurgence, 1964–1979, p. 32; Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997
61. Eddie Daniels, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film); Eddie Daniels, There and Back: Robben Island, 1964–1979, p. 199
62. Sisulu, interview with author, Feb. 21, 1997
63. W. E. Henley, “Invictus,” 1875
64. Mandela to Richard Stengel
65. Jail Memoir
66. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., p. 41
67. Bizos, interview with author, July 21, 1996
68. Dingake, op. cit., p. 218
69. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
70. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., pp. 17–19
71. C. Schadeberg, Voices from Robben Island (film); Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
72. Mandela, interview with author, July 12, 1996; Anant Singh, Prisoners of Hope: Robben Island Reunion (video, 1995, directed by Danny Schechter)
73. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
74. Gregory, op. cit.
75. Long Walk, p. 614
76. Gregory, op. cit., pp. 84, 95; James Gregory, interview with author, July 26, 1998
77. Christo Brand, interview with author, Oct. 16, 1996; Maharaj, comments on text
78. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
79. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997
80. Dingake, op. cit., p. 222
81. Long Walk, pp. 563–4
82. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., p. 23
83. The Times, August 14, 1964; Bernard Newman, South African Journey, pp. 160–7
84. Mandela, letter to commanding officer, Sept. 12, 1964 (Prison Records). No articles originating from the visit to Robben Island appear to have been published in the Daily or Sunday Telegraph
85. Mandela, letter to Commissioner of Prisons, March 14, 1965; commanding officer, letter to Commissioner of Prisons, March 19, 1965 (Prison Records)
86. Sunday Times, April 25, 1965; Rand Daily Mail, April 29, 1965
87. Dingake, op. cit., p. 218; see also Long Walk, pp. 471–2; Alexander, op. cit., p. 90: “Judge Henning, editor of International Lawyer, who gave evidence for South Africa in The Hague at the South-West Africa hearings, was downright rude, prejudiced, and probably embarrassing even to his hosts.”
88. Mandela to Richard Stengel
89. D. P. Wilcocks, Liquidator, Department of Justice, letter to Mandela, July 1, 1966; Mandela, letter to the Liquidator, August 15, 1966; Wilcocks, letter to Mandela, Dec. 15, 1966 (Justice Archive)
90. Fred Carneson and Piet Beyleveld’s statements are contained in the Nelson Mandela files (Justice Archive)
91. D. P. Wilcocks, letter to Commissioner of Police, July 2, 1970 (Prison Records)
92. Doris Lessing, Under My Skin, p. 368
93. Kathrada, interview with author, July 20, 1998
94. Helen Suzman, interview with author, May 15, 1996
95. Mandela to Richard Stengel; Long Walk, pp. 518–20
96. Suzman, interview with author, May 15, 1996
97. Alexander, op. cit., pp. 88, 34
98. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 200; see also Mandela, letter to Minister of Prisons, April 22, 1969
99. Helen Suzman, letter to author, Nov. 20, 1997
100. Healey, op. cit., pp. 336, 355, 358
101. Alexander, op. cit., p. 14
102. Philip Zuger and Dr. Roland Mart, ICRC Report on Visit to Robben Island, Nov. 24–29, 1970
103. Dingake, op. cit., p. 216
104. Mandela, letter to General Steyn, Jan. 1970
105. Alexander, op. cit., p. 30
106. Kathrada, letter to Sylvia Neame, Jan. 1971
107. Long Walk, p. 544
108. Alexander, op. cit., p
p. 23, 96
109. Mandela to Richard Stengel; Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 309; Dingake, op. cit., p. 219
110. Kathrada, interview with author, Oct. 16, 1996
111. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., p. 27
112. D. M. Zwelonke, Robben Island, p. 63
113. Maharaj, interview with author, Feb. 18, 1997
114. Daniels, interview with author, Feb. 9, 1996
115. Long Walk, p. 548
116. Mandela, speech on the retirement of Chief Justice Corbett, Dec. 11, 1996
117. Long Walk, p. 549
118. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
16 Steeled and Hardened: 1971–1976
1. Moses Dlamini, Hell Hole, Robben Island: Reminiscences of a Political Prisoner
2. Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, pp. 123, 204
3. Buntman, op. cit., p. 289; Willemse, interview with author, Oct. 21, 1996
4. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
5. Jacques Moreillon, Dominique Dufour, Nicholas de Rougemont and Dr. Andreas Vischer, ICRC Report on Interview with Commissioner of Prisons, June 5, 1974
6. Long Walk, p. 536
7. Kathrada, letter to Sylvia Neame, Jan. 1971
8. Willemse, interview with author, Oct. 21, 1996
9. Moreillon et al., ICRC Report on Interview with Commissioner of Prisons, June 5, 1974; Jacques Moreillon, interview with author, Nov. 30, 1997
10. Maharaj, in The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 182–4
11. Healey, op. cit., p. 358
12. Alexander, op. cit., p. 26
13. Kathrada, letter to Sylvia Neame, Jan. 1971
14. Bizos, interview with author, July 21, 1996
15. Nair, interview with author, Feb. 20, 1997
16. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
17. Hilda Bernstein, “Two South Africans from the Island,” The Times, Jan. 18, 1978
18. Patti Waldmeir, Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa, p. 16
19. Kathrada, letter to Navi, Oct. 3, 1989
20. Ronnie Kasrils, interview with author, Feb. 12, 1997
21. Sonny Venkatrathnam, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
22. Kathrada, letter to Sylvia Neame, Jan. 1971
23. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
24. Jail Memoir
25. F. Meer, interview with author, July 27, 1996
26. David McNicoll, Observer, April 22, 1973
27. Alexander, op. cit., p. 90
28. Maharaj, in The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 191–2; Naidoo and Sachs, op. cit., pp. 245–6
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