29. Meer, op. cit., p. 62; Gordon Bruce, interview with James Sanders, July 1998
30. Gordon Winter, Inside BOSS: South Africa’s Secret Police, pp. 274–6; Gordon Bruce (“Charles Metterlink”), letter to Gordon Winter (“Florrie”), April 16, 1970
31. The Times, March 18, 1969; Winter, op. cit., pp. 264, 275
32. Gordon Winter, “Inside BOSS and After,” Lobster, No. 18, 1989; Bruce, interview with James Sanders, July 1998
33. Maharaj, interview with author, Feb. 18, 1997; Long Walk, p. 565
34. Dingake, op. cit., pp. 191–2
35. Mandela, speech to the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, July 11, 1997
36. Eddie Daniels, Weekly Mail, March 21, 1986; Mandela to Richard Stengel
37. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Oct. 30, 1994
38. Long Walk, p. 53
39. Dingake, op. cit., p. 192
40. Kathrada, letter to Sylvia Neame, Jan. 1971
41. Dingake, op. cit., p. 192; Long Walk, pp. 536–7
42. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 297
43. Frieda Matthews, letter to Mandela, Nov. 24, 1986
44. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997; Majeke, op. cit.
45. Daniels, interview with author, Feb. 9, 1996
46. F. Meer, interview with author, July 27, 1996
47. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 295
48. Kathrada, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
49. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997
50. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
51. Venkatrathnam, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film); the original copy of Shakespeare, with annotations by the Robben Island prisoners, is held by Venkatrathnam in Durban
52. Long Walk, pp. 540–1; Mary Benson, Athol Fugard and Barney Simon, Bare Stage, a Few Props, Great Theatre, pp. 101, 154; Benson, Far Cry, pp. 194–5
53. Alexander, op. cit., p. 85
54. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, Jan. 1, 1975
55. Venkatrathnam, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
56. Kathrada, Star, July 17, 1998
57. A. Singh, Prisoners of Hope (video)
58. Long Walk, p. 539
59. Ahmed Kathrada, letter to Tom, Nov. 22, 1975; Kathrada, Star, July 17, 1998
60. Long Walk, p. 583
61. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 86
62. Alexander, op. cit., p. 50
63. Moreillon, interview with author, Nov. 30, 1997
64. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 301
65. Long Walk, pp. 556–7
66. Dingake, p. 215
67. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 300
68. G. Mbeki, Learning from Robben Island, op. cit., p. xx
69. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 33
70. Willemse, interview with author, Oct. 21, 1996
71. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., p. 47
72. Bizos, interview with author, Aug. 3, 1997
73. Jennifer Crwys-Williams (ed.), In the Words of Nelson Mandela, p. 36
74. Motlana, interview with author, June 26, 1997
75. Coleridge, Biographia Literaria
76. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
77. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 300
78. Sisulu, interviews with author, Jan. 25, 1996, July 25, 1996
79. Raks Seakhoa, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
80. Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
81. Jail Memoir
82. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
83. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 34
84. Maharaj, comments on text; Thami Mkawanazi, Weekly Mail, Aug. 23, 1987; Long Walk, pp. 509–11; Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., pp. 406–11
85. Bam, interview with author, July 30, 1997
86. Kathrada, comments on text
87. Jail Memoir
88. Long Walk, p. 605; Govan Mbeki, letter to T. Karis, Sept. 4, 1995
89. Jail Memoir
90. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, undated; Mandela to Richard Stengel
91. Maharaj, in The Struggle Is My Life, p. 199; Long Walk, pp. 573–4
92. Sunday Independent, June 25, 1995; Long Walk, p. 567
93. Jail Memoir, draft version (Prison Records)
94. Jail Memoir
95. Sunday Independent, June 25, 1995; Long Walk, pp. 568–72
96. Commissioner of Prisons, letter to Minister of Prisons, Oct. 26, 1977, initialed by the Minister Oct. 30, 1977 (Prison Records)
97. Mac Maharaj, comments on text
98. Kathrada, letter to Bob and Navi, May 15, 1989
99. Alexander, op. cit., p. 91
100. J. du Preez, letter to Commissioner of Prisons, July 27, 1976 (Prison Records)
101. Commissioner of Prisons, letter to Minister of Prisons, Oct. 9, 1979 (Prison Records)
102. Mandela to Richard Stengel
103. Maharaj, in The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 195, 199, 201
104. Mandela to Richard Stengel
17 Lady into Amazon: 1962–1976
1. Maki Mandela, interview with author, March 21, 1997
2. Mabel Mandela, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
3. Gregory, op. cit., pp. 138–9
4. Long Walk, p. 529; Jail Memoir
5. Long Walk, p. 531; Mandela to Richard Stengel
6. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 87
7. Gilbey, op. cit., pp. 68–9
8. Bizos, interview with author, Aug. 3, 1997
9. Carlson, op. cit., p. 298; Gilbey, op. cit., pp. 69–70
10. Gregory, op. cit., pp. 129–30
11. Long Walk, pp. 477–8; Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 147
12. Winter, op. cit., p. 237
13. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 89
14. Sunday Star, May 27, 1980; Gilbey, op. cit., p. 99
15. Gregory, op. cit., pp. 130–1
16. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 89
17. Mandela to Richard Stengel
18. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 88
19. Gilbey, op. cit., pp. 72–3; Carlson, op. cit., pp. 263–7; Winter, op. cit., pp. 229–32
20. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
21. Benson, Nelson Mandela, pp. 152–3; Carlson, op. cit., pp. 293–4
22. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
23. Carlson, op. cit., pp. 291, 295
24. Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 154
25. Gilbey, op. cit., p. 90
26. Carlson, op. cit., p. 355
27. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 105
28. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
29. Suzman, interview with author, May 15, 1996
30. Mandela to Richard Stengel; Long Walk, p. 494
31. Bizos, interview with author, Aug. 3, 1997
32. Gilbey, op. cit., pp. 92–3, 97–8; John Horak, interview with author, July 10, 1996
33. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
34. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, Aug. 18, 1974; South African Police, Pretoria, report, Oct. 1974 (Prison Records)
35. Winter, op. cit., p. 230
36. Gilbey, op. cit., pp. 100–1
37. Mandela, letters to W. Mandela, Jan. 1, 1975, March 11, 1981, Feb. 1, 1975
38. Mandela, letter to Zindzi Mandela, Dec. 1, 1974
39. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, Dec. 1, 1974
40. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 90
41. Mandela, letter to Zeni Mandela, Dec. 1, 1974
42. Mandela, letter to F. Meer, Nov. 1, 1974
43. Meer, op. cit., p. 377
44. Ibid.
45. Mandela, letter to a friend, 1974
46. Meer, op. cit., p. 383
47. Gregory, op. cit., p. 165; Long Walk, pp. 560–1; Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 161
48. Mandela, letter to Fatima Meer, June 30, 1987
49. Mandela, letter to Maki Mandela, Dec. 31, 1978
50. Maki
Mandela, interview with author, March 21, 1997
51. Mandela, letter to a friend, Nov. 1, 1974
52. Mandela, letter to Makgatho Mandela, Sept. 1, 1974
53. Mandela, letter to Rayne Mandela, Dec. 1, 1974
54. Mandela, letters to Maki Mandela, June 8, 1978, Nov. 6, 1978
55. Mandela, letters to W. Mandela, Oct. 26, 1976, Oct. 1, 1975, Sept. 1, 1975, April 15, 1976, May 24, 1976, July 19, 1976
56. Mandela, letter to Mrs. Mniki, Dec. 1, 1974
57. Mandela, letter to Barbara Lamb, Oct. 1, 1974
58. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, Nov. 12, 1976
59. Kathrada, interview with author, Jan. 31, 1996
60. Peter Magubane, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
18 The Shadowy Presence: 1964–1976
1. Long Walk, pp. 492–4, 509
2. Maharaj, comments on text
3. Long Walk, p. 575
4. Observer, June 14, 1964
5. “Bartholomew Moru Hlopane, Bantu male, 46 years, residing at 3037 Moroka location, Johannesburg, statement, Oct. 1, 1964”; “Michael Kitso Dingake, Tswana male, Bobonong village, Bechuanaland, sworn statement, Jan. 25, 1965”
6. Clingman, op. cit., pp. 413
7. Mandela, “The First Bram Fischer Memorial Lecture,” June 9, 1995
8. Mandela, letter to Sheila Weinberg, 1978
9. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1996
10. George Bizos, letter to author, June 16, 1964
11. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., pp. 358, 6, citing Oswald Mtshali, “This Kid Is No Goat,” 1969
12. Jail Memoir
13. Long Walk, p. 521
14. Sisulu, interview with author, Feb. 9, 1990
15. Long Walk, p. 525
16. Economist, Oct. 28, 1967
17. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., pp. 375, 30; Long Walk, p. 522
18. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
19. O. Tambo, letter to Mandela, 1975
20. Albie Sachs, interview with author, July 21, 1996
21. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 299
22. Black and Gold, p. 87
23. Oliver Tambo, Preparing for Power: Oliver Tambo Speaks, compiled by Adelaide Tambo, p. 79; Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., pp. 34–5
24. “The Green Bay Tree,” Economist, June 29, 1968
25. Maharaj, interview with author, Feb. 19, 1997
26. Bizos, interview with author, Nov. 28, 1995
27. The Kissinger Study on Southern Africa, p. 111
28. Thomas G. Karis, “Revolution in the Making: Black Politics in South Africa,” Foreign Affairs, Winter 1983–84, p. 383
29. Jim Hoagland, South Africa: Civilizations in Conflict, p. 78
30. Long Walk, p. 603
31. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 51
32. Black and Gold, p. 105
33. O. Tambo, letter to R. Segal, March 25, 1970
34. Long Walk, p. 596; Bizos, interview with author, Nov. 28, 1995
35. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 7
36. Mandela, “National Liberation” (unpublished essay), 1977
37. R.W. Johnson, How Long Will South Africa Survive?, pp. 114–15, 121–2
38. Maggie Resha, My Life in the Struggle, p. 239
39. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., pp. 400–1
40. Luli Callinicos, Notes for a Biography of Oliver Tambo (unpublished)
41. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 43; Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile, p. 64; Alfred Nzo, letter to Jonas D. Matlou, Oct. 4, 1975
42. Mandela to Richard Stengel
43. Callinicos, op. cit.; Mandela, interview with author, April 28, 1994
44. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 44
45. Callinicos, op. cit.
46. O. Tambo, letter to Mandela, 1975
47. Sechaba, March 1973
48. Mandela, “Black Consciousness Movement” (unpublished essay), 1978
49. Mandela, “National Liberation,” op. cit.
50. A. Tambo, interview with author, Feb. 13, 1997
51. I. J. M. Sutherland, memo and response, Oct.–Nov. 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177122)
52. A. Tambo, interview with author, Feb. 13, 1997; Black and Gold, p. 83
53. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1996
54. Oliver Wright, memo to P. W. Carey (Board of Trade), Oct. 17, 1964 (PRO: PREM 13/092)
55. George Brown, letter to Prime Minister, Oct. 19, 1964 (PRO: PREM 13/092); Anthony Greenwood, letter to Prime Minister, Nov. 19, 1964 (PRO: PREM 13/093)
56. Patrick Gordon Walker, letter to Prime Minister—“Visit of Lord Caradon,” Nov. 18, 1964 (PRO: PREM 13/093); John Wilson, report to R. W. Jackling (New York), Nov. 19, 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177071)
57. British Embassy, Washington, confidential draft, “Sanctions Against South Africa,” Dec. 1964 (PRO: FO 371/177071)
58. Martin Bailey, Oilgate: The Sanctions Scandal, pp. 128–44
59. Tambo, op. cit., p. 85
60. Sechaba, Jan. 1971
61. United States Senate Hearings Before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 94th Congress, Second Session on South Africa, South Africa: U.S. Policy and the Role of U.S. Corporations, p. 142
62. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times, p. 748
63. Roger Morris, “Race War Diplomacy: South Africa Unmentionable,” New Republic, June 26, 1976
64. Edward Heath, The Course of My Life: My Autobiography, pp. 619–21, 477–8
65. Sechaba, April 1972
66. Tambo, op. cit., p. 105; Kissinger Study, op. cit., pp. 81, 66–70
67. Black and Gold, p. 119
68. Anthony Lake, The “Tar Baby” Option, p. 129
69. South Africa: U.S. Policy and the Role of U.S. Corporations, op. cit., p. 142
70. O. Tambo, conversation with author, Jan. 21, 1987
71. Mandela, “National Liberation,” op. cit.
19 Black Consciousness: 1979–1978
1. Long Walk, p. 576
2. Gerhart, op. cit., pp. 272, 278
3. Patrick (Terror) Lekota, Prison Letters to a Daughter, p. 140
4. Gerhart, op. cit., pp. 286, 298
5. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
6. Black and Gold, p. 108
7. Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 164
8. Howard Barrell, “Conscripts to Their Age: ANC Operational Strategy, 1976–1986” (unpublished D.Phil. thesis), p. 114
9. Mandela, “Black Consciousness Movement,” op. cit.
10. On the Soweto uprising, see John Kane-Berman, South Africa: The Method in the Madness; Alan Brooks and Jeremy Brickhill, Whirlwind Before the Storm: The Origins and Development of the Uprising in Soweto and the Rest of South Africa from June to December 1976
11. Black and Gold, pp. 111–12
12. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
13. Mandela, “Black Consciousness Movement,” op. cit.
14. C. Schadeberg, Voices from Robben Island (film)
15. Mandela, “Unite! Mobilise! Fight On! Between the Anvil of United Mass Action and the Hammer of the Armed Struggle We Shall Crush Apartheid,” in Sheridan Johns and R. Hunt Davis, Jr. (eds.), Mandela, Tambo and the African National Congress: The Struggle Against Apartheid, 1948–1990—A Documentary Survey, pp. 211–13
16. Eric Molobi, interview with author, June 27, 1997
17. Terror Lekota, interview with author, Feb. 8, 1997
18. C. Schadeberg, Voices from Robben Island (film)
19. Lekota, interview with author, Feb. 8, 1997
20. Long Walk, p. 576
21. C. Schadeberg, Voices from Robben Island (film); Mandela to Richard Stengel
22. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 298
23. Buntman, op. cit., p. 158
24. Karis and Ger
hart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 298
25. Buntman, op. cit., p. 171
26. Molobi, interview with author, June 27, 1997
27. Tokyo Sexwale, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
28. Long Walk, p. 577
29. Mandela, letter to Chief Buthelezi, 1978
30. Mandela, letter to Hlaku Rachidi, 1978
31. Long Walk, p. 578
32. Mandela to Richard Stengel
33. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 298
34. Weekly Mail, June 13, 1986
35. Newsweek, June 23, 1986
36. Frank Schmidt et al., ICRC Report on Visit to Robben Island, March 29–April 2, 1977
37. Molobi, interview with author, June 27, 1997
38. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., pp. 34, 45
39. Lekota, interview with author, Feb. 8, 1997
40. Mandela to Richard Stengel; Lekota, interview with author, Feb. 8, 1997
41. Dullah Omar, interview with author, Feb. 12, 1987
42. Lekota, interview with author, Feb. 8, 1997
43. Buntman, op. cit., p. 113
44. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 296
45. Seakhoa, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
46. Karis and Gerhart, Vol. 5, op. cit., p. 295, citing Indres Naidoo
47. Long Walk, p. 580
48. Mandela, “Black Consciousness Movement,” op. cit.
20 Prison Charisma: 1976–1982
1. Mkawanazi, Weekly Mail, Aug. 23, 1987
2. Dingake, op. cit., p. 214
3. Sisulu, interview with author, Feb. 21, 1997
4. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997; Kathrada, Star, July 17, 1998
5. Frank Schmidt et al., ICRC Report on Visit to Robben Island, Sept. 25–29, 1978
6. Seakhoa, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
7. Murphy Morobe, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997
8. C. Schadeberg, Voices from Robben Island (film)
9. Mandela, letter to Zindzi Mandela, July 10, 1978
10. Molobi, interview with author, June 27, 1997
11. Long Walk, p. 597
12. J. Schadeberg, op. cit., p. 35; Mkawanazi, Weekly Mail, Aug. 23, 1987; Irwin Manoim (ed.), “You Have Been Warned”: The First Ten Years of the Mail & Guardian, p. 90
13. Maharaj, in The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 186–7
14. Long Walk, p. 585; Mandela to Richard Stengel; Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1997
15. Molobi, interview with author, June 27, 1997; Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1998
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