24 Ungovernability: 1986–1988
1. “Your Logic Frightens Me,” Wole Soyinka, Mandela’s Earth and Other Poems, p. 3
2. Long Walk, p. 633
3. Gregory, op. cit., p. 265
4. Bizos, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
5. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, July 23, 1996
6. Long Walk, pp. 626–7
7. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
8. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
9. Bizos, interview with author, Jan. 22, 1999; Sparks, op. cit., pp. 29–31
10. The Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group on Southern Africa, Mission to South Africa: The Commonwealth Report, pp. 56–62
11. Pik Botha, in d’Orville, op. cit., p. 64
12. Crocker, op. cit., p. 315
13. The Sampson Letter, Feb. 4, 1986
14. Woodrow Wyatt (ed. Sarah Curtis), The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, Vol. 1, p. 95
15. Waldmeir, op. cit., pp. 95–6
16. Mission to South Africa, op. cit., pp. 67–8
17. Howe, op. cit., pp. 484–5; Anthony Barber, Taking the Tide, pp. 164–73
18. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 96
19. Mission to South Africa, op. cit., p. 63; Barber, op. cit.; Pik Botha, in d’Orville, op. cit., p. 67
20. Nancy Harrison, Winnie Mandela: The Mother of a Nation
21. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
22. The Sampson Letter, Sept. 10, 1985, March 4, 1986
23. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 92
24. Gilbey, op. cit., p. 145
25. Star, April 16, 19, 1986
26. See also Gilbey, op. cit., p. 146
27. Private information
28. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
29. Ismail Ayob, conversation with author, July 19, 1998; Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
30. Mission to South Africa, op. cit., p. 61; Pik Botha, in d’Orville, op. cit., p. 61
31. Mandela, letter to Connie Njongwe, May 12, 1986
32. Mission to South Africa, op. cit., pp. 112, 114–16, 119
33. “Memorandum on Consultation with N. R. Mandela at Pollsmoor Prison, May 19, 1986” (Mayibuye Centre)
34. Sparks, op. cit., pp. 32, 35; Crocker, op. cit., p. 315; P. W. Botha, interview with author, March 2, 1998
35. Pik Botha, in d’Orville, op. cit., p. 67; Thatcher, op. cit., p. 519; Howe, op. cit., p. 485; Crocker, op. cit., p. 316; Long Walk, p. 630
36. Mission to South Africa, op. cit., p. 135; private information
37. The Sampson Letter, July 1, 1986
38. Long Walk, p. 631; Sparks, op. cit., p. 35
39. Niël Barnard, interview with author, Feb. 5, 1998
40. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 154
41. Long Walk, pp. 631–5
42. Gregory, op. cit., p. 380
43. Mandela, letter to Rayne Mandela, undated
44. New York Times, Jan. 22, 1986
45. Maki Mandela, letters to Mandela, Jan. 23, 1987, Feb. 18, 1988
46. Mandela, letter to Maki Mandela, Feb. 18, 1987
47. Zeni Mandela, letter to Mandela, May 25, 1987; Mandela, letter to President Silber (Boston University), June 30, 1987 (Prison Records)
48. Mandela, letters to Zindzi Mandela, May 18, 1987, Nov. 23, 1987, March 1985
49. Mandela, letter to Mary Benson, May 6, 1987
50. Mandela, letter to Fatima Meer, March 1, 1988
51. Mandela, letter to Kepu Mkentane, Feb. 25, 1987; Frieda Matthews, letter to Mandela, Nov. 24, 1986
52. Mandela, letter to a friend, undated; Kathrada, comments on text
53. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., p. 88
54. Robin Renwick, Unconventional Diplomacy in Southern Africa, p. 113
55. Robert Harvey, “The Great White Trek: A History of the Afrikaner Tribe from van Riebeeck to the Fall of Apartheid” (unpublished)
56. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., pp. 103, 109, 114
57. Sunday Independent, April 21, 1996
58. Financial Mail, June 20, 1986
59. Lelyveld, op. cit., p. 356
60. Thatcher, op. cit., p. 532; Howe, op. cit., p. 490
61. Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol. 2, p. 464
25 The Lost Leader: 1983–1988
1. Crocker, op. cit., pp. 321–4; George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years As Secretary of State, p. 1123; private information
2. Howe, op. cit., pp. 489–91, 497
3. Thatcher, op. cit., pp. 521–2
4. Financial Times, Feb. 5, 1986
5. Lord Renwick, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996; O. Tambo, conversation with author, May 29, 1987
6. Enos Mabuza, interview with author, July 24, 1996
7. Renwick, op. cit., pp. 113–14; private information
8. See Guardian, Oct. 19, 1987
9. Howe, op. cit., p. 489; Renwick, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
10. Edward Seaga, interview with author, Nov. 6, 1987
11. Adam and Moodley, op. cit., p. 120
12. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 71; Sir Patrick Fairweather, interview with author, Oct. 3, 1997; Observer, Sept. 25, 1988
13. Black and Gold, p. 246
14. Mandela, letter to Effie Schultz, April 1, 1987
15. O. Tambo, conversation with author, Jan. 21, 1987
16. Waldmeir, op. cit., pp. 63–4, 69
17. Black and Gold, pp. 228–9; Chris Alden, Apartheid’s Last Stand: The Rise and Fall of the South African Security State, p. 267, citing Niël Barnard, Die Beeld, Feb. 19, 1992; Dr. Daan Prinsloo, Stem uit die Wilderness; ’n Biografie oor oud-pres. P. W. Botha, p. 280; P. W. Botha, interview with author, March 2, 1998
18. Paul Johnson, Gold Fields: A Centenary Portrait, p. 94
19. Michael Young, interview with author, April 12, 1995
20. Kathrada, interview with author, July 24, 1996
21. P. W. Botha, interview with author, March 2, 1998
22. Reply from Kobie Coetsee to Advocate S. C. Jacobs in Parliament, April 19, 1990 (Prison Records)
23. Mbeki, Sunset at Midday, p. 86
24. O. Tambo, conversation with author, Dec. 26, 1987
25. Sparks, op. cit., p. 60
26. Alden, op. cit., p. 267, citing Die Beeld, Feb. 19, 1992
27. Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996; Long Walk, p. 638
28. Observer, March 1, 1987
29. Mbeki, Sunset at Midday, pp. 103–4
30. Sampson, diary, Sept. 23–27, 1987
31. Mandela, foreword to Tambo, op. cit., p. xi
32. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
33. Long Walk, p. 640; Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 101
34. Colonel J. G. Lourens, report on Mandela, May 14, 1988 (Prison Records)
35. Long Walk, pp. 640–2
36. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
37. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 67; Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
38. Thabo Mbeki, interview with author, Oct. 19, 1996
39. Young, interview with author, April 12, 1995
40. Manoim, op. cit., p. 86
41. Guardian, April 30, 1994
42. ANC News Briefing, June 12, 1988
43. Kathrada, letter to Paul Joseph, Aug. 26, 1988
44. SABC, Comment: The Mandela Campaign, June 14, 1988
45. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, July 10, 1988
46. Star, June 14, 1988; Sowetan, July 19, 1988, citing Die Beeld, July 18, 1988
47. ANC News Briefing, July 24, 1988
48. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, July 31, 1997; Sunday Star, July 24, 1988
49. Mamphela Ramphele, A Life, pp. 200–1
50. Kathrada, letter to J. N. Singh, Sept. 16, 1988
51. Gregory, op. cit., p. 287
52. Long Walk, pp. 645–6; Mandela, comments on text
&n
bsp; 53. Sunday Times, Aug. 14, 21, 1988
54. Emergency Meeting of the National Working Committee, Oct. 28, 1988, “Nelson Mandela’s Possible Release: Decisions of the National Working Committee,” Oct. 28, 1988 (Mayibuye Centre, Cape Town)
55. Kathrada, letter to J. N. Singh, Sept. 16, 1988
56. Fiona Duncan, letter to Mandela, Nov. 1989 (Prison Records)
57. Long Walk, p. 650
26 “Something Horribly Wrong”: 1987–1989
1. Ismail Ayob, press release on behalf of Nelson Mandela, July 29, 1988
2. Azhar Cachalia, statement to the TRC, Nov. 1997
3. TRC Report, Vol. 2, pp. 578–9
4. W. Madikizela-Mandela, testimony to TRC, Dec. 1997
5. Sunday Independent, Nov. 30, 1997
6. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 582
7. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, Aug. 29, 1996
8. TRC Submissions: Questions and Answers, July 25, 1996
9. W. Madikizela-Mandela, testimony to TRC, Dec. 1997
10. TRC Report, Vol. 2, pp. 579, 582
11. Sunday Independent, Nov. 30, 1997
12. Submission of the Mandela Crisis Committee to the TRC
13. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, Aug. 1, 1988 (Prison Records)
14. Long Walk, p. 645; Independent, July 30, 1988
15. TRC Submissions: Questions and Answers, July 25, 1996
16. TRC evidence
17. TRC Report, Vol. 2, pp. 565–7
18. Fred Bridgland, Katiza’s Journey: Beneath the Surface of South Africa’s Shame, p. 69; TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 567–8
19. Business Day, Nov. 25, 1997; Daily Telegraph, Dec. 4, 1997
20. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 567
21. Mandela Crisis Committee, report to Oliver Tambo, Jan. 1989; Mail & Guardian, Sept. 12, 1997
22. Frank Chikane, letter to Mandela, Jan. 14, 1989 (Prison Records); Mandela, comments on text
23. Manoim, op. cit., pp. 122–3
24. Bridgland, op. cit., p. 100
25. Azhar Cachalia, statement to the TRC; Sunday Independent, Nov. 30, 1997; W. Madikizela-Mandela, testimony to TRC, Dec. 1997
26. MDM press statement on Winnie Mandela and the MUFC, Feb. 16, 1989
27. Bridgland, op. cit., p. 119
28. New Nation, Feb. 16, 1989
29. Submission of the Mandela Crisis Committee to the TRC; Frank Chikane, report to SACTU/ANC, Feb. 18, 1989
30. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Feb. 19, 1989; Bridgland, op. cit., p. 120
31. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, Feb. 16, 1989 (Prison Records)
32. Meer, op. cit., p. 322
33. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, Aug. 29, 1996
34. Dullah Omar, interview with author, Feb. 12, 1997
35. Record of Stanley Mogoba’s visit to Nelson Mandela, Feb. 23, 1989 (from a verbal report given to Peter Storey after visit)
36. Mandela, letter to a friend, Feb. 28, 1989
37. Sampson, diary, March 6, 1989
38. Oliver Tambo, notes (Tambo Archive, Fort Hare)
39. Report of President’s Committee meeting with Beyers Naude, April 25, 1989 (Mayibuye Centre)
40. W. Madikizela-Mandela, hearings with TRC, Dec. 1997
41. TRC Report, Vol. 2, pp. 581–2
27 Prisoner vs. President: 1989–1990
1. Ahmed Kathrada, letter to Zohra, Jan. 25, 1989; Gregory, op. cit., pp. 310–12
2. Long Walk, pp. 653–4; government team document, Sept. 1, 1989 (Mayibuye Centre)
3. Government team document, Sept. 1, 1989 (Mayibuye Centre)
4. Maharaj, interview with author, Feb. 12, 1998; Report of President’s Committee meeting with Beyers Naude, April 25, 1989 (Mayibuye Centre)
5. Report of President’s Committee meeting with Ismail Ayob, undated (Mayibuye Centre)
6. Sparks, op. cit., pp. 60–1
7. Barbara Masekela, interview with author, Oct. 26, 1997
8. Tim Jenkin, “Talking to Vula: The Story of the Secret Underground Communications Network of Operation Vula,” Mayibuye, May–Oct. 1995; Sparks, op. cit., pp. 62–7
9. Report of President’s Committee meeting, April 28, 1989 (Mayibuye Centre)
10. O. Tambo, notes, undated (Tambo Archive, Fort Hare)
11. Barbara Masekela, interview with author, Oct. 26, 1997
12. Bizos, interview with author, Feb. 21, 1998
13. Sisulu, interview with author, Nov. 27, 1995
14. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Nov. 16, 1997
15. Powell, conversations with author, Feb. 12, 1989, Oct. 3, 1996
16. Waldmeir, op. cit., pp. 109–10; Fairweather, interview with author, Oct. 3, 1997
17. Sampson, diary, Dec. 26, 1988, Jan. 24, 26, 1989
18. Renwick, op. cit., p. 133; Daily Telegraph, March 25, 1989
19. Thabo Mbeki, interview with author, April 25, 1988; Harvey, op. cit.
20. Guardian, June 24, 1989; Sampson, diary, June 8, 1989
21. Hyman Bernadt, interview with author, Oct. 13, 1996
22. Mandela, letter to Robin Renwick, April 10, 1989; Weekly Mail, April 14, 1989
23. South, May 1989
24. “South Africa’s African National Congress: Weathering Challenges” (declassified CIA research paper), March 1988
25. “South Africa Entering the 1990s” (declassified CIA document), Africa Review, Special Issue, Jan. 20, 1989
26. Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996
27. Weekly Mail, April 21, 1989
28. O. Tambo, notes, May 1989 (Tambo Archive, Fort Hare)
29. Weekly Mail, July 21, 1989; Independent, June 23, 1989
30. Lodge and Nasson, op. cit., pp. 110–15
31. P. W. Botha, interview with author, March 2, 1998; Prinsloo, op. cit., p. 285
32. Long Walk, p. 657
33. Frene Ginwala, interview with author, Oct. 11, 1996
34. Mandela, comments on text; Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
35. Sparks, The Death of Apartheid (film); Prinsloo, op. cit., pp. 286–7; Long Walk, p. 659; Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
36. Alden, op. cit., p. 271, citing Die Beeld, Feb. 19, 1992; Barnard, interview with author, Feb. 5, 1998; Cape Times, Nov. 18, 25, 1991; P. W. Botha, op. cit., pp. 430–4; for the photograph of the meeting, see Albrecht Hagemann, Nelson Mandela, p. 116
37. Long Walk, p. 659; Observer, July 9, 1989; Star, July 13, 1989
38. Barnard, interview with author, Feb. 5, 1998
39. Robin Renwick, op. cit., p. 137; Willem de Klerk, F. W. de Klerk: The Man in His Time, p. 61
40. Kathrada, letter to Eddie Daniels, July 22, 1989
41. Kathrada, interview with author, Feb. 7, 1997; Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
42. Government team document, Sept. 1, 1989 (Mayibuye Centre)
43. Barbara Masekela, interview with author, Oct. 26, 1996
44. Maharaj, comments on text; Financial Times, Aug. 22, 1989
45. Long Walk, p. 663
46. Financial Times, Aug. 24, 1989
47. W. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 22
48. Robin Renwick, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
49. Sparks, op. cit., pp. 110–14
50. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
51. Plan of Action After the Release of the Political Prisoners: Lusaka, Zambia, Oct. 9, 1989 (Mayibuye Centre)
52. Kathrada, interview with author, Jan. 26, 1996
53. Daily Telegraph, Oct. 18, 1989
54. New Nation, Oct. 13, 20, 1989
55. Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996; Kathrada, interview with author, Nov. 27, 1995
56. South, Oct. 19, 1989
57. Weekly Mail, Oct. 20, 1989
58. Anthony Seldon, Major: A Political Life, p. 97
59. “South Africa: Political Violence in Kwazulu-Natal” (declassified CIA document), Africa Review, Jan. 19, 1990
60. Independent, Oct. 13, 1989
61. Long Walk, pp. 662, 660
62. Guardian, Oct. 16, 1995
63. Meer, op. cit., p. xviii; Meer, “Past-Postscript” to Higher than Hope (unpublished in English)
64. Sidelsky, interview with author, Oct. 23, 1996
65. Ramphele, op. cit., p. 203
66. Daniels, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
67. Mandela, letter to Kapitans restaurant, Sept. 25, 1989
68. Sparks, op. cit., pp. 105–6; Waldmeir, op. cit., pp. 136–7
69. Long Walk, p. 663
70. F. W. de Klerk, letter to author, Dec. 1996
71. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 147; Long Walk, pp. 664–5
72. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 147; W. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 80
73. Business Day, Feb. 5, 1990; Sparks, The Death of Apartheid (film); Motlana, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
74. Mandela, letter to Richard Maponya, June 28, 1989
75. Independent, Nov. 24, 1989
76. Black and Gold, p. 197; Financial Times, Jan. 27, 1990
77. Citizen, Jan. 16, 1990
78. Molobi, interview with author, June 27, 1997
79. New Nation, Dec. 8, 1989
80. South, Dec. 11, 1989
81. Guardian, Jan. 9, 1990; Independent on Sunday, Jan. 28, 1990
82. W. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 5
83. Renwick, op. cit., p. 142
84. Marike de Klerk, Marike: A Journey Through Summer and Winter, p. 153; Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 148
85. Lynda Chalker, interview with author, Oct. 31, 1997
86. Renwick, op. cit., p. 142
87. R. W. Johnson and Lawrence Schlemmer (eds.), Launching Democracy in South Africa, p. 6, citing “private communication”; Renwick, letter to author, 1998
88. John Dugard (ed.), The Last Years of Apartheid: Civil Liberties in South Africa, p. 152
89. Independent on Sunday, Feb. 4, 1990; Independent, Feb. 3, 1990
90. Bizos, interview with author, Feb. 5, 1990; Magubane, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
91. Long Walk, pp. 666–8; Barnard, interview with author, Feb. 5, 1998
92. W. H. Willemse, letter to Mandela, Feb. 10, 1990 (Prison Records)
93. Long Walk, pp. 667–8; Gregory, op. cit., p. 357; Kobie Coetsee, Cape Times, Feb. 1, 1991
94. Dullah Omar, interviews with author, Feb. 13, 1990, Feb. 12, 1997
95. Long Walk, pp. 671–3
28 Myth and Man
1. Ottaway, Chained Together, p. 47
Mandela Page 82
