2. Battersby, conversation with author, Nov. 16, 1998
3. International Herald Tribune, Feb. 23, 1990
4. Cape Times, Feb. 19, 1990
5. F. W. de Klerk, The Last Trek: A New Beginning—The Autobiography, p. 169
6. Thatcher, op. cit., p. 532
7. van der Post, speech at Cape Town Press Club, Nov. 29, 1990
8. Financial Times, Feb. 13, 1990
9. Ibid.
10. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, Aug. 29, 1996
11. Meer, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
12. Gordimer, letter to author, Dec. 19, 1993
13. Cheryl Carolus, speech in London, March 9, 1998
14. Mandela, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
15. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
16. Mandela, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
17. Renwick, op. cit., p. 149
18. Nehru, op. cit., p. 42
19. Nixon, Homelands, Harlem and Hollywood, p. 182
20. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 21, 1990
21. Mac Maharaj, Mayibuye, Dec. 1997
22. Lord Hughes, conversation with author, June 12, 1996
23. Long Walk, p. 685
24. Graham Boynton, Last Days in Cloud Cuckoo Land, p. 168
25. Private information
26. Mandela, interview with author, April 28, 1994
27. Video of Mandela’s 1990 visit to London (Mayibuye Centre)
28. Independent, April 12, 1990
29. Long Walk, p. 696
30. Guardian, April 27, 1990
31. Confidential report from South African Ambassador in Rome, June 28, 1990 (Justice Archives)
32. Mandela, comments on text; Guardian, April 16, 1990, June 30, 1990
33. New York Times, July 1, 1990
34. Mandela, comments on text
35. U.S. State Department memo to U.S. Embassy in Pretoria, July 2, 1992
36. Krauthammer, International Herald Tribune, July 1990
37. David Dinkins, conversation with author, Feb. 16, 1998
38. New York Times, July 7, 1990
39. Time, July 7, 1990
40. See also Nixon, op. cit., p. 189
41. Guardian, July 3, 1990
42. Mandela to Richard Stengel
43. Sampson, diary, July 3, 1993
44. Sir Charles Powell and Lord Renwick, interviews with author, 1996; Mandela, comments on text
45. Thatcher, op. cit., p. 533; Renwick, interview with author, 1996
46. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1997
47. Kathrada, comments on text
48. I. Meer, interview with author, Oct. 6, 1997
49. See Dale McKinley, The ANC and the Liberation Struggle, p. 112
50. Independent, Oct. 25, 1990; Citizen, Oct. 27, 1990
51. International Herald Tribune, Oct. 31, 1990
52. Vladimir Shubin, in African Affairs, 1996
53. Mandela to Richard Stengel
54. Ibid.
55. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 50; Mandela, interview with author, July 25, 1996
29 Revolution to Cooperation
1. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 228
2. P. W. Botha, Fighter and Reformer, p. 50
3. de Klerk, letter to author, Dec. 1996
4. Long Walk, p. 692
5. Sparks, op. cit., pp. 153–4
6. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 69
7. Sparks, op. cit., p. 119
8. P. W. Botha, interview with author, March 21, 1998
9. de Klerk, BBC radio, London, Sept. 15, 1998
10. Jenkin, op. cit., p. 21
11. Maharaj, interview with author, Nov. 21, 1998
12. Maharaj, comments on text
13. Maharaj, interview with author, Nov. 21, 1998
14. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 137
15. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 226
16. See also Mkhondo, Reporting South Africa, p. 42
17. Long Walk, p. 696
18. [Johannesburg] Sunday Star, August 12, 1990
19. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 188
20. Nixon, op. cit., pp. 219–21
21. Turok, interview with author, July 26, 1998
22. Mandela interview, Prisoners of Hope (video), Anant Singh
23. Kathrada, interview with author, Nov. 21, 1998
24. Nelson Mandela Speaks, pp. 53ff
25. Ibid., pp. 68ff
26. Lekota, interview with author, Feb. 8, 1997
27. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Aug. 26, 1990
28. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 197
29. Mandela, closing address to ANC Conference, July 7, 1991
30. Leadership magazine, Cape Town, Nov. 1989
31. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 210
32. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
33. Mandela, interview with author, April 28, 1994
34. Sisulu, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
35. Sunday Independent, Nov. 24, 1996
36. Observer, Oct. 17, 1993
37. Masekela, interview with author, Oct. 26, 1997
38. Author’s interviews with Mandela’s staff, 1997
39. Ibid.
40. Sachs, interview with author, July 21, 1996
41. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 158; Mandela, comments on text
42. Ottaway, op. cit., pp. 32, 40
43. Adam and Moodley, op. cit., p. 96
44. Mandela to Richard Stengel
45. Renwick, op. cit., p. 146
46. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 21, 1990
47. Mandela, speech to businessmen, May 23, 1990
48. Citizen, Feb. 15, 1990
49. Helen Suzman, interview with author, May 16, 1996
50. Cape Times, Dec. 8, 1990
51. Mandela, interview with author, August 8, 1997
52. Ibid.
30 Third Force
1. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 585
2. Mkhondo, op. cit., p. 67
3. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
4. Meer, “Past-Postscript,” op. cit.
5. Long Walk, p. 690
6. Weekly Mail, July 19, 1991
7. Mandela to Richard Stengel
8. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 199
9. Buthelezi, interview with author, Feb. 10, 1998
10. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 175
11. Mbeki, briefing in London, Sept. 20, 1990
12. Mkhondo, op. cit., p. 68
13. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 585
14. Long Walk, p. 704
15. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 708
16. Ibid., pp. 681–4
17. Memo of Conversation, White House, Sept. 24, 1990 (declassified Aug. 22, 1995)
18. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 200
19. Ibid., p. 196
20. Pik Botha, interview with author, Dec. 21, 1997
21. Thatcher, op. cit., p. 532
22. The Times, July 18, 1990; personal recollections
23. Buthelezi, interview with author, Feb. 10, 1998
24. Independent on Sunday, Nov. 11, 1990
25. Guardian, May 27, 1991
26. Mandela, comments on text
27. Long Walk, p. 708
28. TRC Report, Vol. 3, p. 326
29. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 114
30. Mandela, interview with Bill Keller, New York Times, Sept. 12, 1994
31. Buthelezi, letter to Mandela, April 1991 (ANC Archive, Johannesburg)
32. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 206
33. Business Day, Sept. 18, 1990; Stephen Ellis, “The Historical Significance of South Africa’s Third Force,” Journal of Southern African Studies, June 1998, p. 288
34. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 184
35. Mark Stuart, Douglas Hurd: The Public Servant, p. 281
36. Guardian, April 25, 1991
37. Sparks, op. cit., p. 153
38. Manoim, op. cit., pp. 143–53
39. de Klerk, op. ci
t., p. 211
40. Mkhondo, op. cit., pp. 93–4; see also photograph
41. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 169
42. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 707
43. Ibid., p. 709
31 Exit Winnie
1. Daily Telegraph, March 19, 1996
2. Independent, March 8, 1995
3. Long Walk, p. 719
4. Meer, “Past Postscript,” op. cit.
5. Ibid.
6. Noreen Taylor, interview with author, June 27, 1998
7. Maharaj, interview with author, Nov. 21, 1998
8. Arthur Schlesinger, conversation with author, Nov. 10, 1997
9. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, Aug. 29, 1996
10. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
11. Cape Times, Jan. 25, 1990
12. Maki Mandela, interview with author, March 21, 1997
13. Gillian Slovo, Every Secret Thing, p. 210
14. Meer, “Past-Postscript,” op. cit.
15. IDAF memo, Oct. 14, 1994 (IDAF Archive)
16. Independent, Feb. 17, 1991
17. Meer, “Past-Postscript,” op. cit.
18. Mandela aide, interview with author
19. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
20. Sowetan, Sept. 26, 1990
21. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 153
22. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
23. Guardian, May 22, 1990
24. Star, Sept. 20, 1990
25. Denis Herbstein, “IDAF: The History” (unpublished)
26. Amina Cachalia, interview with author, Aug. 29, 1996
27. Tambo Archive, Cullen Library, Witwatersrand University, C3121
28. TRC hearings, Jan. 23, 1998
29. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
30. See Chapter 37, pp. 539–40
31. Gilbey, op. cit., p. 272
32. Sowetan, March 30, 1992; Moegsien Williams, interview with author, Feb. 17, 1997; Mandela, comments on text
33. See Gilbey, op. cit., pp. 278–80
34. Fergal Keane, The Bondage of Fear: A Journey Through the Last White Empire, p. 217
35. Masekela, interview with author, Oct. 26, 1997
36. Meer, “Past-Postscript,” op. cit.
37. Sowetan, July 16, 1993
38. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Sept. 6, 1992
39. Suzman, interview with author, May 15, 1996
40. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Nov. 1, 1992
32 Negotiating
1. Suzman, interview with author, May 16, 1996
2. Mkhondo, op. cit., p. 3
3. Ellis, op. cit., p. 286
4. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 185
5. Long Walk, p. 626; video of Mandela’s 1990 visit to London (Mayibuye Centre)
6. Renwick, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
7. de Klerk, op. cit., pp. 365–7
8. Long Walk, p. 588; Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 241
9. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 238
10. Mac Maharaj, interview with author, July 1998; Maharaj, comments on text
11. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 154; de Klerk, op. cit., p. 220
12. Frene Ginwala, interview with author, Oct. 11, 1996; Albie Sachs, interview with author, July 21, 1996
13. See Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 191
14. de Klerk, letter to author, Dec. 1996
15. Pik Botha, see Mkhondo, op. cit., p. 12; de Klerk, op. cit., p. 224
16. Long Walk, p. 717
17. Ibid., p. 692
18. Nelson Mandela Speaks, pp. 164–5
19. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 239
20. Albie Sachs, interview with author, Feb. 27, 1998
21. TRC Report, Vol. 3, p. 698
22. Meer (ed.), The CODESA File, p. 109
23. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 181
24. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 242
25. Renwick, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
26. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 210
27. Ibid., p. 191
28. Meer (ed.), The CODESA File, pp. 108–9
29. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 245
30. TRC Report, Vol. 3, p. 144
31. Kasrils, interview with author, July 31, 1997; Mandela, comments on text
32. Star, Sept. 15, 1992; Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 205
33. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 224
34. Cyril Ramaphosa, conversation with author, June 28, 1996
35. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 250
36. Tim Du Plessis, interview with author, Feb. 26, 1998
37. Leon Wessels, interview with author, Feb. 27, 1998
38. Mandela, interview with Prof. Villa-Vicencio; see Cape Times, Aug. 1, 1992
39. BBC History Video
40. Maharaj, Mayibuye, Dec. 1997; Maharaj, interview with author, Nov. 21, 1998
41. Mandela, quoted in Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 41
42. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 215; Sparks, op. cit. p. 80
43. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 248
44. Waldmeir, op. cit., pp. 217–18; Maharaj, interview with author, Nov. 21, 1998; Maharaj, comments on text
45. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 252
46. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 218
47. Maharaj, interview with author, Nov. 21, 1998
48. Sparks, op. cit., p. 184
49. TRC report, Vol. 2, p. 708
50. Jeremy Cronin, conversation with author, Nov. 20, 1998
51. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 257
52. Mkhondo, op. cit., p. 163; Kasrils, interview with author, Feb. 12, 1997
53. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 230
54. Albie Sachs, interview with author, Feb. 27, 1998
55. Independent, Feb. 18, 1993
56. Long Walk, p. 727
57. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 274
58. Ibid., p. 276
59. Star, April 14, 1993
60. Mandela, speech, April 14, 1995
61. Long Walk, p. 731
62. Mandela, speech to British Parliament, May 5, 1993; Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 256; Anthony Sampson, Observer, May 9, 1993
63. Ottaway, op. cit., p. 249
64. Observer, April 24, 1994
65. The Times, May 6, 1993
66. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 261
67. Ibid., p. 220; Kane-Berman, op. cit., pp. 79–83
68. Mandela, comments on text
69. Nelson Mandela Speaks, p. 231
70. Independent, June 24, 1993
71. The Times, Oct. 21, 1993
72. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 227; Slabbert (reviewing Waldmeir), Sunday Independent, May 25, 1997
73. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 280
74. Mandela, speech to UN, Sept. 24, 1993
75. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 231
76. Ibid., p. 232
77. Ibid.
78. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, Feb. 16, 1997
79. Adam et al., Comrades in Business, p. 61
80. Vella Pillay, conversation with author, Jan. 7, 1999
81. Mail & Guardian, Nov. 6, 1998
82. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
83. Nadine Gordimer, letter to author, Dec. 19, 1993; de Klerk, op. cit., p. 299
84. de Klerk, letter to author, Dec. 1996
85. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 300
86. Marike de Klerk, op. cit., p. 200
87. Slovo, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
33 Election
1. Long Walk, p. 735
2. Carl Niehaus, interview with author, April 30, 1998
3. Citizen, March 21, 1994
4. Masekela, interview with author, Oct. 26, 1996
5. Buntman, op. cit., p. 127 (quoting SA Press Association, Sept. 27, 1996)
6. Mandela, comments on text
7. Albie Sachs, interview with author, July 21, 1996
8. Maharaj, in Mayibuye, Dec. 1997
9. Mandela, interview with Ken Owen, [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, May 1, 1994
10. Independent, April
29, 1994
11. Sunday Times, Dec. 19, 1993
12. Mandela, speech at Johannesburg City Hall, Feb. 20, 1998
13. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 330
14. Waldmeir, op. cit., p. 238
15. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1998
16. Star, Oct. 10, Nov. 24 and 26, 1993
17. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1998
18. Mandela, interview with Anthony Lewis, New York Times, March 23, 1997
19. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1998
20. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 311
21. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1998
22. Mandela, comments on text
23. Pik Botha, interview with author, Dec. 21, 1997; Mandela, comments on text
24. P. W. Botha, interview with author, March 2, 1998
25. Observer, Dec. 18, 1994; P. W. Botha, interview with author, March 2, 1998
26. Kasrils, interviews with author, Feb. 12, 1997, July 31, 1997
27. Mandela, comments on text; Star, April 25, 1994
28. Sparks, op. cit., p. 214
29. Sunday Times, March 13, 1994
30. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1998
31. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 315
32. Ibid., p. 318
33. Mandela, speech to Senate, Star, April 2, 1995
34. Mail & Guardian, June 9, 1995
35. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 322
36. Guardian, Dec. 9, 1997
37. Meredith, op. cit., p. 514
38. Sunday Times, April 10, 1994
39. Colin Coleman, interview with author, June 30, 1998
40. Ibid.
41. Kissinger, interview with Ivan Fallon, Star & S.A. Times, Nov. 13, 1996
42. Private information
43. Colin Coleman, interview with author, June 30, 1998
44. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 326
45. Thabo Mbeki, conversation with author, April 23, 1994
46. Author’s conversation with member of de Klerk’s election team, June 15, 1990
47. International Herald Tribune, April 16, 1994
48. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 301
49. New York Review of Books, Oct. 20, 1994
50. Star, April 25, 1994
51. Anant Singh, Countdown to Freedom (video, 1994)
52. Niehaus, interview with author, April 30, 1998
53. de Klerk, op. cit., p. 332
54. International Herald Tribune, April 16, 1994
55. Mandela, interview with author, April 28, 1994
56. TRC Report, Vol. 2, p. 662
57. Sisulu, interview with Houser and Shore, op. cit.
58. Long Walk, p. 743
59. [Johannesburg] Sunday Times, May 1, 1994; author’s conversation with member of de Klerk’s election team, June 15, 1990
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