Mandela

by Anthony Sampson

English)

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  This plain thatched rondavel, which still stands at the Great Place of Mqhekezweni, was the home of the young Mandela from the age of nine. It was in a remote part of the Transkei, scarcely touched by white intruders, but for Mandela it was the center of the world. (Illustrations credit ill.1)

  Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo, the acting regent of the Tembu people in the Transkei, was Mandela’s guardian for much of his youth, and his model for benign authority and chiefly style. (Illustrations credit ill.2)

  The nineteen-year-old Mandela was still a “country boy” whose aspirations remained in the Transkei: he was conscious of his aristocratic background, not particularly interested in politics, and, like his guardian, very clothes-conscious. (Illustrations credit ill.3)

  In 1944 Mandela was married in Johannesburg to Evelyn Mase, a nurse from the Transkei who was a cousin of his close friend Walter Sisulu. Not at all political, she was increasingly religious and became a Jehovah’s Witness. (Illustrations credit ill.4)

  From 1952 the law firm of Mandela & Tambo inhabited a picturesque old building, which still stands in downtown Johannesburg. It became the focus for black people’s rights and political activism. Tambo was the backroom lawyer, Mandela the more flamboyant pleader in court. (Illustrations credit ill.5)

  Black Johannesburg in the 1950s was bursting with creative energy, whether in music, writing, sport or dancing … (Illustrations credit ill.6)

  … but Mandela was now immersed in protests against the apartheid government, with colleagues (above) like Walter Sisulu (right foreground), J. B. Marks (center, with hat) and Ruth First (right background). In the Defiance Campaign of 1952 (below) he worked alongside both the conservative Dr. Moroka (left) and the communist Dr. Dadoo (right). (Illustrations credit ill.7)

  (Illustrations credit ill.8)

  Mandela sparred regularly with boxing champions like Jerry Moloi—not just to keep fit, but as training in self-discipline and control, which had their own relevance to political leadership. (Illustrations credit ill.9)

  The accused in the Treason Trial (below), which began in 1957, came from all races and were brought closer by the ordeal. They included most prominent African politicians, including Sisulu (top row, third from right), Duma Nokwe (second row from top, smiling, in the center) and Mandela (center). Among the many white accused were Rusty Bernstein (front row, third from left) and Helen Joseph (second row, left). (Illustrations credit ill.10)

  Mandela’s wedding to his second wife, Winnie, in 1958 was attended by a few close friends, including the communist writer Michael Harmel (left) and Ruth Mompati (next to Mandela), Mandela’s secretary, who later became Ambassador to Switzerland. (Illustrations credit ill.11)

  LEFT: Winnie, Mandela and their second daughter, Zindzi, photographed in 1961. (Illustrations credit ill.12)

  RIGHT: Mandela, at the Treason Trial in 1958, had a short-lived triumph when the prosecution briefly withdrew its indictment. He was known as the best-dressed man in the trial; but his close colleagues increasingly saw him as a serious leader and thinker. (Illustrations credit ill.13)

  When Mandela burned his pass-book in the turmoil after the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, he hoped to initiate a mass pass-burning campaign. But the government soon clamped down on all protests, and banned the African National Congress for thirty years. (Illustrations credit ill.14)

  In 1962 Mandela toured Africa to gain support for the ANC’s guerrilla army. At a conference in Ethiopia he was joined by his exiled colleague Oliver Tambo. (Illustrations credit ill.15)

  At the military headquarters in Algeria, where the bitter civil war was ending, Mandela and his colleague Robert Resha (second from left) met revolutionary leaders and received advice about guerrilla warfare. (Illustrations credit ill.16)

  Mandela spent ten days in London in June 1962; his friend Mary Benson took his picture outside Westminster Abbey. Many well-wishers warned him not to return to South Africa, where he would almost certainly be caught by the police. (Illustrations credit ill.17)

  OPPOSITE: Eight men were sentenced to life imprisonment at the Rivonia trial in 1964. Six were Africans. Top row: Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba. Bottom row: Elias Motsoaledi, Andew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada (the one Indian), Dennis Goldberg (who was imprisoned separately in a white jail in Pretoria). (Illustrations credit ill.18)

 
; ABOVE: Mandela’s mother came to Pretoria in 1964 for her son’s trial, and watched him being sentenced to life imprisonment. Four years afterward she visited him on Robben Island, and died a few weeks later. (Illustrations credit ill.19)

  Two photographs taken on Robben Island in 1965 provided virtually the only images of the Rivonia prisoners for almost three decades. For the first, the prisoners in the second row in the courtyard were put to sewing clothes instead of breaking stones. Mandela has been identified as fifth from the left in the second row, Ahmed Kathrada is seventh, Govan Mbeki eighth, Walter Sisulu eleventh. Soon afterward they were put back to stone-breaking. The second photograph shows Mandela and Sisulu talking together in the prison courtyard. (Illustrations credit ill.20)

  (Illustrations credit ill.21)

  Kaiser (K.D.) Matanzima (in blazer), Mandela’s nephew and earlier his hero, became leader of the “independent” Transkei while Mandela was on Robben Island. He visited Winnie in Soweto. Mandela’s son Makgatho is on the right. (Illustrations credit ill.22)

  Mandela (left) was working in the garden on Robben Island in 1977 with the Namibian leader Toivo ja Toivo (center) and Justice Mpanza (right) when they were photographed against their will while visiting journalists were being escorted around the prison. (Illustrations credit ill.23)

  With Mandela out of sight in jail, the varied images from his past became more powerful: whether the handsome man-about-town with his glamorous young wife, Winnie; the bearded “Black Pimpernel” emerging from underground; or the Xhosa prince appearing in tribal regalia for his trial in 1962. (Illustrations credit ill.24)

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  (Illustrations credit ill.26)

  The larger-than-life bust on London’s South Bank, unveiled by Oliver Tambo in 1985, showed a thick-set, heroic Mandela, in keeping with his superhuman mythology. (Illustrations credit ill.27)