Mourning Lincoln

by Martha Hodes

  Emotion

  On the history of emotion, see Susan J. Matt and Peter N. Stearns, eds., Doing Emotions History (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2014); Nicole Eustace et al., “AHR Conversation: The Historical Study of Emotions,” American Historical Review 117 (2012), 1487–1531; Ruth Leys, “The Turn to Affect: A Critique,” Critical Inquiry 37 (2011), 434–72; William E. Connolly, “The Complexity of Intention,” Critical Inquiry 37 (2011), 791–98; Ruth Leys, “Affect and Intention: A Reply to William E. Connolly,” Critical Inquiry 37 (2011), 799–805; Nicole Eustace, Passion Is the Gale: Emotion, Power, and the Coming of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Martha Tomhave Blauvelt, The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007); Andrew R. L. Cayton, “Insufficient Woe: Sense and Sensibility in Writing Nineteenth-Century History,” Reviews in American History 31 (2003), 331–41; Barbara H. Rosenwein, “Worrying about Emotions in History,” American Historical Review 107 (2002), 821–45; William M. Reddy, The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis, An Emotional History of the United States (New York: New York University Press, 1998); and Carol Zisowitz Stearns and Peter N. Stearns, Anger: The Struggle for Emotional Control in America’s History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). On homesickness, see David Anderson, “Dying of Nostalgia: Homesickness in the Union Army during the Civil War,” Civil War History 56 (2010), 247–82; Frances Clarke, “So Lonesome I Could Die: Nostalgia and Debates over Emotional Control in the Civil War North,” Journal of Social History 41 (2007), 253–82; and Susan J. Matt, “You Can’t Go Home Again: Homesickness and Nostalgia in U.S. History,” Journal of American History 94 (2007), 469–97.

  Reconstruction

  On Reconstruction, see especially Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988); see also the books under “Civil War,” above. And see Douglas R. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America’s Most Progressive Era (New York: Bloomsbury, 2014); Carole Emberton, Beyond Redemption: Race, Violence, and the American South after the Civil War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013); Hugh Davis, “We Will Be Satisfied with Nothing Less”: The African American Struggle for Equal Rights in the North during Reconstruction (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2011); Hannah Rosen, Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); Charles Lane, The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction (New York: Henry Holt, 2008); Michael W. Fitzgerald, Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South (Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 2007); Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction after the Civil War, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Julie Saville, The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Labor in South Carolina, 1860–1870 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dan T. Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865–1867 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985); George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984); James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982); Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979); Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971); and W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (1935; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1998). On Andrew Johnson, see Paul H. Bergeron, Andrew Johnson’s Civil War and Reconstruction (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2011); Annette Gordon-Reed, Andrew Johnson (New York: Henry Holt, 2011); Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989); Paul C. Brownlow, “The Northern Protestant Pulpit and Andrew Johnson,” Southern Speech Communication Journal 39 (1974), 248–59; and Eric L. Mc-Kitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). On the 1876 World’s Fair, see Bruno Giberti, Designing the Centennial: A History of the 1876 International Exhibition in Philadelphia (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002); and Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). On the railroad strike of 1877, see Michael A. Bellesiles, 1877: America’s Year of Living Violently (New York: New Press, 2010).

  Post-Reconstruction

  On the nation after Reconstruction, see Amy Louise Wood, Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); Crystal N. Feimster, Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009); Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Doubleday, 2008); Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998); Tera W. Hunter, To ‘Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997); Alex Lichtenstein, Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South (New York: Verso, 1996); Matthew J. Mancini, One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996); David M. Oshinsky, “Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York: Free Press, 1996); Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); and C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955; reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). For counterfactuals, see James L. Huston, “Reconstruction as It Should Have Been: An Exercise in Counterfactual History,” Civil War History 51 (2005), 358–63; Roger L. Ransom, “Reconstructing Reconstruction: Options and Limitations to Federal Policies on Land Distribution in 1866–67,” Civil War History 51 (2005), 364–77; Heather Cox Richardson, “A Marshall Plan for the South?: The Failure of Republican and Democratic Ideology during Reconstruction,” Civil War History 51 (2005), 378–87; William Blair, “The Use of Military Force to Protect the Gains of Reconstruction,” Civil War History 51 (2005), 388–402; James L. Huston, “An Alternative to the Tragic Era: Applying the Virtues of Bureaucracy to the Reconstruction Dilemma,” Civil War History 51 (2005), 403–15; Michael Vorenberg, “Imagining a Different Reconstruction Constitution,” Civil War History 51 (2005), 416–26; Robert F. Engs, “The Missing Catalyst: In Response to Essays on Reconstructions That Might Have Been,” Civil War History 51 (2005), 427–31; C. Vann Woodward, “Reconstruction: A Counterfactual Playback,” in Woodward, The Future of the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 183–200; and LaWanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981).

 
; Memory and Legacies

  On memories of the Civil War, see especially David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001). And see Caroline E. Janney, Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013); Caroline E. Janney, Burying the Dead but Not the Past: Ladies’ Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Mitch Kachun, Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003); David Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002); and Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993). On the 1930s interviews with former slaves, see John Barr, “African American Memory and the Great Emancipator,” in Lincoln’s Enduring Legacy: Perspectives from Great Thinkers, Great Leaders, and the American Experiment, ed. Robert P. Watson et al. (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Little-field, 2010), 133–64.

  Individuals

  On Henry Ward Beecher, see Debby Applegate, The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher (New York: Doubleday, 2006); and William G. McLoughlin, The Meaning of Henry Ward Beecher: An Essay on the Shifting Values of Mid-Victorian America, 1840–1870 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970). On Emilie Davis, see “Emilie: Memorable Days—The Emilie Davis Diaries,” davisdiaries.villanova.edu; Judith Giesberg, ed., Emilie Davis’s Civil War: The Diaries of a Free Black Woman in Philadelphia, 1863–1865 (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2014); and Karsonya Wise Whitehead, Notes from a Colored Girl: The Civil War Pocket Diaries of Emilie Frances Davis (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2014). On Jefferson Davis, see William J. Cooper Jr., Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000); William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: Harper-Collins, 1991); Mark E. Neely Jr., Harold Holzer, Gabor S. Boritt, The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Chester D. Bradley, “Was Jefferson Davis Disguised as a Woman When Captured?” Journal of Mississippi History 36 (1974), 243–68; and David M. Potter, “Jefferson Davis and the Political Factors in Confederate Defeat,” in Why the North Won the Civil War, ed. David Herbert Donald (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1960), 91–114. On Frederick Douglass, see especially David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: A Life (Simon and Schuster, forthcoming). And see James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007); William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); and David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). On William Benjamin Gould, see Christopher Hager, Word by Word: Emancipation and the Act of Writing (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013); and William Benjamin Gould, Diary of a Contraband: The Civil War Passage of a Black Sailor, ed. William B. Gould IV (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2002), and “Diary of a Contraband,” goulddiary.stanford.edu. On Robert E. Lee, see Joseph T. Glatthaar, “Robert E. Lee, the Army of Northern Virginia, and Confederate Surrender,” in How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender, ed. Holger Afflerbach and Hew Strachan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 239–52; Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); and Alan T. Nolan, Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991). On Mary Lincoln, see Catherine Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2009); Catherine Clinton, “Wife versus Widow: Clashing Perspectives on Mary Lincoln’s Legacy,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 28 (Winter 2007), 1–19; Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987); and Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: International Publishing, 1987). On Edmund Ruffin, see David F. Allmendinger Jr., Ruffin: Family and Reform in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). On Walt Whitman, see Donald D. Kummings, A Companion to Walt Whitman (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2006); Helen Vendler, “Poetry and the Mediation of Value: Whitman on Lincoln,” Michigan Quarterly Review 39 (2000), 1–18; Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); and R. W. French, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” in Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland, 1998); both the poem and French’s analysis are available at “The Walt Whitman Archive,” ed. Ed Folsom and Kenneth M. Price, whitmanarchive.org.

  Sarah and Albert Browne and Rodney Dorman

  On Salem, Massachusetts, during the Civil War, see D. Hamilton Hurd, History of Essex County, Massachusetts, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis, 1888), 200–208; and T. J. Hutchinson and Ralph Childs, Patriots of Salem (Salem: T. J. Hutchinson, 1877). On abolitionism in Salem, see Laura Rundell and Emily A. Murphy, “African American Heritage Sites in Salem: A Guide to Salem’s History” (1998; rev. ed., Salem Maritime National Historical Site, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2008), nps.gov/sama/history culture/upload/SalemAfAmsitessm.pdf; Julie Roy Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); and Shirley J. Yee, Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828–1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992). On the Brownes’ church, see The First Centenary of the North Church and Society, in Salem, Massachusetts (Salem, Mass.: North Church, 1873). On Florida and Jacksonville in the Civil War era, see Larry Eugene Rivers, Rebels and Runaways: Slave Resistance in Nineteenth-Century Florida (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012); Daniel L. Schafer, Thunder on the River: The Civil War in Northeast Florida (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010); Calvin L. Robinson, A Yankee in a Confederate Town: The Journal of Calvin L. Robinson, ed. Anne Robinson Clancy (Sarasota, Fla.: Pineapple Press, 2002); Lewis N. Wynne and Robert Taylor, Florida in the Civil War (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2002); Larry Eugene Rivers, Slavery in Florida: Territorial Days to Emancipation (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000); Daniel L. Schafer, “‘A Class of People Neither Freemen nor Slaves’: From Spanish to American Race Relations in Florida, 1821–1861,” Journal of Social History 26 (1993), 587–609; Richard A. Martin and Daniel L. Schafer, Jacksonville’s Ordeal by Fire: A Civil War History (Jacksonville: Florida Publishing, 1984); Joe M. Richardson, “Florida Black Codes,” Florida Historical Quarterly 47 (1969), 365–79; Russell Garvin, “The Free Negro in Florida before the Civil War,” Florida Historical Quarterly 46 (1967), 1–17; and Thelma Bates, “The Legal Status of the Negro in Florida,” Florida Historical Quarterly 6 (1928), 159–81. On the March 1863 expedition, see especially Stephen V. Ash, Firebrand of Liberty: The Story of Two Black Regiments That Changed the Course of the Civil War (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).

  Method

  On diaries and diary keeping, see Christine Nelson, “Writing for an Imagined Audience,” Room for Debate, New York Times, November 26, 2012, nytimes.com/room fordebate/2012/11/25/will-diaries-be-published-in-2050/digital-and-paper-diaries-are-writ ten-for-an-imagined-audience; “The Diary: Three Centuries of Private Lives,” Morgan Library and Museum exhibition, New York, January 21–May 22, 2011, themorgan.org/exhibitions/exhibition.asp?id=42; Alexandra Johnson, A Brief History of Diaries: From Pepys to Blogs (London: Hesperus, 2011); Molly McCarthy, “A Pocketful of Days: Pocket Diaries and Daily Record Keeping among Nineteenth-Century New England Women,” New England Quarterly 73 (2000), 274–96; Cinthia Gannett, Gender and the Journal: Diaries and Academic Discourse (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990); Mar
go Culley, A Day at a Time: The Diary Literature of American Women Writers from 1764 to the Present (New York: Feminist Press, 1985); and Thomas Mallon, A Book of One’s Own: People and Their Diaries (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1984). On letters and letter writing, see Konstantin Dierks, In My Power: Letter Writing and Communications in Early America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009); Thomas Mallon, Yours Ever: People and Their Letters (New York: Random House, 2009); and Nigel Hall, “The Materiality of Letter Writing: A Nineteenth-Century Perspective,” in Letter Writing as a Social Practice, ed. David Barton and Nigel Hall (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000), 83–108. On literacy, see Christopher Hager, Word by Word: Emancipation and the Act of Writing (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013); and Edward E. Gordon and Elaine H. Gordon, Literacy in America: Historic Journey and Contemporary Solutions (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003).