Heretic Queen
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Sea Beggars
Sebastian, King of Portugal
secret service
Segovia Woods letters
Seizure of Alba’s Pay Ships
self-flagellation
Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford
Seymour, Edward, Viscount Beauchamp
Seymour, Thomas
Shakespeare, William
Sherwin, Ralph
shipping
Shrewsbury, Countess of. See Bess of Hardwick
Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of
Sicily
Sidney, Henry
Sidney, Philip
Sigismund-Augustus II
Sir Thomas More (Shakespeare)
Sixtus V, Pope
Skerres, Nicholas
Sledd, Charles
Smith, Thomas
Smithfield Market
Soper Lane
Southwell, Richard
Southwell, Robert
Spanish Armada
Spanish Embassy (London)
Spinola, Benedict
Stafford, Edward
Stanihurst, Richard
Stanley, Ferdinando
Stanley, William
Stanley Plot
States-General of the Netherlands
Stewart, James, Earl of Arran
Stewart, James, 1st Earl of Moray. See Moray, James Stewart, 1st Earl of
Stewart, John, Earl of Atholl
Stewart, Matthew, 4th Earl of Lennox
Stuart, Arbella
Stuart, Charles, 5th Earl of Lennox
Stuart, Esmé, 6th Seigneur d’ Aubigny
Stukeley, Thomas
superstitions
Sweden
Swiss Guard
“Tamburlaine”
theatre
Throckmorton, Elizabeth
Throckmorton, Francis
Throckmorton, Nicholas
enters Condé’s service
Mary Stuart and
recall from Paris
urges English intervention in France
Throckmorton Plot
casket letters
uncovering by informants
Tichborne, Nicholas
Tilney, Charles
Tilney, Edmund
Titchborne, Chidiock
Topcliffe, Richard
Tordesillas, Treaty of
Tower of London
“traitor”
Treason Acts
Tregian, Francis
Tremayne, Richard
Tresham, Thomas
Tumult of Amboise
Turner, Peter
Tutbury Castle
Twelfth Night (Shakespeare)
Tyler, Wat
Tyndale, William
Tyrrell, Anthony
Udall, John
Ulster
“Vale of Tears” (Southwell)
Valladolid
Vandenesse, Jeann
van Loo, Albert
Vargas, Francisco de
Vaughan, Stephen
Vautrollier, Thomas
Vaux, Anne
Vaux, William, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden
Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare)
Verstegan, Richard
Vervins, Treaty of
Vesalius, Andreas
Vestments Controversy
Viglius
Waad, Armagil
Waldegrave, Robert
Walsingham, Francis
ambassador at French court
death of
Dutch Revolt
espionage and intelligence gathering
Grindal and
marriage treaties
Mary’s trial and
military alliance with France
plots against Elizabeth
Protestant League and
Ridolfi and
St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre
threat of recusancy
Walsingham, Thomas
Ward, Margaret
Warwick, Robert Dudley, 3rd Earl of
Welsh, James
Wentworth, Paul
Wentworth, Peter
Westminster Abbey
Weston, William
White, John
Whitgift, John
Wilcox, Thomas
William and Mary
William of Orange (William I, Prince of Orange)
Alba’s offensiven
armed resistance
assassination of
Francis of Anjou and Elizabeth
marriage to Anna
opposition to Philip II
religious outlook
Williams, Walter
Wilson, Thomas
Winter, William
Wolf, John
womanhood
Wotton, Edward
Wotton, Henry
Wriothesley, Henry
Wroth, Thomas
Wyatt, Thomas
Wyatt Rebellion
xenophobia
Yelverton, Edward
Young, Richard
Zúñiga, Baltasar de
Zúñiga y Requesens, Juan de
Zúñiga y Requesens, Luis de
William Cecil, First Lord Burghley, painted around 1585. He was the longest serving and most trusted adviser to Queen Elizabeth.
Robert Cecil, the younger son of William Cecil, was his father’s chosen heir. Constantly at loggerheads with the Queen’s later favorites, Raleigh and Essex, he forged the succession of James VI of Scotland to Elizabeth’s throne.
Sir Francis Walsingham came to the fore as Elizabeth’s Principal Secretary, having honed his skills on the Continent as an emissary and ambassador in the 1560s. His network of informants became crucial in the unmasking of Fifth Columnists in the “wars of religion.”
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was Elizabeth’s trusted friend and greatest love. When she died, a letter from Leicester was found at her bedside, marked “his last letter.”
Catherine de Medici was the single greatest influence in France during the reigns of her three sons Francis (François) II, Charles IX, and Henry (Henri) III.
Mary, Queen of Scots, queen of Scotland since the age of one week, grew up in the French Court, destined to marry the sickly Francis II. Upon his death, she determined that she would return to Scotland and vie for Elizabeth’s throne.
The Duke of Alba (pictured at the right) instituted a Spanish-style Inquisition in the Netherlands known as the “Council of Troubles” to the Spaniards and the “Council of Blood” to the Netherlanders.
Philip II of Spain, once Queen Mary I’s king consort, never ceased to try to return England to the Roman Catholic faith by whatever means were expedient until his death in 1598. He was often called “holier than the Pope” in his desire to save Catholicism from the Protestant threat.
Margaret, Duchess of Parma, Philip II’s half-sister, was launched into the troubled Netherlands as its governor on behalf Philip II. She was respected, but, in the end, ineffectual in stopping the bloodshed.
Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and son of Margaret, eventually became governor of the Netherlands himself, and ruled more fairly than the Duke of Alba, but by then the Eighty Years’ War with Spain was already in its second decade.
Hercule-François de France, Duke of Alençon, the youngest of Catherine de Medici’s sons was betrothed to Queen Elizabeth I and led an army on behalf of England into the Netherlands to help liberate them from Spanish oppression.
King Henry (Henri) III of France had also been engaged to Elizabeth I when he was the Duke of Alençon. Known for a degenerate court that wavered on religious matters, he would be assassinated nine months after he had ordered the murder of Henry (Henri) de Guise.
Henry (Henri) I (1549–88) de Lorraine, also known as Henry (Henri) de Guise, was related to Mary Queen of Scots and the leader of the powerful Guise family who stood in frequent opposition to the French Crown.
Gaspard II de Chatillon, also known as Admiral Coligny, was the leader of the Huguenot op
position. His murder unleashed the bloodbath on St. Bartholomew’s Day in 1572.
Edmund Campion, the eloquent Jesuit divine, had once been a champion of the Elizabethan settlement and a protégé of the earl of Leicester.
Robert Persons was the administrative leader of the Campion Jesuit mission to England, escaping back to Rome then Spain. He is one of the suspected authors of the virulent attack on the Earl of Leicester in Leicester’s Commonwealth.
Henry Garnett headed up the Jesuit mission to England after Robert Persons and Edmund Campion, staying in hiding for several years.
Robert Southwell was the Puritan divine gentleman whose gift for prose was admired by all.
Edward Dering was the Puritan divine who dared to compare Elizabeth’s Church to a decaying state to her during her private devotions.
Thomas Cartwright was the Puritan divine who was deprived of his status by William Cecil. Cartwright eventually went into exile, writing scathing pamphlets and tracts against the Elizabethan Settlement.
John Rogers was the prebendary of St. Paul’s in London and the first Protestant martyr burnt at the stake by Queen Mary I, Elizabeth’s half-sister.
This is the gruesome image of the execution of Edmund Campion, Alexander Briant, and Ralph Sherwin that was sold to the general public to commemorate the event.
Edmund Grindal was the moderate Archbishop of Canterbury who refused to allow the Elizabethan Settlement to overshadow his view of the Anglican Church.
John Knox, the Presbyterian Scottish religious leader, who was intimately involved in plots against Mary whilst queen regnant of Scotland.
Pope Pius V doggedly hounded Elizabeth and England to return to the Catholic fold, setting myriad plots and traps internationally, and failing miserably.
Pope Gregory XIII who decided to excommunicate Elizabeth without consulting Philip II of Spain or any other Catholic leader, pinning the document demanding her assassination “Regnans in Excelsis” to the door of Lambeth Palace in London.
King James I of England and VI of Scotland, son of Mary Queen of Scots, at the height of his powers as king of both countries.
Sir Walter Raleigh as painted in miniature for Queen Elizabeth. Her nickname for him was “Water,” and she would frequently mimic a person dying of thirst when he came into her presence.
Robert Devereux, Second Earl of Essex, as he looked just before going to Ireland to head Elizabeth’s army of occupation there.
English ships and the Spanish Armada battling in the English Channel, presumed to be off the coast of the Isle of Wight.
This is one of eleven charts showing the track of the Spanish Armada around Britain made contemporaneously with the attempted invasion of England.
The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a watershed in Europe between Catholics and Protestants. It encompassed in a single week all the hatred, intolerance, and bloodshed that had been rife for decades throughout the northern European countries.
Henry (Henri) of Navarre, later Henry (Henri) IV of France was the Protestant heir to the French throne. Despite becoming king, the only way he could unite his country was to famously convert to Catholicism, insisting that “Paris is worth a Mass.”
This image is widely believed to be the young Christopher Marlowe from his days at Cambridge. Marlowe worked as a counterfeiter and spy.
Queen Elizabeth I: These four images of Elizabeth show the evolution in her iconography from the young Virgin Queen at her coronation to the mature queen and the all powerful Gloriania.
ALSO BY SUSAN RONALD
The Pirate Queen: Queen Elizabeth I, Her Pirate Adventurers, and the Dawn of Empire
The Sancy Blood Diamond: Power, Greed and the Cursed History of One of the World’s Most Coveted Gems
(as Susan Balerdi)
France: The Crossroads of Europe
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
SUSAN RONALD was born and raised in the United States, but has lived in England for more than twenty-five years. She is the author of The Pirate Queen, The Sancy Blood Diamond, and France: Crossroads of Europe. Ronald owns a film production company and is a screenwriter and film producer. Visit her online at www.susanronald.com.
HERETIC QUEEN. Copyright © 2012 by Susan Ronald. All rights reserved. For information, address St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
www.stmartins.com
Cover design by Lisa Pompilio
The Library of Congress has catalogued the print edition as follows:
Ronald, Susan.
Heretic queen : Queen Elizabeth I and the wars of religion / Susan Ronald.—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-64538-0 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-250-01521-1 (e-book)
1. Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533–1603—Religion. 2. Reformation—England. 3. England—Church history—16th century. 4. Great Britain—History—Elizabeth, 1558–1603. I. Title.
DA356.R577 2012
942.05'5092—dc23 2012010248
e-ISBN 9781250015211
First Edition: August 2012
* In the fifteenth century, those people who brought the fagots to the heretics’ fires were granted forty days of pardon from the fires of purgatory by the Roman Catholic Church. Burning at the stake for heresy was first instituted in 1401.
* Nicholas Bacon was by now Elizabeth’s Lord Privy Seal.