The Story of Psychology
Page 100
102. Igor Aleksander, in Linda Murray and John Richardson, 1989:48.
103. Lackner and Garrett, 1973.
104. Rumelhart, 1989.
105. Ibid.:135–136.
106. Thagard, 2005, chap.7.
107. McClelland, Rumelhart, and Hinton, in Rumelhart, McClelland, and the PDP Research Group, 1986, vol. 1:11.
108. Rumelhart, Hinton, and McClelland, in Rumelhart, McClelland, and the PDP Research Group, 1986, vol. 1:49.
109. James McClelland and David Rumelhart, 1981.
110. Mary C. Potter, in Osherson and Smith, 1990:14.
111. Crick and Koch, 1990b.
112. Churchland and Churchland, 1990.
113. Ramachandran and Blakeslee, 1998.
114. Gazzaniga et al., 2002:21.
Notes
CHAPTER 17
1. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–2007 ed.
2. Ibid.
3. National Institute of Mental Health, 1990:253.
4. Olfson, et al., 2002. For in-patient episodes, National Institute of Mental Health, 1990:3. For one out of three total: ibid.
5. Olfson, et al., 2002; National Institute of Mental Health, 1990:200; Goode, 2002.
6. Olfson et al., 2002; Goode, 2002.
7. National Science Foundation, Institute of Mental Health, 1990:206; National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources, Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, 2004, table 2; and data provided directly by National Association of Social Workers, American Mental Health Counselors Association, and American Association of Pastoral Counselors.
8. Data provided by Amer. Psychiatric Assn.; Natl. Assoc. of Social Workers; American Mental Health Counselors Assoc., and American Association for Pastoral Counselors.
9. Natl. Assoc. of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Inst., 2002, online.
10. Quoted in Gilgen, 1982:167–168.
11. Ibid.:168.
12. Torrey, 1986; Trotter, 1991.
13. New York Times, op-ed page, February 26, 2006.
14. Szasz, 1961.
15. Zilbergeld, 1986.
16. SAMHSA, [2006], online: http://www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/features/surgeon-generalreport/chapter4/sec3_2.asp.
17. Schachter, 1980.
18. Goleman, 1989.
19. Rapaport, 1989; 2006 data: Medline Plus, online: “Medical Encyclopedia: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.”
20. Alexander and Selesnik, 1966:217.
21. Hilgard, 1987:633.
22. Gilgen, 1982:66–67.
23. “Psychoanalysis,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1960 edition; M. Hunt, 1957.
24. B. Bornstein, 1949.
25. Quoted in Reuben Fine, “Search for Love,” in Burton, 1972.
26. Freud, “Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1910), S.E., XI; Bibring, 1954; Hinsie and Campbell, 1970:608; Wallerstein, 1989.
27. Reuben Fine, “Search for Love,” in Burton, 1972.
28. Quoted in Hunt, 1957.
29. Personal impressions formed over four decades. —M.H.
30. Burton, 1972:3–22, 312–316.
31. See, for instance, Henry, Sims, and Spray, 1973.
32. Gabbard, 1990.
33. Fischer: quoted in M. Hunt, 1987. APA data: APA Directory Survey, 1990.
34. Quoted in May 21, 2002, program of Lichtenstein Creative Media (online at LCM@LCMedia.com).
35. Ibid.
36. Personal communication; Ms. Hunt, an eclectic in methodology, is the wife of the author of this book.
37. Sobel, 1982.
38. Hirschfeld and Shea, 1989.
39. Sifneos, 1987:79–80.
40. “Therapy FAQ by Toronto psychotherapist Beth Mares,” 2006 (online); slightly higher figures were given by Jarrett and Rush, 1986:29; and by Goldfried, Greenberg, and Mannar, 1990.
41. Kenneth I. Howard, Northwestern University, cited in Goleman, 1988b.
42. Bloom, 2001.
43. On psychologists: 1990 APA Directory Survey. On clinical social workers: National Association of Social Workers, personal communication. On psychiatrists: Parloff, 1984. On eclectics: Norcross, Prochaska, and Gallagher, 1989.
44. The Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration now has seven hundred members and publishes the Journal of Psychotherapy Integration.
45. M. Hunt; 1952b.
46. M. Hunt, 1967.
47. Wolpe, 1958:71.
48. Coan, 1979:98, 101.
49. Quoted in M. Hunt, 1967.
50. Abridged from Wolpe, 1958:146–147.
51. Wolpe, 1969:86.
52. Morse and Watson, 1977:273.
53. M. Hunt, 1967.
54. Masters and Johnson, 1970.
55. J. van Lankfeld et al., 2001; AASECT, personal communication.
56. Kushner, 1970.
57. Feldman and MacCulloch, cited in Korchin, 1975:345.
58. Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, 2002, “Aversive Therapy.”
59. Ibid., “Assertiveness Training”; Burke, 1989:136–139.
60. Bandura, 1971; Bandura, 1997:93, 398.
61. Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter, 1969.
62. Joseph D. Matarazzo, in Kimble and Schlesinger, 1985:244–245; S. Jordan et al., 2003; Gale Encyclopedia, “Token Economy System.”
63. Enchiridion.
64. A. Ellis, 1991b:14.
65. Burke, 1989:336–351.
66. A. Ellis, 1989:8.
67. A. Ellis, 1991d.
68. A. Ellis, 1983.
69. Biographical details from A. Ellis, 1991d, and Warga, 1988.
70. A. Ellis, 1991d.
71. Warga, 1988.
72. A. Ellis, 1975.
73. Ibid.
74. A. Ellis, 1982.
75. A. Ellis, 1991b:24–26.
76. A. Ellis, 1991c.
77. D. Smith, 1982; Heesacker, Heppner, and Rogers, 1982.
78. American Psychologist, April 1986, v. 41:380.
79. APA Convention 2002: www.fenichel.com/behavior.shtml.
80. Diffily, 1991.
81. Beck, Rush, et at., 1979, preface (unpaged).
82. Ibid.
83. Beck, 1976:76.
84. Crits-Christoph, 2006.
85. Beck, 1979:10.
86. Beck, 1967, 1976.
87. Beck 1979:155–156.
88. Ibid.:217–219.
89. D. Smith, 1982.
90. American Psychologist, April 1990:458.
91. J. Beck, 2005:15–16; J. Beck, personal communication.
92. On CT: J. Beck, personal communication; J. Beck and P. Bieling, 2006. On CBT: J. Arehart-Treichel, 2006.
93. A. Beck, 2005:953.
94. A. Beck, introduction to J. Beck, 2005:viii.
95. Ibid.
96. Parloff, personal communication; Kazdin, 1988, cited in Kazdin, 1990; Crits-Christoph, personal communication.
97. Norcross, Prochaska, and Gallagher, 1989.
98. Rogers, 1951:23.
99. Rogers, 1947.
100. Quoted in Bozarth, 1990.
101. Gilgen, 1982:181; Burke, 1989:73.
102. Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:528.
103. Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman, 1951.
104. Berne, 1964; T. Harris, 1969.
105. International Society for Interpersonal Psychotherapy Web page.
106. Gilgen, 1982:189.
107. Amer. Group Psychotherapy Assoc., personal communication.
108. Napier, 2000; Johnson, 2003.
109. Fishman and Fishman, 2003.
110. Amer. Assoc. for Marriage and Family Therapy Web page.
111. Eysenck 1952.
112. Eysenck, 1980:165.
113. Summarized in Reisman, 1976:352.
114. Luborsky, Singer, and Luborsky, 1975.
115. Parloff et al., 1978.
116. M. L. Smith, Glass, and Miller, 1980:87.
117. Luborsky, McLellan, et al., 1985.
118. Gerrig and Z
imbardo, 2005:537; A. Beck, 2005:956; Crits-Christoph, personal communication; JAMA, June 28, 2006.
119. Goldapple, 2004; Judith Beck, personal communication.
120. P. Nathan and J. Gorman, 2002:643, 651.
121. Crits-Christoph, personal communication.
CHAPTER 18
1. Hilgard, 1987:705–706.
2. Nichols, 1997.
3. Herrmann et al., 2006:203.
4. Childress, 1999.
5. Donald Norman, personal communication.
6. APA Practice Directorate, 1991a.
7. Niaura et al., 2002; Rodin and Salovey, 1989.
8. Holahan et al., 1997; Kuijer et al., 2000; D. Russell and Cutrona, 1991.
9. Yesavage and Sheikh, 1988; Herrmann et al., 2006:69; Davis et al., 2005.
10. L. Saxe and M. Fine, 1981:14.
11. Lazar and Darlington, 1982.
12. Zigler and Styfco, 1994:129.
13. Hilgard, 1987:719–721.
14. M. Hunt, 1952a.
15. W. Gregory and W. Burroughs, 1989:56–61.
16. Jewell and Siegall, 1990:238–239.
17. Tractinsky, 1997; Tractinsky et al., 2000.
18. Norman, 2004:19.
19. O. Newman, 1972.
20. Giovannini, 2000; Sundstrom, Burt, and Kamp, 1980.
21. Gladwell, 2000.
22. Baum and Davis, 1980.
23. Druckman and Swets, 1988; Druckman and Bjork, 1991.
24. Druckman and Bjork, 1991:30.
25. Druckman and Swets, 1988:70; Druckman and Bjork, 1991:204–210.
26. Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:29.
27. Jewell and Siegall, 1990:239.
28. Dave Nershi, executive director, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
29. Baron et al., 2006:538.
30. Jean B. Lapointe, quoted in K. Murphy and Saal, 1990:7.
31. Jewell and Siegall, 1990:251, 259–260; Smither, 1988:323, 325.
32. Baron et al., 2006:541–542
33. Arvey et al., 1989, cited in Baron et al., 2006:541–542.
34. Gregory and Burroughs, 1989:98, adjusted to 2006 dollar values.
35. Ibid.
36. Harrison Gough, personal communication (in 1992) about the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, Berkeley, CA.
37. Dixon, 1988.
38. Bray, 1982; Bray and Byham, 1991.
39. Bray, 1982.
40. Hollenbeck, 1990; Byham, 1986; Bray and Byham, 1991.
41. Advantage Hiring Newsletter, January 2002 (www.advantagehiring.com/newsletter/0102/AssessmentCenters.htm); APA online, 2006.
42. See any of hundreds of commercial Web pages in Google (2007) under “employee testing” and “assessment centers.”
43. Miner, 2004–2005.
44. Carter, 2005.
45. Gottesman, 1981; Turkheimer and Gottesman, 1991.
46. M. Hunt, 1971.
47. For charges against the SAT, see Wise, 2002, and others. The rebuttal: personal communication from Caren Scoropanos, Public Affairs, of the College Board.
48. Wigdor, 1990; see also National Research Council, 1989.
49. Wigdor, 1990.
50. E.g., Gottfredson, 1991, 1994.
51. National Research Council, 1989:261.
52. M. Hunt, 1999:95.
53. New York Times, op-ed page, July 2, 2006.
54. See, for instance, University of Wisconsin news release on www.uwsp.edu/news/ pr/scEmployeeTheft.htm.
55. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1990:1–2.
56. APA Science Directorate, 1991.
57. Arnold, 1991; Reid Bulletin (Reid Psychological Systems, Chi., IL), Fall/Winter, 1991. On the settlement: Coyne, 2002.
58. APS Observer, May 1991:8.
59. Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:9.
60. Packard, 1981 [1957]:1.
61. Quoted in Packard, 1981 [1957]:25.
62. Clark, 1988:73.
63. Packard, 1981 [1957]:55–56.
64. Engel, Blackwell, and Kollat, 1978:430–431; John T. Cacioppo and Richard E. Petty, in Alwitt and Mitchell, 1985; Zajonc, 1980, 2001.
65. Gorn, 1982; Hawkins, Best, and Coney, 1983.
66. D. Moore and J. Wesley Hutchinson, in Alwitt and Mitchell, 1985.
67. Leventhal et al., 1965.
68. N. Miller et al., 1976.
69. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:681.
70. Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:98–99.
71. Ibid.:142.
72. Kronlund and Bernstein, 2006.
73. Trenholm, 1989:46; Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:199.
74. Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:201.
75. Ibid.:201–202
76. “Another Look at Subliminal ‘Facts’,” Advertising Age, October 15, 1984:46.
77. Münsterberg, 1908:11.
78. “The public thinks”: Gregory and Burroughs, 1989:340. The eight-state study: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry, 19 (4), 1991.
79. Monahan, 1984.
80. 463 U.S. 880; 103 S.CT. 3383 (1983).
81. Quinsey, 1995; Serin & Amos, 1995.
82. L. Saxe et al., 1985.
83. Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:403.
84. L. Saxe, 1991; L. Saxe et al., 1985.
85. Faigman et al., n.d., post-2003.
86. Cleary, n.d., post-2002.
87. Ibid.; McConahay, Mullin, and Frederick, 1977.
88. Cleary, n.d., post-2002.
89. Roger Seasonwein, quoted in M. Hunt, 1982c.
90. Lilienfeld, et al., 2003, esp. chapter by Tavris.
91. Druckman and Swets, 1988; Druckman and Bjork, 1991; Bjork, 1991a, 1991b.
92. Druckman and Swets, 1988; Druckman and Bjork, 1991; Bjork, 1991a, 1991b; Philip Merikle and Timothy Moore, quoted in “Subliminal Advertising, Messages, and Conspiracy,” APS Observer, September 1991.
93. Stehlin, I., 1995. “Unapproved devices seized,” FDA Consumer 29(7):32–33.
94. FDA Consumer 28(2):41–43, 1994; NAAG Consumer Protection Report, March/ April 1996:10–11.
95. Thompson and Madigan, 2005.
96. Quoted in Wikipedia.
97. Carroll, 2003, “NLP.”
98. Underhill, 2006.
99. Gallup Poll News Service, June 16, 2005.
100. Druckman and Swets, 1988:167–208.
101. Ibid.:22, 167–168.
102. Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter, 1964 [1956]:3.
103. Bösch et al., 2006.
CHAPTER 19
1. Humphries et al., 2006.
2. Cited in Nelson, 1990:93–94.
3. Clifasefi et al., 2006.
4. Reed, 2006.
5. Cited in Gallistel, 1990a:2.
6. Cited in Middlebrooks and Green, 1991:154–155.
7. Baron et al., 2006:309–321.
8. Stressful influences: Coyne and Downey, 1991.
9. The Stirling County Study: Molloy, 2002.
10. Biophysicist Huping Hu, his collaborator Maoxin Wu, and others, quoted in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia.
11. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:25.
12. National Science Foundation, Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 2003.
13. APA Online Research Office.
14. See notes 12 and 13.
15. APA Online, “Women in Academe: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back”; APA Monitor on Psychology 31, 10 (Nov. 2000), “In Search of Equality.”
16. See notes 12 and 13; for non-Ph.D.’s, estimate provided by APA Online Research Office.
17. James, 1948 [1892]:468.
18. Kagan, 1989:3–4.
19. Shirav and Levy, 2006, passim: Buss, 2004, passim.
20. Krantz, 1987.
21. T. Scott, 1991.
22. Sigmund Koch, in Koch and Leary, 1985:93–94.
23. Fowler, 1990.
24. Bandura, 2006.
25. Kandel, 2006.
26. Gazzaniga, 2006.
27. National
Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, FY 2003–2005, table 23.
28. Ibid.
29. Edward Jones of Princeton, personal communication, circa 1992.
30. APA Psychological Science Agenda, September/October 1991:7.
31. COSSA (Consortium of Social Science Organizations) UPDATE, July 14, 2003.
32. COSSA (see note 31) UPDATE, Sept. 13, 2004.
33. Ibid., June 27, 2005.
34. Howard J. Silver, executive director, COSSA (see note 31), personal communication and undated COSSA press release.
35. Animal Research Data Base, 1994.
36. For a detailed report on these and other proscribed areas of research, see Hunt, 1999.
37. Ernest Jones, 1955:57.
38. Churchland and Churchland, 1990.
39. johnsparker.tripod.com/index.blog (a report of the April 14, 2006, session of the Tucson Conference, “Toward a State of Consciousness”).
40. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:110–111.
41. Bandura, 1989.
42. Bandura, 2006.
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