A History of the World in 12 Maps
Page 64
Great Trigonometrical Survey of 344
in the Hereford mappamundi 87
imperial mapping 344
in Jerome’s map of Palestine 96
partitioning of 373–4
Portuguese arrival in 155, 188, 189
Portuguese maps of 189–90
Russian threat to British interests in 362
Victoria proclaimed Empress of 347
in the Waldseemüller map 172
Indian Ocean 20, 63, 65, 162, 187, 188, 189, 195, 197–8, 281, 282
Indonesia 383
Indus, river 96
infinite empty space theory, Chinese 125
InfiniteReality 416
The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Mahan) 370
information access, online mapping 406–8, 409–14, 428
see also online mapping
information technology 412–20
Initia doctrinae physicae (Melanchthon) 230
Innocent II, Pope 68
Innocent III, Pope 108
Innocent VIII, Pope 187
integrated circuits (ICs) 413
International Geographical Congress, Berne 439, 441
International Map Committee 441
International Map of the World (IMW) 439–44, 443, 445
Internet 414–15, 420, 428, 434
search engines 405–6, 422–4
World Wide Web 415, 422–3, 427–8
see also online mapping
Intrinsic Graphics 416
Ionian Revolt against the Persians 27, 32
Iran 408
Iraq 61
War with 421–2
Ireland, Hereford mappamundi 86
Isabel of Portugal 209, 210
Isabella I of Castile and León 186
Isabella d’Este 198
Isidore of Seville 84, 100, 106
Etymologiarum 100–101, 170, 171
Munich ‘Isidore’ mappamundi 103–5
Islam
and Christianity 56, 70, 78
Islamic theology 56
as a universal, missionary religion 120
Islamic Caliphate 59–61, 63–4, 66–7
Islamic world maps 55–81
Ibn 65, 75
maps and Entertainment 55–9, 67, 68, 71–8, 79, 81, 99
Italian composite atlases 292
italic hand 227, 324
Ives, Frederick 355
Jacob, Christian 35, 236
Jacotin, Philippe 329
Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert 315
Janssonius, Johannes 275, 276, 277, 280, 283, 284, 290–91
Janszoon, Willem see Blaeu, Willem Janszoon
Japan 115, 118, 172–3, 362, 376
Japheth 96
Jerome, St 92–3, 106
Liber locorum 93, 94–5, 96
Jerusalem
in the Book of Revelation 87
heavenly 112–13
in the Hereford mappamundi 89
on 77
in T-O maps 100
Jesus Christ 90, 107
crucifixion date 243–6
represented by the sun 101
Jews 375–6
Jia Dan 131
Jin dynasty 131
Jin, Jurchen 134
jing tian 127
John Carter Brown Library 181, 182, 183
John II of Portugal 186, 187
John III of Portugal 199, 203, 209, 210
Jones, Michael T. 416, 426, 428, 431
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 298
Jugurtha, King of Libya 97
The Jugurthine War (Sallust) 97–8, 97
Jülich 240
Jupiter 288, 289
moons of 299, 306
Jurchen Jin 134
Le Jurisconsulte national (Agier) 327
57, 64, 76
Kai t’ien theory 124
Kaifeng 134
Kangnido map 117–19, 120–23, 139–41, 143–5, 438
influence of Chinese mapmaking 123–37
political context of 121–3, 128–30
Kangnido 117, 143–4
Kant, Immanuel 352
Kashmir 374
Keere, Coletta van den 275
Kennedy, Paul 372
Kenya, Mount 354–5, 355
Kenyan maps (Mackinder) 355–6, 365
Kepler, Johannes 267
Keyhole, Inc. 418
acquisition by Google 422, 424
and the CIA 422
Earthviewer 421–2, 424, 425
al-Khwārazmi 62–3
Kilby, Jack 413
Kim Sahyong 121
Kissinger, Henry 149, 368
al-‘ibar (Ibn ) 79
Ibn 65
Ibn 63
65
Kjellén, Rudolf 370
Kohl, Helmut 148
Korea 114–23, 137–45, 376
Choson dynasty 114–17, 121, 138, 140–41, 144
Koryo dynasty 114–15
Korean mapmaking 116–23, 137–9
Kangnido map see Kangnido map
Koryo dynasty 114–15
Korzybski, Alfred 7, 13, 400
Kremer, Gerard, later Gerard Mercator 222, 224
see also Mercator, Gerard
Krugman, Paul 398
117, 120–21, 122, 123, 140, 141, 142–3
Kyonbok Palace 116, 117
Kyushu 118
La Coruña 207
La Hire, Philippe de 306
Carte de France corrigée 306–7, 307
projection 341, 342
Lagrange projection 341
Lambert, Johann Heinrich, map projection 395–6
‘Lands Recently Discovered’ (Paesi novamenti retrovati) 179
Lansbergen, Philips 267
Las Casas, Bartolomé de 193, 194
Lateran Council, Fourth 82
Latin Fathers 92–6
latitude calculations 34, 39, 45–6, 50, 205, 309
see also graticules
Lebensraum (living space) 370
Lefebvre, Henri 398, 399
leggers (templates) 281
Leiden 267, 275
Leonardo de Argensola, Bartholomé 202–3
Leopold I of Austria 290
Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle isole nuovamente trovate in quattro suoi viaggi 164, 165
Levy, Steven 430–31
Lewis, H. A. G. 380
Lewis, Meriwether 150
Li Zemin of Wumen 121, 123
Liaodong peninsula, China 114, 142
Liber locorum (Jerome) 93, 94–5
Library of Congress 147, 148, 149–50, 151, 177, 182, 183
Libya
and Herodotus 27–8
and Isidore of Seville 101
and Sallust 97–8
see also Africa
Liesvelt, Jacob van 230, 240
Light of Navigation (Blaeu) 268, 276
Lisbon 189, 190, 207, 209
lithography 339, 343
living space (Lebensraum) 370
Livingstone, David 359, 396
On the Location and Names of Hebrew Places (Jerome) 93, 94–5, 96
London
Geographical Society of 337–8
Raleigh Travellers Club 337
Royal Society 332
London School of Economics 348, 351
longitude calculations 34, 39, 45–6, 50, 195, 205–6, 225, 299, 306
see also graticules
Lorraine, duchy of 159
Louis XIV 290, 295, 298, 307, 308
Louis XV 309, 315�
�18, 321
Louis XVI 294, 327
Louvain, Belgium 218, 219, 226, 239, 240
University 223, 224, 240
Lovelock, James 378
Low Countries 218–19, 222, 223, 225, 239, 297, 298
Netherlands see Netherlands
loxodromes (rhumb lines) 249–51, 251, 253
Lu You 135
Lucan 97
Lud, Gaultier/Vautrin 159
Luke, Gospel of 90, 92
Luoyi (Louyang) 128
Luther, Martin 222–3, 227–30, 231
Lutheranism 219, 227–30, 231, 235–6, 238
McClendon, Brian 416
McCracken, Harry 424–5, 426
MacCulloch, Diarmaid 238
Machault, Jean-Baptiste de 318–19
Mackinder, Halford 346–72
Britain and the British Seas 357–9, 358–9, 366
climbing Mount Kenya 354–5, 355
Democratic Ideals and Reality 366, 367
‘The Geographical Pivot of History’ 360–67, 371
Kenyan maps 355–6, 365
‘The Natural Seats of Power’ world map 362–3, 363, 364–7, 372, 431
Mackinder Valley 356
McLuhan, Marshall 378
Macrobius 98–9, 224, 236, 254
Mactan 197
Madagascar 172
Maes, Nicolaes 272
Magellan, Ferdinand 37, 192–7, 198
Maggioli Azimuthal projection 234
Magog 59, 87–8, 103
Mahan, Alfred 370
Maimonides, Moses 66
Makassar, king of 282
Malacca 191, 192
Maling, Derek 380
Malipiero, Domenico 189–90
60
world map 60–61
Manchuria 114
Mandate of Heaven 115–16
al-Mansur 59, 76
Manuel I of Portugal 187, 188
map communication model (MCM) 411–12
‘Map of integrated regions and terrains’ (Qingjun) 121, 122, 122
‘Map of the Chinese and Foreign Lands’ (Hua yi tu) 132–3, 133, 135
‘Map of the Tracks of Yu’ (Yu ji tu) 131–2, 132, 133–5
‘Map of the vast reach of resounding teaching’ (Li Zemin) 121, 123
‘A Map of the World According to the Tradition of Ptolemy and the Voyages of Americus Vespucius and others’ see Waldseemüller map, Universalis cosmographia
mapmaking and cartography
and abstraction 7
administrative power of maps 339, 385
aeronautical charts 442
animals’ use of mapping procedures 4
artists reproducing Dutch maps 272–3
biblical maps 93, 94–5, 96, 227–32
Blaeu dynasty 265–93
cartographic espionage 190
cartographic ethics 400
cartographical myths (Peters) 390
cartography as a discipline 12, 340
cartography’s rise 340
celestial see celestial mapmaking
challenges and opportunities of world maps 6–12
Chinese see Chinese mapmaking
Christian mappaemundi see mappaemundi
circular maps 11, 72, 80–81
clip-mapping 416–18
cognitive mapping 4
collected atlases 292
as a commercial enterprise 263–93, 429–31, 436 see also Google Earth
copperplate engraving 161, 220, 225–7, 261–3, 268, 273, 275, 278, 285–91, 329, 339
critical deconstruction of maps 7–8, 13, 399
Dutch industry of 263–93
earliest known map of the world 1–3
establishment of principles of Western cartography by the Cassinis 297
expanding definitions of maps and mapmakers with virtual mapping 407
fidelity of position 392
first collection of maps using term ‘atlas’ 220
first nationalization of a private mapmaking project 294–7, 328–9
and geographical discovery 154–7, 162–7, 173, 175–6, 178
geomantic 137–9, 140
and global geographical disputes 186–217
globe gores 167, 168, 180, 232, 252
with graticules see graticules
Greek (classical) see Greek maps
Greek (Hellenistic) 33–41, 34
historical turning point of the 1820s–30s 338–9
human instinct of mapmaking 4
iconography of maps 128
imperial mapping 344–6, 356, 357–9, 358–9, 365
and information access (online mapping) 406–8, 409–14, 428 see also Google Earth
international (IMW) 439–44, 443, 445
Islamic see Islamic world maps
Italian composite atlases 292
Korean see Korean mapmaking
legal authority of maps 201, 212, 217
leggers (templates) 281
and lithography 339, 343
Lutheran influence on 227–30
map communication model 411–12
marble maps 117, 260–61, 287
and mathematics see mathematics
military value of 296, 330, 385
and national consciousness 294–336, 373–4
nature and definitions of maps 4–6, 7–8, 14–15, 35
and navigation 152–3, 183–4, 193–8, 200, 247, 249–54, 256 see also discovery, geographical
navigational instruments depicted on maps 208–9
objectivity of maps 13, 28, 50, 385, 399, 401, 403, 404
online mapping 15, 296, 405–36, 444
orientation see orientation of maps
of Pei Xiu 130–31
perspective, and the viewer’s position 8–11
political cartographic manipulation 373–7, 385, 386, 403
political nature of all maps 385, 400, 403 see also geopolitics; political geography
portolan sailing charts 11, 152, 249, 250
by Portuguese trade organizations 200–201
power and fascination of maps 5
prehistoric inscriptions 3–4
and the printing revolution 157–9, 162–3, 184
profitability of 263–93, 429–31, 436
projection see projection of maps
propaganda maps 374–5, 375
regional mapping (chorography) 44, 50–51, 81, 301, 304–5, 306, 314, 365
relation between geography and maps 5, 10
Roman 38, 40
scale see scale of maps
sea charts see sea charts
star mapping 116–18, 394–5 see also celestial mapmaking
T-O tradition 96–9, 97, 100, 101, 170, 171
terrestrial globes as navigational aids 194–5
thematic mapping 343, 365
of theological construction 84–113
see also mappaemundi
and three-dimensional images 421, 422, 424, 426
by trade organizations 200–201
triangulation in see triangulation
virtual mapmaking 15, 405–36
woodcut 161, 167–9, 168, 170, 173, 225
zonal see zonal maps
mappaemundi 57, 84, 91, 96, 100, 101–10, 151, 227, 366–7
Hereford mappamundi see Hereford mappamundi
Munich mappamundi 103–5
MapQuest.com 405, 420, 433
Marduk 2
Maria of Hungary (sister of Charles V) 219, 237, 239
Marinus of Tyre 43, 44, 46, 232
Markham, Sir Clements 356, 359
Marmini Ethiopia
ns 88
The Marriage of Philology and Mercury (Martianus Capella) 101, 157
Mars 288, 289
Martellus, Henricus, world map 187
Martianus Capella 101–2, 106, 157
Martin IV, Pope 83
‘Martin of Bohemia’ see Behaim, Martin
Martyr, Peter 205
‘Marvels of the Seven Climates to the End of Habitation’ 61
Mary, mother of Jesus 90
Maskelyne, Neil 332
60
mathematics 37, 53, 224, 225, 232, 233, 259, 434–5
and map projections 232, 253–4, 340–42, 341, 343–4, 390
of triangulation 225, 306, 313–14
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 309–11
The Figure of the Earth 310
Maurice of Orange 267, 274
Maximilian Caesar Augustus 165
Mecca 57, 64, 66, 76, 80
Medici, Lorenzo de’ 163
Mela, Pomponius 224
Melanchthon, Philipp 230, 235
Mellon, Henry 149
Melo, Francis de 200, 201
Mencius 127
Mennonite movement 274
Mercator, Gerard 178, 219–20, 221–2, 223–7, 231–2, 233, 235–7, 238–49, 250–59, 263, 405, 437
1538 world map 232, 237
1569 world map see Mercator world map (1569)
accused of heresy 238–40
Atlas 256, 258, 275, 287
Chronologia 243–7, 244–5, 254, 258
and cosmography 221–2, 225, 240, 241–3, 246–9, 255–9
edition of Ptolemy’s Geography 256
Evangelicae historiae 256
globes 226–7, 238, 240, 254
map of Flanders 237–8
map of the British Isles 241
map of the Holy Land 227, 231–2
Peters compared with 387–8, 391
projection see Mercator projection
Vita Mercatoris (‘Life of Mercator’, Ghim) 220, 224, 237
wall map of Europe 241
Mercator-Hondius Atlas 275, 277
Mercator projection 220, 222, 232, 246, 247–56, 259, 391, 431
Willem Blaeu’s use of 268–72, 270–71
British Empire exaggeration in 364–5
challenged by new mathematical projections 340–42
cordiform 235, 237
and Gauss 342
Mackinder’s use of 364–5, 366
Peters’s projection and attack on 378–404
twin hemispherical stereographic convention 256, 287–8
Mercator world map (1569) 220, 241, 246, 247–56, 391
projection 220, 222, 246, 247–56, 259
Mercury 288, 289
Mesure de la terre (Picard) 302, 303
Meteorologica (Aristotle) 30, 31–2, 70
Meyer, Hans 354
microchips 413
micrometers 302
Microsoft 418
TerraServer 418
Middleburg 267