Abraham Lincoln: A Life, Volume 2

by Michael Burlingame

177. Browning manuscript diary, entry for 3 July 1873, IHi; John Hay diary, entry for 13 Feb. 1867, Brown University.

  178. James A. Briggs to Chase, New York, 15 Feb. 1864, Chase Papers, DLC; Draper to Fessenden, New York, 25, 30 Sept. 1864; Draper to Fessenden, Savannah, 23 Jan. 1865; Draper to Fessenden, New York, 16 Nov. 1864, Fessenden Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society.

  179. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:220 (entry for 3 Jan. 1865).

  180. Leonard Swett to his son, Washington, n.d., David Davis Papers, IHi; Washington correspondence, 12 March, Sacramento Daily Union, 11 April 1865, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 172–174; New York World, 10 March 1865; Rochester, New York, Union, 11 March 1865.

  181. Sally Emerson to Abby Gibbons, 8 Mar. 1865, in Margaret Hope Bacon, Abby Hopper Gibbons: Prison Reformer and Social Activist (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000), 127.

  182. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:251 (entry for 4 Mar. 1865).

  183. Washington correspondence, 4 Mar., New York Times, 5 Mar. 1865; Washington correspondence, 12 Mar., Sacramento Daily Union, 10 Apr. 1865, Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 166–167; Charles Adolphe de Pineton, Marquis de Chambrun, Impressions of Lincoln and the Civil War: A Foreigner’s Account (New York: Random House, 1952), 37; John W. Forney, Anecdotes of Public Men (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1873), 177.

  184. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:252 (entry for 4 Mar. 1865).

  185. Diary of William T. Coggeshall, 4 Mar. 1865, in Freda Postle Koch, Colonel Coggeshall: The Man who Saved Lincoln (Columbus, Ohio: Poko Press, 1985), 72.

  186. Chandler to his wife, Washington, 6 Mar. 1865, Chandler Papers, DLC.

  187. New York World, 6, 7 March 1865, in Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 190.

  188. Ervin Chapman, Latest Light on Abraham Lincoln (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1917), 294.

  189. John W. Defrees to Richard W. Thompson, Washington, 20 Apr. 1865, Thompson Papers, LMF.

  190. David D. Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton, 1885), 287; “Lincoln’s Religion: Answer of William H. Herndon to Mrs. Lincoln,” Springfield, 12 January 1874, Illinois State Register (Springfield), 14 Jan. 1874.

  191. Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, ed. Mitgang, 74.

  192. Story written for Noah Brooks, [6 Dec. 1864], CWL, 8:155.

  193. Ibid., 8:332–333.

  194. Washington correspondence, 4 Mar., New York Herald, 5 Mar. 1865.

  195. Washington correspondence, 12 Mar., Sacramento Daily Union, 10 Apr. 1865, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 168.

  196. Washington Chronicle, 2 Feb. 1864; Missouri Republican (St. Louis), n.d., copied in the Illinois State Register (Springfield), 8 Jan. 1865.

  197. Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford, CT: Park, 1881), 444; Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 192–193.

  198. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 160.

  199. James Shepherd Pike, undated entry, notebook number 17, covering the period 4 Feb. to 30 May 1865, Pike Papers, University of Maine.

  200. Halleck to Francis Lieber, Washington, 5 Mar. 1865, Lieber Papers, CSmH.

  201. Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 234.

  202. J. P. Thompson, sermon delivered in New York, 30 Apr. 1865, in Our Martyr President, Abraham Lincoln: Voices from the Pulpit of New York and Brooklyn (New York: Tibbals and Whiting, 1865), 202.

  203. Lincoln to Weed, Washington, 15 Mar. 1865, CWL, 8:356.

  204. A. B. Bradford to Simon Cameron, Enon Valley, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, 8 Mar. 1865, Cameron Papers, DLC.

  205. Journal of Richard Harvey Phelps in Kenneth H. Bernard, “Lincoln and the Civil War as Viewed by a Dissenting Yankee of Connecticut,” Lincoln Herald 76 (1974):213.

  206. New York Herald in Ronald C. White, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 190.

  207. Chicago Times, 6 Mar. 1865.

  208. White, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech, 194, 191.

  209. New York World, 6 Mar. 1865.

  210. New York Times, 6 Mar. 1865.

  211. Nevins, War for the Union, 4:218–219.

  212. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, Newport, Rhode Island, 7 Mar. 1865, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865 (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 2:257–258.

  213. James R. Doolittle to his brother, 4 Mar. 1865, James R. Doolittle Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  214. Duke of Argyll to Sumner, 5 Apr. 1865, Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 47 (1913):87.

  215. London Saturday Review, in Little’s Living Age, 85 (April–June 1865), 87.

  216. London Spectator, 25 Mar. 1865.

  217. James Grant Wilson, “Recollections of Lincoln,” Putnam’s Monthly 5 (Feb. 1909): 675.

  218. The Liberator (Boston), 13 Jan. 1865.

  219. Ibid., 22 July 1864.

  220. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 253–254 (entry for 18 Dec. 1864).

  221. Elizabeth Cady Stanton to Susan B. Anthony, New York, 29 Dec. 1864, in Elizabeth Cady Stanton as Revealed in Her Letters, Diary and Reminiscences, ed. Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch (2 vols.; New York: Harper and Brothers, 1922), 2:104.

  222. Herman Belz, Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy during the Civil War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 257.

  223. Washington correspondence, 12 Apr., Sacramento Daily Union, 8 May 1865, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 184.

  224. Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, 300 (17 Jan. 1865).

  225. Washington correspondence, 12 Apr., Sacramento Daily Union, 8 May 1865, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 184.

  226. Ashley to the Boston Commonwealth, issue of 4 Mar. 1865.

  227. Lincoln to Trumbull, Washington, 9 Jan. 1865, CWL, 8:207.

  228. Belz, Reconstructing the Union, 270.

  229. Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, 1129 (27 Feb. 1865).

  230. Dana to Charles Francis Adams, Cambridge, 3 Mar. 1865, Adams Papers, MHi.

  231. Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, quoted in the Boston Commonwealth, 18 Mar. 1865.

  232. Samuel Bowles to Maria Whitney, Springfield, 12 Mar. 1865, in George S. Merriam, The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles (2 vols.; New York: Century, 1885), 1:419.

  233. Nicolay, memorandum, 18 Jan. 1865, in Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 171.

  234. Crook, “Lincoln as I Knew Him,” Harper’s Magazine, 115 (June 1907):45.

  235. Lincoln to Hurlbut, Washington, 14 Nov. 1864, CWL, 8:106–107.

  236. Hurlbut to Lincoln, New Orleans, 29 Nov. 1864, AL MSS DLC.

  237. LaWanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 117.

  238. Kelley to S.N.T., n.p., n.d., New Orleans Tribune, 23 May 1865, ibid., 118.

  239. Brown to the editor of the Missouri Democrat, 22 Dec. 1864, ibid., 129.

  240. Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, 300 (17 Jan. 1865).

  241. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 310–311.

  242. Chicago Tribune, 22 Mar. 1865.

  243. Beale, ed., Welles Dairy, 2:264 (entry for 23 Mar. 1865).

  244. New York Evening Express, 12 Jan. 1863.

  245. John S. Barnes, “With Lincoln from Washington to Richmond in 1865,” Appleton’s Magazine 9 (May 1907): 517.

  246. Ibid., 517, 520.

  247. Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace, from Appomattox to Mount McGregor: A Personal Memoir (Hartford, CT: S. S. Scranton, 1887), 362.

  248. Ibid., 360.

  249. Sylvanus Cadwallader, Three Years with Grant, ed. Benjamin P. Thomas (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), 282.

  250. Septima Collis, A Woman’s Wa
r Record, 1861–1865 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889), 60.

  251. Barnes, “With Lincoln,” 522.

  252. Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century, 1897), 407–408, 410.

  253. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 358–360; Barnes, “With Lincoln,” 524.

  254. Schurz, manuscript of Reminiscences, Schurz Papers, DLC. This passage does not appear in the published version of the memoirs.

  255. Ellery Sedgwick, The Happy Profession (Boston: Little, Brown, 1946), 163.

  256. Carl Schurz, interview with Ida Tarbell, 6 Nov. 1897, Tarbell Papers, Allegheny College.

  257. Reminiscences of Congressman Augustus Brandagee in the New London, Connecticut, Day, 8 Feb. 1894.

  258. Reminiscences of Schuyler Hamilton, New York Tribune, 24 Mar. 1889.

  259. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 124–126.

  260. Nicolay to Hay, Washington, 18, 29 Jan. 1864, Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side, 124, 125.

  261. “Presidential Domestic Squabbles,” Washington correspondence, n.d., Rochester Union, n.d., unidentified clipping, Lincoln scrapbooks, 5:44, Judd Stewart Papers, CSmH.

  262. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 144–145.

  263. Multonomah, Oregon, Bar Association, In Memoriam: The Honorable George H. Williams, 1823–1910 (Portland: Multonomah Bar Association, 1910), 23.

  264. Carl Sandburg and Paul M. Angle, Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932), 112.

  265. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 146, 147.

  266. Mary Lincoln to Josiah G. Holland, Chicago, 4 Dec. 1865, in Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, eds., Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 293.

  267. Lyman to his wife, 26 Mar. 1865, in George R. Agassiz, ed., Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1922), 325.

  268. Sherman to G. P. A. Healey, Washington, 13 Jan. 1868, West Point Library (courtesy of Susan Lintelmann, curator of manuscripts).

  269. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 423–424; Sherman to G. P. A. Healey, Washington, 13 Jan. 1868, West Point Library (courtesy of Susan Lintelmann, curator of manuscripts); Sherman to Isaac Arnold, 28 Nov. 1872, Arnold Papers, ICHi; Sherman to John W. Draper, St. Louis, 27 Nov. 1868, Draper Papers, DLC; “Admiral Porter’s Account of the Interview with Mr. Lincoln,” 1866, in William T. Sherman, Memoirs of Gen. W. T. Sherman (2 vols.; New York: C. L. Webster, 1891–1892), 2:325–327.

  270. Charles Carleton Coffin in Rice, Reminiscences of Lincoln, 176–177; Coffin, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893), 193.

  271. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 424–426.

  272. Collis, A Woman’s War Record, 61–62.

  273. Frank Rauscher, Music on the March, 1826–’65: With the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: W. F. Fell, 1892), 226.

  274. Cadwallader, Three Years with Grant, 307.

  275. CWL, 8:383.

  276. William Burnett Wright, article in the Congregationalist 40, no. 22, in Coffin, Lincoln, 501.

  277. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 450–451.

  278. Porter, “Journal of Occurrences during the War of the Rebellion,” 2:48, Porter Papers, DLC.

  279. Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes, 292–293.

  280. Ibid., 294.

  281. Ibid., 294–295.

  282. Charles Carleton Coffin, The Boys of ’61, or Four Years of Fighting (Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1886), 511; Coffin, “Late Scenes in Richmond,” Atlantic Monthly, June 1865, 754; Coffin, Lincoln, 193; Coffin in the Boston Journal, Herbert Mitgang, ed., Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait (Chicago: Quadrangle Press, 1971), 453–454.

  283. Dispatch datelined Richmond, 6 Apr. 1865, in R. J. M. Blackett, ed., Thomas Morris Chester, Black Civil War Correspondent: His Dispatches from the Virginia Front (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 294.

  284. Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes, 295.

  285. Coffin in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 182.

  286. Coffin, “Late Scenes in Richmond,” Atlantic Monthly, June 1865, 755.

  287. Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes, 300–301.

  288. Barnes, “With Lincoln,” 749.

  289. Coffin in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 183.

  290. Weitzel, “The Fall of Richmond,” Philadelphia Times, in Peter Cozzens and Robert I. Girardi, eds., New Annals of the Civil War (Mechanicsburg, PA.: Stackpole Books, 2004), 519.

  291. Dispatch datelined Richmond, 6 Apr. 1865, in Blackett, ed., Thomas Morris Chester, 295.

  292. Diary of Mrs. Thomas Walker Doswell (Mrs. Francis Anne Sutton), entry for 4 Apr. 1865, library.thinkquest.org/J0113361/diary.htm.

  293. Samuel Henry Roberts to Harvey Robert, Headquarters of the 3rd brigade, 2nd division, 24th Army Corps, Richmond, 16 Apr. 1865, photocopy in the S. H. Roberts Papers, Virginia Historical Society.

  294. Shepley, “Incidents of the Capture of Richmond,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1880, 28.

  295. Sara Agnes Pryor, letter of 5 Apr. 1865, in Pryor, Reminiscences, 357.

  296. Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes, 297–298. Some sources suggest that he did not address the crowd, but Lelian Cook, a 17-year-old girl living at the home of the Rev. Mr. Moses D. Hoge, recorded in her diary for 4 Apr. 1865 that after visiting Jefferson Davis’s residence, “Lincoln appeared on the square, accompanied by an escort of colored troops. He was in a carriage-and-four. I heard he made an address to the colored people, telling them they were free, and had no master now but God.” Richmond News Leader, 3 Apr. 1935, p. 2. Porter’s version sounds like Lincoln’s address to blacks who called at the White House in November 1864.

  297. Blackett, ed., Thomas Morris Chester, 297.

  298. Otto Eisenschiml, ed., Vermont General: The Unusual War Experiences of Edward Hastings Ripley, 1862–1865 (New York: Devin-Adair, 1960), 307–308.

  299. Chapman, Latest Light on Lincoln, 2:500.

  300. CWL, 8:386–387; Myers, manuscript memoranda, Virginia Historical Society; Campbell to James S. Speed, 31 Aug. 1865, Southern Historical Society Papers, new series, 4:68–69; Richmond correspondence, n.d., New York Herald, n.d., copied in the Chicago Tribune, 12 July 1865.

  301. Washington correspondence, 20 Apr., New York Tribune, n.d., copied in the Chicago Tribune, 26 Apr. 1865.

  302. Thomas Thatcher Graves in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (4 vols.; New York: Century, 1887–1888), 4:728.

  303. Shepley, “Incidents of the Capture of Richmond,” 27.

  304. CWL, 8:389.

  305. Charles H. Ambler, Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), 256–257.

  306. Frank Abial Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (New York: W. W. Wilson, 1905), 271.

  307. Hans L. Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio (New York: Twayne, 1963), 246.

  308. Ibid.

  309. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:279–280 (entry for 13 Apr. 1865).

  310. Dana to Stanton, Richmond, 7 Apr. 1865, OR, I, 46, 3:619.

  311. CWL, 8:388.

  312. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:222 (entry for 6 Jan. 1865).

  313. Collis, A Woman’s War Record, 62–69.

  314. Benson Lossing, diary fragment, 25 Apr. 1865, University of Virginia.

  315. Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” Scribner’s Magazine, Jan. 1893: 28.

  316. Benson Lossing, diary fragment, 25 Apr. 1865, University of Virginia.

  317. CWL, 8:392.

  318. Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” 29.

  319. Nellie Hancock to Cornelia Hancock, [City Point], 11 Apr. 1865, in Henrietta Stratton Jaquette, ed., South after Gettysburg: Letters of Cornelia Hancock from the Army of the Potomac, 1863–1865 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1937), 170.

  320. Emil and Ruth Rosenblatt, eds., Hard Marching Every Day: The Civil War Letters of Private Wilbur Fisk, 1861–1865 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 322–323 (dispatches dated 6th Corps Hospital, City Point, 9, 20 Apr. 1865).

  321. Adelaide W. Smith, Reminiscences of an Army Nurse during the Civil War (New York: Greaves, 1911), 224.

  322. Nellie Hancock to Cornelia Hancock, [City Point], 11 Apr. 1865, in Jaquette, ed., South after Gettysburg, 170.

  323. Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” 32–34.

  Chapter 36. “I Feel a Presentiment That I Shall Not Outlast the Rebellion”

  1. Boston Evening Journal, n.d., copied in the Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 18 Apr. 1865.

  2. Stowe, Men of Our Times (Hartford, CT: Hartford Publishing Co., 1868), 73.

  3. Francis B. Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867), 17.

  4. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes (New York: G. W. Carleton, 1868), 166–167.

  5. Evidently a summary of a letter by Mary Harlan Lincoln, in William H. Slade, “Abraham Lincoln’s Shakespeare,” typescript, J. G. Randall Papers, Library of Congress.

  6. Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” Scribner’s Magazine, January 1893, 35.

  7. Stuart interviewed by Nicolay, Springfield, 24 June 1875, in Michael Burlingame, ed., An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 14.

  8. Sumner to Frank Bird, 16 April 1871, in Beverly Wilson Palmer, ed., The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner (2 vols.; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:549.

  9. Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” 35.

  10. B. F. Morris, comp., Memorial Record of the Nation’s Tribute to Abraham Lincoln (Washington, DC: W. H. & O. H. Morrison, 1865), 13.

  11. Recollections of Pierpont, typescript, Pierpont Papers, West Virginia University.

  12. Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, 4 Apr. 1865.

  13. Washington correspondence, 25 Apr., St. Cloud Democrat, 4 May 1865, in Arthur J. Larsen, ed., Crusader and Feminist: Letters of Jane Grey Swisshelm, 1858–1865 (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1934), 292.