Hafiz and the Religion of Love in Classical Persian Poetry
Page 50
13 Gray, The Green Sea of Heaven.
14 Bly and Lewisohn, Angels.
15 Bashiri, ‘Hafiz’s Shirazi “Turk”: A Structuralist Point of View’, pp. 178–97 and 248–68.
16 Rehder, ‘The Unity of the Ghazals of Hafiz’, pp. 55–96; and the translations in Kritzeck (ed.), Anthology of Islamic Literature.
17 For a comprehensive study of English translations of Ḥāfiẓ, see my book, Hafiz, Master of Persian... and my ‘Translations of Hafiz in English’, in EIr, XI, pp. 498–500.
18 Holloway, Widening Horizons in English Verse, p. 33.
19 Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Mohammed Schemsed-din Hafis. Der Diwan (1812–13), 2 vols.
20 The Works of Lord Byron, Letters and Journals, ed. Prothero, vol. II, p. 27.
21 For further information on the literary influences of Persian on Byron, see my ‘Byron in Persian Costume’.
22 Sir William Jones, The Works (1789), I, p. 445.
23 Ibid., p. 446.
24 Ibid., pp. 446–7.
25 Ibid, pp. 448–50.
26 Ibid., pp. 450–1.
27 Ibid, p. 453.
28 For a complete list of these, see my Hafiz, The Master of Persian Poetry.
29 See Blackstone, ‘Byron and Islam: the Triple Eros’, pp. 325–6.
30 The Bride of Abydos, I: 5–10, in The Poetical Works of Lord Byron (1961), p. 264.
31 For further discussion of this allegorical imagery, see my ‘Byron in Persian Costume’, pp. 23–6.
32 The Giaour, lines 943–9 and 491–7, in The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, pp. 252–64.
33 Jones, The Works, V, pp. 513–14 and p. 469.
34 Schimmel, A Two-Colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry, p. 193.
35 Ibid., p. 109.
36 See Shelley, The Letters, ed. Jones, vol. 1, pp. 343–5.
37 See, for example, Schwab, The Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Discovery of India and The East, p. 195; and V. De Sola Pinto, ‘Sir William Jones and English Literature’, pp. 686–97.
38 Holloway, Widening Horizons in English Verse, p. 48.
39 Pachori, ‘Shelley’s “Indian Serenade”: Hafiz and Sir William Jones’, pp. 10–26. The quotation is taken from p. 19. The Ḥāfiẓian poem in question (Ay muṭrib-i khūshnavā...) is thought to be an apocryphal, but was very popular in India. It has been translated into English many times, even by recent translators. See my book Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry, p. 241.
40 Shelley, The Complete Works, ed. Peck, vol VI: Prose, pp. 201–2.
41 Quoted in Notopoulos, The Platonism of Shelley: A Study of Platonism and the Poetic Mind, p. 19. Also see Holmes (ed.), Shelley on Love: Selected Writings.
42 Notopoulos, op. cit., p. 105. Spenser’s lines are from An Hymn in Honour of Love, II, lines 103–5.
43 Evans, ‘Masks of the Poet: A Study of Self-Confrontation in Shelley’s Poetry’, pp. 70–107; the quotation is taken from p. 77.
44 Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, verses 16–20, 26–9, 32, 34–6, in The Complete Poetical Works, ed. Hutchinson, p. 240.
45 Jones, The Works, vol. I, p 453. [For the Persian original of these verses, see Dīvān-i Ḥāfiẓ, ed. Khānlarī, ghazal 148: 1–2. For a detailed study of this whole ghazal, see the chapter by Leili Anvar-Chenderoff in this volume, pp. 123–39. Ed.]
46 Emerson, Emerson: Complete Works: His Essays, Lectures, Poems, and Orations, I, pp. 71–80. Emerson here mistakenly assumed this to be a Qur’ānic verse. It is, in fact, the paraphrase of the famous Ḥadīth (prophetic tradition): ‘I was a Hidden Treasure, I desired to be known; therefore I created the creation in order that I might be known.’ (Quoted in Arberry, Sufism, p. 28.)
47 For a list of Emerson’s translations from Persian, see Yohannan, Persian Poetry in England and America, pp. 299–302. All his translations of Ḥāfiẓ have since been published in Bloom and Kane (eds), Ralph Waldo Emerson: Collected Poems and Translations, pp. 465–90.
48 For his Ḥāfiẓ translations, see my Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry, p. 337.
49 Emerson, ‘Persian Poetry’, in The Atlantic Monthly, pp. 724–34. The quotation is on p. 724.
50 See Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson, X, p. 165.
51 Ibid., XVI, p. 138.
52 Yohannan, Persian Poetry in England and America, p. 133.
53 Emerson, Complete Works (1883–94), vol. IX, Poems, pp. 111–13.
54 For Emerson’s view of Nature, see his essay Nature, in his Works (Riverside edn 1883–94), vol. 3, p. 161; and my ‘Aspects of Sa’di’s Reception in Nineteenth Century America’.
55 See my ‘Tennyson, FitzGerald, and Cowell: A Private Relationship’, pp. 5–17.
56 Hallam Tennyson, Alfred Lord Tennyson, a Memoir, II, p. 388.
57 ‘The Lover’s Tale’, II, 71–6; II, 357–60, in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Ricks, pp. 299–348.
58 Dīvān-i Ḥāfiẓ, ed. Khānlarī, ghazal 56: 1–4. All the quotations are taken from this edition. (My translations unless otherwise mentioned.)
59 Ibid., ghazal 311: 6–7.
60 ‘The Lover’s Tale’, I, 259–73, in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Ricks.
61 The Princess, II, 103–5, in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Ricks.
62 Dīvān-i Ḥāfiẓ, ed. Khānlarī, ghazal 224: 2.
63 Ibid., ghazal 260: 9.
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