Hafiz and the Religion of Love in Classical Persian Poetry

by Leonard Lewisohn

  Abū Naṣr al-Sarrāj al-Ṭūsī, Kitāb al-luma‘ fi’l-taṣawwuf, ed. R.A. Nicholson. E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series, 22 (London: Luzac & Company Ltd 1914; reprint edition: 1963)

  Maḥmūd ibn ‘Uthmān, Miftāḥ al-hidāya wa miṣbāḥ al-‘ināya: Sīrat-nāma-i Shaykh Amīn al-Dīn Muḥammad Balyānī, ed. ‘Imād al-Dīn Shaykh al-Ḥukamā’ī (Tehran: Intishārāt-i Rawzana 1376/1997)

  Paul Valéry, Cahiers, ed. Judith Robinson (Paris: Gallimard 1973–4), 2 vols

  Josef Van Ess, ‘Skepticism in Islamic Religious Thought’, Al-Abḥāth, 21/1 (1968), pp. 1–18

  John Vyvyan, Shakespeare and the Rose of Love: A Study of the Early Plays in Relation to the Medieval Philosophy of Love (New York: Barnes & Noble 1960)

  Muḥammad Isa Waley, ‘Contemplative Disciplines in Early Persian Sufism’, The Heritage of Sufism, II: Classical Persian Sufism: from its Origins to Rūmī, ed. Leonard Lewisohn (Oxford: Oneworld 1999), pp. 497–548

  ——, ‘Didactic Style and Self-Criticism in ‘Aṭṭār’, in Leonard Lewisohn and Christopher Shackle (eds), ‘Attār and the Persian Sufi Tradition: The Art of Spiritual Flight (London and New York: I.B.Tauris and the Institute of Ismaili Studies 2006), pp. 215–40

  S.C. Welch, Wonders of the Age: Masterpieces of Early Safavid Painting (Cambridge, MA: Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University 1979)

  Richard White, Love’s Philosophy (New York: Rowman & Littlefield 2001)

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  ——, ‘An Analysis of Primary and Secondary Significations in the Third Ghazal of Ḥāfiẓ’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XIV/3 (1952), pp. 627–38

  ——, ‘The Frozen Periphery of Allusion in Classical Persian Literature’, Literature East and West, XVIII/2–4 (1974), pp. 171–90

  H. Wilberforce Clarke (trans.), The Dīvān ... Hāfiz-i-Shīrāzī (Calcutta: Government of India Central Printing Office 1891), 2 vols. Reprinted as Dīvān-i-Hāfiz (Bethesda, MD: Ibex Publishers 1998), 1 vol.

  Peter Wilson, ‘The Witness Game: Imaginal Yoga & Sacred Pedophilia in Persian Sufism’, in Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy (New York: Autonomedia 1988), pp. 93–121

  B. Woledge, ‘Old Provençal and Old French’, in A. Hatto (ed.), Eos: An Inquiry into the Theme of Lovers’ Meetings and Partings at Dawn in Poetry (London, The Hague and Paris: Mouton 1965), pp. 344–89

  Ehsan Yarshater, ‘Hafez, I. An Overview’, EIr, XI, pp. 461–5

  Iḥsān Yārshāṭir [=Ehsan Yarshater], Shi‘r-i fārsī dar ‘ahd-i Shāhrukh: āghāz-i inkhiṭāṭ dar shi‘r-i fārsī (Tehran: Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh 1334/1954)

  Rashīd Yāsimī, ‘Salmān va Ḥāfiẓ’, in Maqālahā va risālaha, ed. Īrāj Afshār (Tehran: Bunyād-Maḥmūd Afshār 1373/1994), pp. 599–602

  ——, Sharḥ-i aḥwāl-i Salmān Sāvajī (Tehran: Kitābkhāna-yi Mashriq, n.d.)

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  Sayyid Yaḥyā Yathribī, Āb-i ṭarabnāk: taḥlīl-i mawḍū‘ī-yi Dīvān-i Ḥāfiẓ (Tehran: Intishārāt-i Āftāb 1381/2002)

  John Yohannan, ‘The Persian Poet Hafiz in England and America’, PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1939

  ——, Persian Poetry in England and America: A 200 Year History (New York: Caravan Books 1977)

  Robert Zaehner, Zurvan: a Zoroastrian Dilemma (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1955)

  ‘Ubayd Zākānī, ‘Obeyd-e Zakani: The Ethics of Aristocrats and Other Satirical Works, trans. Hasan Javadi (Piedmont, CA: Jahan Book Co. 1985)

  ——, Kulliyāt-i ‘Ubayd Zākānī, ed. Muḥammad Ja‘far Maḥjūb (New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press 1999)

  Muḥammad Zangī, Zangī-nāma, ed. I. Afshār (Tehran: Khāja, 1372/1993)

  ‘Abd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnkūb, Az kūcha-i rindān: dar-bāra-i zindagī va andīsha-i Ḥāfiẓ (Tehran: Intishārāt-i Amīr Kabīr 2536/1977)

  —— Justujū’ī dar taṣawwuf-i Irān (Tehran: Amīr Kabīr 1357/1978)

  ‘Abbās Zaryāb-khū’ī, Ā’yina-yi jām (Tehran: Intishārāt-i ‘Ilmī 1368/1989)

  Heavenly and Earthly Drunkenness. By Sulṭān-Muḥammad, probably painted in Her.t, AD 1526 or 1527. Page from a Dīvān of Ḥāfiẓ. Harvard Art Museum, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Promised Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Cary Welch, Jr. Partially owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University, 1988. In honour of the students of Harvard University and Radcliffe College, 1988.460.3. Photo: Allan Macintyre © President and Fellows of Harvard College.

  Incident in a Mosque. By Shaykh-Zāda, probably painted in Herāt, AD 1526 or 1527. Painting (recto, text; verso, folio 77r) from a Dīvān of Ḥāfiẓ, left-hand side of a bifolio. Harvard Art Museum, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Gift of Stuart Cary Welch, Jr., 1999.300.2. Photo: Allan Macintyre © President and Fellows of Harvard College.

  Lady Belovéd within the Prayer-Niche, Holding A Sprig of Narcissi. By Muḥammadī of Herāt, ca. AD 1565. Detached album leaf. Soudavar collection, on loan to the Sackler Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

  Majnūn First Sees Laylī in the Mosque-School within the Prayer-Niche. By Bihzād or his fellow-painter Qāsim ‘Al.. Herāt, AD 1494. Illustration to a Khamsa of Niẓāmī.; British Library, Or. 68100, folio 106 verso.