by Peter Irons
183 “has earned the gratitude”: Fehrenbacher, 298.
183 New York Times, “an act of supreme folly”: ibid.
184 “It is a pity”: Abraham, 100-101.
184 Chase nomination: Abraham, 120-122; Urofsky, 101-106.
185 Lincoln, “With malice”: Stern, 840-842.
185 Lincoln, “the constitutional”: id. at 846-851.
186 Wade, “Johnson, we have faith”: Eric Foner, Reconstruction, 177.
188 Milligan case: Currie, 288-292; 71 U.S. 2 (1866).
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190 “joined in the shouting”: Foner, 66.
190 Seward, “The Constitution”: ibid.
191 Lincoln, “the people”: Stern, 477.
191 Giddings, “Let no man”: Farber and Sherry, 263.
191 Hamlin, “must answer”: id. at 266.
191 Adams, “over two thousand”: Foner, 119.
191 “a sight that apaled me”: ibid.
192 “the wholesale slaughter”: id. at 261-263.
192 Civil Rights bill, “full and equal”: id. at 243.
192 “then I demand”: id. at 244.
192 Morrill, “I admit”: id. at 245.
192 Johnson, “stride toward”: id. at 250.
192 Bingham, “Congress shall”: Farber and Sherry, 305.
192 Bingham, “for the enforcement”: ibid.
193 Douglas, “zones of privacy”: Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
194 “very unanimous”: Foner, 268.
195 “sacrificed the moral power”: id. at 265.
195 “Battle fought and won”: Farber and Sherry, 322.
195 “Are we not”: Foner, 269.
195 New York Times, “with so exclusive”: id. at 267.
195 “If I was ever”: id. at 261.
195 Reconstruction Act: id. at 316-319.
196 Klan violence: id. at 425-444.
198 Strong nomination: Abraham, 127; Urofsky, 445-447.
198 Bradley nomination: Abraham, 127-128; Urofsky, 33-37.
198 Hunt nomination: Abraham, 128; Urofsky, 247-248.
198 Slaughterhouse Cases: Charles Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, Part I, 1323; Currie, 342-351; 83 U.S. 36-130 (1873).
201 Waite nomination: Abraham, 130-131; Urofsky, 493-499.
202 Cruickshank case: Foner, 437; 92 U.S. 452 (1875).
205 “When the decision”: Howard N. Meyer, The Amendment That Refused to Die, 87.
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206 “They are going around”: Foner, 560.
207 “Is it possible”: id. at 556.
207 Hawley, “I have been”: ibid.
207 Douglass, “Do you mean”: id. at 567.
208 “He is connected”: id. at 568.
208 “Armed bands”: id. at 571-572.
208 Hayes-Tilden election: id. at 579-581.
209 Harlan nomination: Abraham, 132-134; Urofsky, 205-23.
210 Harlan, “even upon grounds”: 109 U.S. 3, 59 (1883).
210 Woods nomination: Abraham, 134; Urofsky, 539.
210 Matthews nomination: Abraham, 134-136; Urofsky, 315-316.
211 Gray nomination: Abraham, 137; Urofsky, 197-201.
211 Blatchford nomination: Abraham, 138; Urofsky, 29-31.
211 “may stand forever”: Foner, 590.
211 Indictments in Civil Rights Cases: Philip B. Kurland and Gerhard Casper, eds., Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court (cited below as Landmark Briefs), Vol. 8, 307, 311-312, 355, 334-335.
213 Bradley votes: Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1880); Ex parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339 (1880); United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629 (1883)
213 Civil Rights Cases: 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
215 Heart of Atlanta Motel case: 379 U.S. 241 (1964).
215 Editorial reaction to decision: Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in American History, Vol. 2, 614.
216 Yick Wo case: 118 U.S. 356 (1886).
217 Industrial growth: Zinn, 247-260.
217 Lamar nomination: Abraham, 139-140; Urofsky, 283-284.
218 Fuller nomination: Abraham, 141-142; Urofsky, 183-188.
218 Brewer nomination: Abraham, 147-148; Urofsky, 61-65.
218 Brown nomination: Abraham, 148-149; Urofsky, 67-68.
219 Shiras nomination: Abraham, 149-150; Urofsky, 403-404.
219 Jackson nomination: Urofsky, 255.
219 White nomination: Abraham, 143-144; Urofsky, 525-531.
220 Peckham nomination: Abraham, 145-146; Urofsky, 351-353.
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221 McKinley, “We want a foreign”: Zinn, 292.
221 “I give you”: id. at 254.
222 Plessy case background: Charles Lofgren, The Plessy Case, 29-41; 163 U.S. 538-539 (1895).
222 Parks, “I was quite tired”: Zinn, 442.
224 Martinet, “We’ll make”: Garraty, 161-163.
225 Plessy decisions in state courts: Lofgren, 44-60; 11 So. 948 (1892).
226 Tourgee, “Of the whole number”: Lofgren, 149.
226 Tourgee brief in Plessy: Landmark Briefs, Vol. 13, 62-63.
227 Brown opinion in Plessy: 163 U.S. 537, 545-552 (1895).
229 Harlan dissent in Plessy: 163 U.S. at 554-559.
231 Tourgee, “virtually nullified”: Lofgren, 201.
231 Harlan in Cumming case: 175 U.S. 528, 542-545 (1899).
232 Taft in Gong Lum case: 275 U.S. 78, 79-87 (1927).
232 Harlan in Plessy: 163 U.S. at 560.
232 Du Bois, “The problem”: W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Dover edition), 24.
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235 Goodwyn, “the crop lien system”: Zinn, 278.
236 Grangers, “The State must”: Warren, Vol. 2, 574.
236 “That it has”: id. at 576.
236 Cooley, “legislative enactment”: Sidney Fine, Laissez-Faire and the General Welfare State, 142-143.
237 Spencer, “The poverty”: id. at 38.
237 Fine, “It would be difficult”: id. at 44.
237 “found a new toy”: id. at 45.
237 Fine, “It was in the courts”: id. at 126.
237 Background of Munn case: Lee Epstein and Thomas G. Walker, Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints, 439; Currie, 370-373.
238 “this assault”: Warren, Vol. 2, 577-578.
238 Munn brief: 94 U.S. at 119.
238 Waite opinion in Munn: 94 U.S. 113, 123-136 (1877).
238 Field dissent in Munn: 94 U.S. at 136-154.
239 Pomeroy, “No other decision”: Warren, Vol. 2, 583.
239 “the country”: Zinn, 240.
239 Marx, “What do you think”: id. at 245-246.
240 “When the great”: id. at 246.
240 Haymarket Affair: id. at 264-266.
241 Jacobs case: 98 N.Y. 98, 104-115 (1885).
241 “in practically every case”: Benjamin Twiss, Lawyers and the Constitution, 99-100.
241 “Socialism, Communism”: Christopher Tiedeman, Limitations on the Police Power, 10.
242 Harlan opinion in Mugler case: 123 U.S. 623, 653-674 (1887).
242 Blatchford opinion in Chicago, Milwaukee case: 134 U.S. 418, 458 (1890).
243 Bradley opinion in Chicago, Milwaukee case: 134 U.S. at 461.
243 Larrabee, “further changes”: Warren, Vol. 2, 593.
243 Sherman, “You must heed”: Zinn, 253-254.
244 Fuller opinion in E. C. Knight case: 156 U.S. 1, 9-18 (1895).
244 Fuller opinion in Pollock case: 158 U.S. 601, 617-637 (1895).
245 Brown dissent in Pollock case: 158 U.S. at 686-695.
245 Debs case: Zinn, 272-275; 158 U.S. 564 (1894).
246 “all must applaud”: Warren, Vol. 2, 700.
246 Pennoyer, “Our constitutional”: id. at 704.
247 Debs, “I was”: Zinn, 275.
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248 Allgeyer case: 165 U.S. 578 (1897).
249 Holden case: 169 U.S. 366 (1898).
250 Hughes, “apparently oblivious”: Urofsky, 166-167.
250 McKenna nomination: Abraham, 152-153, Urofsky, 289-290.
251 Holmes nomination: Holmes, The Common Law, 1; Abraham, 156-161; Urofsky, 225-234.
252 Holmes opinion in Buck case: 274 U.S. 200, 205-207 (1927).
252 Later history of Buck case: J. David Smith, The Sterilization of Carrie Buck.
253 Day nomination: Abraham, 161-162; Urofsky, 139-140.
253 Moody nomination: Abraham, 162-163; Urofsky, 327.
254 Background of Lochner case: Landmark Briefs, Vol. 14, 663.
255 Wiesmann, “When I was young”: New York Times, April 19, 1905.
256 Wiesmann brief in Lochner : Landmark Briefs, Vol. 14, 662, 674-675.
256 Mayer brief in Lochner: id. at 725, 733.
256 Peckham, “class against class”: Fine, 135, 138; People v. Budd, 117 N.Y. 1, 30-34, 68-71.
256 Peckham opinion in Lochner : 198 U.S. 45, 55-64 (1905).
257 Harlan dissent in Lochner : 198 U.S. at 68-69.
257 Holmes dissent in Lochner : 198 U.S. at 75-76.
258 Brandeis brief in Muller case: Landmark Briefs, Vol. 16, 63-113.
259 Muller’s brief in Muller case: id. at 3-35.
259 Brewer opinion in Muller: 208 U.S. 412, 419-422 (1908).
259 Loewe case: 208 U.S. 274 (1908).
259 Adair case: 208 U.S. 161 (1908).
260 Lurton nomination: Abraham, 165; Urofsky, 287-288.
260 Hughes nomination: Abraham, 166-168; Urofsky, 235-245.
260 Holmes, “How could you”: Urofsky, 527.
260 Van Devanter nomination: Abraham, 170-171; Urofsky, 485-487.
261 Lamar nomination: Abraham, 171-172; Urofsky, 281-282.
261 Pitney nomination: Abraham, 172-173; Urofsky, 355-356.
261 Brandeis, “a first-rate”: Urofsky, 460.
262 McReynolds nomination: Abraham, 175-178; Urofsky, 297-299.
262 Brandeis nomination: Abraham, 178-181; Urofsky, 39-48.
262 Clarke nomination: Abraham, 181-182; Urofsky, 121-122.
264 Adkins case: Landmark Briefs, Vol. 21, 636; 261 U.S. 525 (1923).
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265 Hofstadter, “rationalization”: Zinn, 352.
266 Root, “We must have” and “there are men”: id. at 359.
266 Literary Digest, “send to us” and “report the man,” and Palmer, “It is safe”: id. at 360.
267 New York Herald and Minneapolis Journal: id. at 361.
267 Hardwick, “general and widespread”: ibid.
267 United States v. Spirit of ’76 and Hall cases: Richard Polenberg, Fighting Faiths, 26-29.
269 Background of Schenck case: id. at 212-216.
270 Hand opinion in Masses case: 244 Fed. 535 (1917).
270 Holmes on free speech: Polenberg, 211-212.
270 Holmes opinion in Schenck: 249 U.S. 47, 52 (1919).
272 Holmes, “The life”: Holmes, The Common Law, 1.
274 Debs case: Polenberg, 314-315; Landmark Briefs, Vol. 19, 522-530, 249 U.S. 211, 213-216 (1919).
274 Debs, “Your honor”: Zinn, 359.
275 Hand, “when the words,” and Holmes, “I don’t quite”: Polenberg, 218-219.
275 Freund, “implied provocation,” and Holmes, “I hated”: id. at 219-222.
275 Chaffee, “where the line”: id. at 222-223.
278 Background of Abrams case: id. at 42-53.
278 Briefs in Abrams: id. at 228-233.
278 Clarke opinion in Abrams: 250 U.S. 616, 623-624 (1919).
279 Holmes dissent in Abrams: 250 U. . at 627-630.
280 Brandenberg case: 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
281 Fate of Abrams defendants: Polenberg, 319-332, 341-370.
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283 Palmer raids: Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 42-45.
283 Washington Post, “There is no time”: id. at 44.
284 Background of Gitlow case: id. at 79-80.
285 Background of Whitney case: id. at 80.
286 Harding, “I am not fit”: Abraham, 182.
286 Taft, “to prevent”: id. at 184.
286 Sutherland nomination: Abraham, 186-187; Urofsky, 449-453.
286 Butler nomination: Abraham, 187-189; Urofsky, 81-85.
287 Sanford nomination: Abraham, 190-191; Urofsky, 395-396.
287 Stone nomination: Abraham, 192-196; Urofsky, 425-434.
288 Sanford opinion in Gitlow: 268 U.S. 652, 654-672 (1925).
289 Holmes dissent in Gitlow: 268 U.S. 672-673.
290 Sanford opinion in Whitney: 274 U.S. 357, 359-372 (1927).
290 Brandeis concurrence in Whitney: 274 U.S. at 372-380.
292 Hughes opinion in DeJonge: 299 U.S. 353, 356-366 (1938).
292 Roberts opinion in Herndon: 301 U.S. 242, 243-264 (1938).
292 Van Devanter dissent in Herndon: 301 U.S. at 264-278.
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294 Hoover, “We in America”: Zinn, 378.
294 Ford, “There is plenty”: ibid.
295 Wilson, “There is not”: Peter Irons, The New Deal Lawyers (cited below as Irons, New Deal ), 17.
295 “Indiana Harbor” and “Chicago, April 1”: Zinn, 380-381.
295 Roosevelt, “The country needs”: Urofsky, March of Liberty, 655.
295 Norris, “No man”: Abraham, 197-199.
296 Parker, “The participation”: id. at 43.
296 Roberts nomination: Abraham, 200-201; Urofsky, 383-387.
296 Cardozo nomination: Abraham, 201-205; Urofsky, 91-94.
298 Hughes opinion in Blaisdell: 290 U.S. 398, 426-427 (1934).
298 Sutherl
and dissent in Blaisdell: 290 U.S. at 473, 448.
299 Roberts opinion in Nebbia: 201 U.S. 502, 523-537 (1934).
299 McReynolds dissent in Nebbia: 291 U.S. at 558-559.
300 Wyzanski, “go so far,” and Wagner, “It is true”: Irons, New Deal, 24-27.
301 Background of Schechter case: Irons, New Deal, 86-90.
303 Hughes opinion in Panama Refining: id. at 58-73; 293 U.S. 388, 405-433 (1935).
303 Arguments in Schechter : id. at 94-99.
303 Hughes opinion in Schechter : 295 U.S. 495, 538-543 (1935).
303 Roosevelt, “what is happening”: Leonard Baker, Back to Back, 116-117.
303 Roosevelt, “The implications,” and Time, “was obviously”: Irons, New Deal, 104-107.
305 Background of Butler case: Irons, New Deal, 181-183.
305 Brief in Butler: id. at 187-189.
305 Arguments in Butler: id. at 192-193.
306 Roberts opinion in Butler: 297 U.S. 1, 53-78 (1936).
306 Stone dissent in Butler: 297 U.S. at 78-88.
306 Early, “Please resist all”: Irons, New Deal, 197.
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307 Roosevelt, “that the proposed”: Irons, New Deal, 248.
307 Background of Carter case: id. at 248-250.
308 Sutherland opinion in Carter: 298 U.S. 278, 295-308 (1936).
308 Cardozo dissent in Carter : 298 U.S. at 317-341.
309 Epstein, “make the rule”: 298 U.S. 587, 592-593.
310 “A social philosophy”: 298 U.S. at 596-597.
310 Butler opinion in Morehead: 298 U.S. 602, 610-611 (1936).
310 Stone dissent in Morehead: 298 U.S. at 632-635.
310 Brant, “Because five”: Irons, New Deal, 278.
311 Hoover, “regimented people”: Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Transformations, 306.
311 Landon, “has been responsible”: id. at 308.
312 Ickes, “there was” and Roosevelt, “is a mighty”: Baker, 129-130.
