Vietnam, An Epic Tragedy
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Boyd, Preston, 371–2
Bradley, Gen. Omar, 419
Brady, Edward, 166, 586
Braestrup, Peter, 397, 454
Breen, Phyllis, 373, 615
Brehm, William, 646
Brewster, Kingman, 330
Brezhnev, Leonid, 219, 286, 441, 533, 546
Britain: and Indian independence, 14; foresees French expulsion from Vietnam, 30; favours diplomacy over military action, 47; non-participation in Vietnam war, 65, 199; non-involvement in Indochina, 78–9; and situation in Laos, 110–11; view of US presence in Vietnam, 122–4; success in suppressing insurgencies, 123; SIS station in Hanoi, 485–6
British Army, 12–13
Britten, Benjamin: War Requiem, 162
Brookbank, Maj. David, 525
Broughton, Col. Jack, 286, 291, 300, 304
Brown, Archie, 648
Brown, Dwyte, 250
Brown, Maj. Joe, 527
Browne, Malcolm, 133, 144
Bruce, David, 521
Bruggeman, Lt. David, 525
Brunbrouck, Paul, 59
Bryan, Harold, 262, 348
Bù Prang, 504
Buchwald, Art, 404
Buckley, James, 558
Buckley, Tom, 401
Buckley, William F., 175, 476
Buddhists: protests and demonstrations in South Vietnam, 143–5, 199, 208, 275; anti-communism, 194; and Ky’s rule, 275
Bùi Diễm, 172
Bullock, Dan, 447
Bumgardner, Ev, 98, 195–6
Bundy, McGeorge: in Kennedy’s Round Table, 121; as national security adviser, 145; on supporting Diem, 151; suggested as ambassador to Saigon, 179; favours committing ground troops after presidential election, 182, 196, 201; reaction to Pleiku raid, 209; reports on communist view of US indecision, 209; visit to Saigon, 209–10; and Johnson’s not making case for war, 211; on US support for South Vietnam, 223; opposes McNamara’s proposals for massive ground commitment, 226; on warning North Vietnam of action, 283; Rostow succeeds, 287; scepticism over bombing campaign, 290; and Ramsey, 574
Bundy, William, 191, 198–9, 252, 284
Bunker, Ellsworth, 327, 485, 524, 590
Bunting, Josiah: The Lionheads, 335
Burchett, Wilfred, 577
Burleigh, Michael, 142
Burma: independence, 14
Burney, Capt. Linwood, 455
Bush, George W., 331
Butler, Capt. James, 429–31, 438
Bystran, Sharon, 234
Cabanier, Adm. Georges, 39–40
Cai Lậy, 377, 398
Cairns, Jim: Living with Asia, 461
Calhoun, Sgt. John, 610
Calley, Lt. William, 449–50, 505
Cambodia: Abrams forbidden to enter, 450; Nixon orders bombing of, 476, 582; anti-Sihanouk coup, 480–1; US and South Vietnamese incursions into, 480, 482–3, 494; US air attacks on, 512; collapse, 612; North Vietnamese soldiers leave, 638
Campbell, Capt. Dan, 264
Campbell, Capt. Denis (Australian), 413
Camper, Lt.Col. William, 527–8
Camranh Bay, 149, 503; falls to North Vietnamese, 608
Cần Lao (political party), 98
Cần Thơ, 610
Canada: US draft refusees in, 332; South Vietnamese refugees in, 630
Cao Bằng, 26
Cao Đại (religious sect), 20, 93
Cao Văn Khánh, 70
Cao Văn Viên, Gen., 494, 498, 500–1, 524, 537, 599, 601, 621
Capodanno, Fr. Vincent, 347
Cappelli, Maj. Charles, 292
Caputo, Lt. Phil, 213, 234, 237, 250, 339, 341
Caravelle Manifesto, 107
Carey, Capt. Arthur, 463
Carroll, Camp, 528, 532
Castries, Col. Christian de, 37, 41, 44–5, 48, 50, 52–6, 60, 62–4, 67–70
Castro, Fidel, 329, 378
Central Highlands: campaign in, 529–39
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): finances South Vietnam factions, 93; interest in Laos, 109–10; flies medical supplies to Mekong delta, 111; inadequate understanding of communist leadership, 122; pessimistic assessments, 212; establishes radio station House 7, 240; estimate of communist armed power, 406; and Phoenix programme, 488; and collapse of South Vietnam, 613
Chaisson, Brig. John, 255, 395, 401, 404, 405
Chalamont, Sgt., 59
Chapman, Frederick Spencer: The Jungle is Neutral, 340
Charlie, Firebase, 530–2
Charton, Lt.Col. Pierre, 26–7
Châu Phát (Frank Jao), 628, 638, 642
Cheatham, Lt.Col. Ernie, 390
Checkmate, Firebase, 535
Chennault, Mme. Claire, 444
Cheo Reo, 600
Chernevak, Lt. Michael, 354
Cherry, Col. Fred, 300, 579
Chiang Kai-shek, 6, 13–14, 23
Chiffons, the (Australian singing group), 456–7
Childs, Fred, 341
Chín, Mrs (of Saigon), 401–2
China: rules Vietnam, 2; Chiang’s troops in north Vietnam, 13, 15; communist government under Mao, 22; supports and supplies Vietminh, 22–3, 37, 42, 71, 79, 86, 157, 166–7, 193, 325, 379, 495; treaty with Soviet Union (1950), 28; proposed as participant in conference on Vietnam, 47; delegation at 1954 Geneva conference, 72, 73, 75; Great Leap Forward (industrialisation plan), 103; rift with Russia, 103, 107, 167, 319, 377; tests nuclear weapon, 193; Nixon visits, 220–1; advisers and technicians in North Vietnam, 242, 319, 320–2; personnel killed and wounded in Vietnam, 322–3; withdraws personnel from Vietnam, 441, 486; Nixon’s détente with, 516–17; and Kissinger’s settlement negotiations, 557; seizes Paracel Islands, 591; turns against North Vietnam, 637
Chivers, C.J., 352
Christian Science Monitor, 404
Christianity Today (weekly), 328
Chu Huy Mân, Brigadier, 246
Chu Nghi: At the Ta Con Perimeter Wire (play), 408
Church, Frank, 227
Churchill, Winston S., 30, 46–7, 61–2, 64–6, 650
Clark, Robert, 564, 570
Clay, Gen. Lucius, 495
Clement, Pte. ‘Pop’, 400
Clements, Earle, 60
Clifford, Clark., 226, 290, 417, 419, 585–6
Clifton, Maj.Gen. Chester, 178
Clinton, Bill, 330
Clodfelter, Mark, 287, 570
Cochinchina, 2, 15, 73, 75
Cogny, Maj.Gen. René, 39–41, 44, 48, 51, 53, 56, 59, 63, 66, 68–9, 79–80
Colby, William: on South Vietnam land ownership, 99; background, 116; as CIA station head in Vietnam, 116; living style in Vietnam, 118; accepts Diem’s rule, 120; contempt for Buddhists, 145; on South Vietnam government, 145; hates Lodge, 149; speculates on Kennedy’s policy in Vietnam, 154; on US covert missions in North Vietnam, 184; devises Phoenix programme, 487–8; home in Saigon, 487; leaves Vietnam, 518; directs Langley base, 590
Collingwood, Charles, 420
Collins, Gen. Joseph (‘Lightning Joe’), 94
Comer, Capt. Andrew, 235–6
Comintern: recognises Indochinese Communist Party, 6, 486
Commercial Import Program (US economic aid), 270
communism: in Vietnam, 12, 229, 641–3; US sees as threat, 28–30; savagery as weapon, 131, 161; demoralised in 1969, 453; see also COSVN
Condor, Operation, 67
Conein, Maj. Lucien (Lou), 80, 93, 134, 149–52, 171
Conlee, Lt.Col. Bill, 570
Conner, Col. Hendsley, 565
Considine, Bob, 355
Convery, Lt. Bob, 468
Cook, Maj. Don, 575–7
Cooper, Chester, 148, 221–2
Cooper, Doug, 220
Cooper-Church amendment (US, 1970), 495
CORDS (Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support programme), 253
Cornwell, L/Cpl. Phil, 437
Cortel, Jack, 522
COSVN (Communist Party of South Vietnam): and revolutionary action in South Vietnam, 1
01, 103, 106; celebrates Ap Bac victory, 142; and coup against Diem, 150; issues directive on killing enemy leaders, 243; nature of, 269, 483; affected by malaria, 367; directives on action and objectives, 453
Coward, Noël, 74
Crafts, Pte. Charlie, 576
Crane, Conrad, 331
Creaven, Pfc James, 505–6
Creswell, Carl, 448
Cronkite, Walter, 147, 406, 417–18, 420
crop destruction: ineffectiveness, 281
CS gas, 134
Cù Chi, 620
Cuba crisis (1962), 125
Daddis, Greg, 117, 451
Đại Thế Giới (casino), 93
Daido (Đại Độ), battle of, 423, 426, 429, 431–6, 438–40
Daily Mirror, 572
Đắk Sơn, 356
Đắk Tô, 376
Danang (Đà Nẵng): US base, 212–13, 296; fighting in, 275; US excessive supplies in, 337; in Tet offensive, 386; North’s final offensive against, 596, 605
Đặng Thùy Trâm, Dr, 363, 368, 373–4, 446, 453, 484
Daniels, Robert, 231
Đào An Tuất, Lt., 482
Davidson, Brig. Phil, 380, 388, 453, 483
Davis (black soldier), 341
Dawkins, Capt. Peter, 238
Deak, Nicholas, 272
Deal, William, 139
Defense Intelligence Agency (US), 287–8
defoliation: as US practice, 234, 267–8
Delafosse, Jules, 2
Delta, Firebase, 533
Del Vecchio, John, 349
Dengler, Lt. Dieter, 307
DePuy, Maj.Gen. William, 177, 179, 182, 208, 218, 255–6
Desoto mission, 187–8
Destatte, Bob, 115, 362, 392–3, 502, 647
Dienbienphu: French fortify, 38, 48; significance, 39–40, 70; campaign and siege, 41–50, 62, 67; Vietminh transport arms and supplies to, 42–3, 46; bombarded, 50–6, 58; Vietminh casualties, 53, 56, 63, 70; French morale at, 55; French casualties, 56, 63, 68; outposts overrun, 58–60, 64, 68; French reinforcements, 62; conditions, 63; attempted relief, 67; capitulates, 69–71, 74
Dietrich, Erik, 160
Dietrich, Marlene, 74
Đinh Thị Thạch, 536
Dior, Christian, 18
DMZ (Demilitarized Zone), 90, 278
Đỗ Cao Trí, Gen., 498
Đỗ Thị Thu, 312, 549
Đoàn Phương Hải, Capt., 1–2, 80, 87, 173, 216–18, 530–2
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 120, 178, 219, 441, 477, 556
Dodson, Jerry, 417
dogs: used as scouts, 342
dolphins: trained to attack swimmers, 503
Dominican Republic: attempted communist takeover, 228
Đồng Dù, 620
Đồng Hà, 426, 435, 549
Đồng Hà bridge, 526–7
Đồng Hà line, 535
Đồng Hoang, 426–30
Đồng Hới, 513
Đông Khê, 25–6
Dooley, Tom: Deliver Us from Evil, 85
Doucette, Norman, 429
Doyle, Lt.Col. Bill, 506, 508–11
drugs: US troops’ use of, 455–7
Drummond, William, 400
Duc Lap, 59
Duck Hook, Operation, 476–7
Duffy, Maj. John, 530–2
Dulles, John Foster: and UN delegation at Panmunjom, 40; opposes conference on Asian issues, 47; supports US intervention in Indochina, 58, 60, 74; Churchill disparages, 62; meets Bidault, 64; attends Geneva conference on Vietnam, 71–3; Ramsey criticises, 71; and partition of Vietnam, 75; absent from Geneva meeting, 76; and Geneva Accords, 78; on Vietnam partition agreement, 78; and Lansdale’s role in South Vietnam, 93; authorises removal of Diem, 94; declares South Vietnam a free nation, 95
Dương Quỳnh Hoa, Dr, 483
Dương Vân Mai (Mai Elliott): on French atrocities, 21; on land reforms and shortages in North Vietnam, 86–7; criticises Diem regime, 98; studies in Washington and marries Elliott, 113; on South’s ignorance of North Vietnam, 128; returns to Saigon, 143; family despair, 214; interviews Vietcong personnel, 244, 278; on corruption, 270
Dương Văn Minh, Gen. (‘Big Minh’), 149–50, 152–3, 156, 171–2, 194, 517, 623
Dupont d’Isigny, Paule, 37
Durbrow, Elbridge, 107–8
Dyer, Les, 564
Dylan, Bob, 327
Eden, Anthony, 46–7, 62, 65–6, 73, 75
Edwards, Peter, 469
Edwards, Reg, 232, 259–60, 340
Eggleston, Sgt. Jim, 436
Eiland, Mike, 111, 245, 256–8
Eisenhower, Dwight D.: supports French in Indochina, 30; and use of nuclear weapons, 46; favours military intervention in Indochina, 57–9, 62, 66, 72; requests British support, 61, 65; seeks coalition for military action, 74; and Zhou Enlai, 75; and Geneva Accords, 78; agrees to fund South Vietnam, 92; welcomes Diem in US, 97; briefs Kennedy on Laos, 109; supports Johnson, 211; on nuclear threat to Korea, 283; on Johnson’s decision to retire, 420
Eisenstein, Lt. Joe, 525
Elliott, David: Duong Van Mai meets and marries, 113; on US presence in Vietnam, 154; on North Vietnamese recruitment, 167; on Vietnamese peasant life, 206; pleads for extension of Willcox’s time, 238; on US devastation as policy, 279; and Vietcong attack on Saigon, 394; on corruption in South Vietnam, 589; on US failure in war, 641; on North Vietnamese nostalgia for lost sense of purpose, 649
Elliott, Mai, 394, 584
Ellsberg, Daniel, 178, 230, 516, 645
Ely, Gen. Paul, 57, 64, 74
Emerson, Gloria, 501
Enkler, Dick, 569
Estocin, Lt.Cmdr. Mike, 305
Etherington-Smith, Gordon, 172
Evans, Rowland, 175
Evatt, Philip, 267–8
Ewell, Maj.Gen. Julian, 335, 447–8, 463–4
Faas, Horst, 260
Fairchild Aviation, 351
Fall, Bernard, 21, 66, 85, 135, 147; killed, 333; Street Without Joy, 257
Faure, Edgar, 92
Felletter, Capt. Vince, 335, 342, 344–5
Fellman, Sgt. Manfred, 264
Felt, Adm. Harry, 175
Ferland, Lt. Jim, 430, 433
Fichtl, Capt. Ted, 264, 268–9
Finlayson, Lt. Andy, 249, 329, 339–40, 344, 346, 362, 488, 492
Fisher, Roger, 278
Fishhook, the, 480
Fitzgerald, Frances: Fire in the Lake, 141–2, 229, 359
Fitzgerald, Capt. Joseph, 232
Flute, Cpl. Thompson, 340
Flynn, Sean, 136
Fonda, Henry, 247
Fonda, Jane, 327, 330
Ford, Gerald, 582, 593, 597, 607
Ford, Richard, 250, 455
Ford, Tennessee Ernie, 247
Forrestal, James, 647
Forrestal, Michael, 146, 176
Fortas, Abe, 290, 419
Fosdick, Raymond, 29
France: rule in Indochina, 2–5; opposes independence in Vietnam, 12, 18; troops arrive in Saigon (October 1945), 13; imperialist policy, 14–15, 28; US support for, 14–15, 28–30; operations against Vietminh, 16, 19–21; commits atrocities, 21–2, 24; troop numbers in Vietnam, 22; military losses, 23, 25–7, 81; fortifications attacked, 36–7; harassed by Vietminh guerrillas, 57; and Dienbienphu defeat, 66; US disparages, 66; prisoners of war in Indochina, 70; further losses after Dienbienphu, 74; army leaves Hanoi and North Vietnam, 79–81; last soldiers leave Saigon, 100; assumes special position in communist Vietnam, 614
Francis, Sgt. Arthur, 518
Franco, Gen. Francisco, 28
Franklin, Lt. Rob, 461, 465, 468, 518
Franks, Sgt. Lonnie, 514–15
Freemantle, Lt. Andrew, 459, 464, 467–8, 488
French Air Force: bombardment of Haiphong, 16; at Dienbienphu, 40, 41, 45, 48, 54, 55, 67; Vietminh night commando attacks on airfields of, 44–5; deaths of airmen, 46; medevac crews, 54; Groupe Franche Comté, 67; Vietnamese in, 83
French Army: Vietnamese troop
s in, 1–3, 20, 22, 34, 37, 53, 55, 68, 70, 74; in Saigon (October 1945), 13; brutality towards native population, 14, 20–1, 24; Vietminh expelled from urban areas, 14; tightens grip in south, 16; GCMA (Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés), 19; infantry sweeps, 19; My Trach massacre (1948), 20–1; North African troops, 21, 22, 25–7, 37, 51–2, 55, 58, 67–9, 80; Hall’s heroic vision of, 21–2; mercenaries in, 24–5; ‘Vietnamisation’, 25; Charton’s retreat, 26–7; defeats/retreat in north, 26–7; US military aid, 28–30; Nghia Lo battles, 37; Thai battalion at Dienbienphu, 53, 68; CIA mercenary resupply missions, 54–5, 67; Senegalese troops, 59, 80; numerical advantage over Vietminh, 75–6; leaves Hanoi, 79–81; see also Dienbienphu
MAJOR UNITS: 7th Algerian Tirailleurs, 51–2; 1st ‘Korea’ regiment, 74; Groupe Mobile 100, 74, 81, 600
French Foreign Legion, 20–1; former members of SS and Wehrmacht in, 21; at Dienbienphu, 50–1, 60
French Navy, 16
Fromson, Murray, 405
Fulbright, William, 29, 197, 211, 219, 328, 406
Fulkerson, Cpl. Orville, 408
Furci, Frank, 272
Galbraith, J.K., 155, 247, 327
Gambiez, Alain, 54
Garin, Lt. (French officer at Dienbienphu), 64
Garner, James, 247
Garwin, Richard, 406
Garwood, Cpl. Robert, 647n
Gates, Thomas, 125
Gaucher, Lt.Col. Jules, 44, 50
Gaulle, Charles de: and Bao Dai’s abdication, 10; opposes Vietnamese independence, 12, 15; on France’s declining interest in Vietnam, 18; urges US to disengage from Vietnam, 148, 176; influence in Vietnam, 174; disparages Johnson, 214; withdraws from Algeria, 554
Gavin, Gen. James, 641
Geneva: conference on Vietnam (1954), 64–6, 71–6; Accords (1954), 78–9, 82, 100; result of conference, 79; Accords revised (1962), 111; British participation in, 123
George, Alex, 122
Geraci, Brig. John (‘Mad Hombre’), 448
Gia Long, Emperor, 2
Gibson, Lt. Carl, 428
Giong Dinh (outpost), 241
Glen, Pte. Tom, 449
Goff, Harley, 473
Goldberg, Arthur, 230
Goldwater, Barry, 196, 578
Gole, Capt. Henry, 232
Goodpaster, Lt.Gen. Andrew, 175, 450–1
Gordon Walker, Patrick, 210
Goscha, Christopher, 22
Gouré, Leon, 279–81
Gracey, Maj.Gen. Douglas, 12–13
Graham, Don, 330, 347, 355, 639