Raj

by Lawrence, James

  Naga tribesmen, 414

  Nana Sahib, Nawab of Awadh, 37, 234, 248, 251, 252, 261, 262, 265, 271

  Naoroji, Dabhadi, 353, 354, 356

  Napier, Sir Charles, 99, 102–6, 123, 213

  naval power (British), 20–1, 67, 69, 368; non-existent in Indian Ocean (1942), 545

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 477, 486, 520, 521, 530, 535–6, 554, 606; arrested, 488, 525, 540, 564; Prime Minister of interim government, 605; relationship with Edwina Mountbatten, 611; released from prison (1945), 584; talking to the peasants, 485; wrecks accord on Cabinet mission plan, 600

  Nehru, Motilal, 485, 488, 520

  Neill, Colonel James, 250, 251–2

  Nepal war (1814–16), 65, 73, 74

  Newbolt, Henry, 397, 401

  Nicholson, Brigadier-General John, 257

  Nixon, Sir John, 446–7

  North-West Frontier: chronic unrest, 470; in fiction and poetry, 397–400; passes between India and Afghanistan, 404; press coverage of engagements, 400–2; rebellion (1930), 528–9; Waziri campaign (1936–37), 513

  Nott, Major-General William, 89, 90, 97, 127

  O’Dwyer, Sir Michael, 295, 308, 310, 342, 408, 410, 452–3, 459, 474; belief in revolutionary conspiracy, 471, 475; reprimand from Hunter Committee, 478

  officers (British army), 126–7; leadership in First World War, 442–3; mess conventions, 443

  officers (Company army), 126–7, 257–8; growing contempt for sepoys, 136; Indian (jemadars and subadars), 133; languages, 130, 136; military training, 129–30; pay and expenses, 127–9, 152

  Official Secrets Act (1888), 357

  On the Practicability of an Invasion of British India (De Lacy Evans), 84

  Operation Ebb-Tide: contrived by Wavell, 606; rejected by Cabinet, 607

  Outram, Colonel James, 102, 105, 250, 261

  Pakistan, 540, 557, 583–4, 590

  Pande, Mangal, 237–8

  Parliament: critical attention to Indian affairs, 343–4, 422; debate on dismissal of Dyer, 479–81; debate on Mutiny, 290–1; fact-finding tours, 312–13; investigation of Company affairs, 47, 48, 51, 58; little interest in India, 312; nabobs in, 48

  Parry, D. H., 498

  partition plan: disputed regions agree manner of split, 624; final plan completed, 616; first plan (‘Plan Balkan’), 614–16; rubber-stamped, 624; see also transfer of power

  A Passage to India (Forster), 504, 505, 507

  The Passionate Problem (Savi), 503, 504

  Patel, Sardar, 627

  Patel, Vallabhbhai, 586, 614, 623, 633

  Pathans, 394–9, 403–9, 527–8; anti-British wars, 405–6; blood feuds, 405, 407; Ghazis, 405, 454; mutinies, 451–2; role of political officers, 407; weapons, 404

  Perrin, Alice, 499

  Peshawar riots, 528

  plague epidemic (bubonic), 357–8, 424

  ‘Plan Balkan’: first plan for partition, 614; rejected by Nehru, 615–16

  police, 204–5, 527–8, 534, 603, 617; in Bengal, 204, 205; in Madras, 205; massacred, 487; morale, 562–3, 566; Muslim–Hindu clashes in Rajasthan, 618; mutiny in Bihar, 618; in Punjab crisis, 635; recruitment increased, 542; under-manned and under-financed, 430–1, 468, 645; see also crime; law enforcement

  political agents and officers, 328; frontier tribes, 413–14; intelligence gathering, 330; remoulding Pathan character, 407–8

  political terrorism, 426–31

  polo, 442–3

  press (British): adulation of Highlanders, 402; coverage of Mutiny, 281–3; coverage of Quit India campaign, 565; North-West Frontier engagements, 400–2; support for India Defence League, 533; see also individual newspapers/magazines

  press (Indian), 355–7, 360, 389

  princes, 182–3; armed retinues, 327–8; assessed by political agents, 328; at time of partition, 587, 624–9; denounced by Gandhi, 524; educated at public schools, 332, 333, 335–6, 337; forced to borrow money, 10; government guidance, 326–7, 330; law enforced by government, 332–3; lethargic in capturing criminals, 200; loyalty during Mutiny, 333; Manipur incident, 330–2; over-indulgence, 324–6; in partnership with government, 333–4; plans for independence, 615; reluctant to join federation, 532; resist satyagraha campaign, 488, 526; visits to Britain, 324, 337

  prize money, 74–6, 127–8, 140–1, 268

  provincial assembly elections, 535–6, 590

  psychological warfare, Josh programme, 576–8

  public opinion (British): against Ilbert amendment, 349–51; muted opposition to Indian independence, 588; uneasy about second Afghan war, 375

  public schools: British, 156, 308, 310; Indian, 332, 335–6

  Punjab, 106–7; Amritsar massacre, 472–3, 474; Army of the Sutlej, 109–12; coalition government falls, 620; dividing line altered in favour of India, 629–31; Ghadr revolutionary movement, 452; growing unrest, 423–4; martial law, 473, 475; martial law refused, 623; Muslim League terrorist campaign, 620, 621–2; patriarchal style of government, 425; post-Independence crisis, 632–6; punitive campaign (second Sikh War), 115–18; Punjab Boundary Force, 622, 633, 635; satyagraha riots, 471; settlement laws, 423, 425, 433; uprising, 113–16; vengeance, 483; war against (first Sikh War), 108–12; see also sectarian violence

  Quit India campaign, 560–3, 564–73, 583; arrest of leaders, 564, 565; casualties, 572; Congress disappointed by results, 571; incidents at Chimur, Ballia, Sasaram, 568; intelligence operations, 561–2, 567, 571; Madhuban incident, 568–9; material damage, 572; Muslim League stands aloof, 570; participants drawn from all classes, 570–1; patchy development, 570; police morale, 562–3, 566; prompt British response, 564; riots, 565–6; threat to war effort, 562, 565, 572

  racial arrogance of British, 156–9, 180, 273, 297, 311, 318, 342, 360–1, 435–6, 517; adopted by Americans, 516; enhanced by Ilbert affair, 349–51; in Malaya, 546–7; in Navy, 593

  Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 629; buckles under pressure from Mountbatten, 630

  rail network, 175–6, 184–5, 304–6, 355

  Raj: benefits to Indian people, 644; monumental sculpture in Britain, 155, 643; monumental sculpture in India, 642; nationalist leaders, 646; opponents of, honoured in India, 646; popular nostalgia for, 643; principles of, no longer fashionable, 642; public utilities in India, 644, 645; underlying principles, 641

  Rao, Balaji Baji, 10

  Rao, Sayagi, Gaikwar of Baroda, 336–9; conversion to liberal nationalism, 338; snub to King George V, 321, 338

  Rattray, Rear-Admiral Arthur, 593

  Rawlinson, Lord, 488

  Rees, Major-General Thomas, 633, 635

  Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 176

  Regulating Act (1773), 51, 52

  religion see missionary activities Roberts, Field Marshal Lord, 366, 379; Burma wars, 412–13; relief of Kandahar, 378; in second Afghan War, 373, 375, 377

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 556

  Round Table conference, 523, 524, 530; failure to produce constitution, 532; rejected by Congress, 523

  Rowlatt Acts, 468, 469, 490

  Royal Air Force: operations against rail saboteurs, 564–6; in third Afghan War, 475–6

  Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Bombay mutiny, 592–5, 597; Communists exploit uprising, 594; copycat mutinies, 597–8; counter-insurgency measures, 594–5; sailors’ grievances, 593

  Ruhela, Daud Khan, 8

  Ruhela war, 55

  Russia: Anglo-Russian stand-off, 381–2; Balkan intervention, 372; capture of Pandjeh, 380–1; Central Asia conquests, 370–1, 379, 381; defeated by Japanese, 392; defeated in Crimea, 368–9; expansionist policies, 367–8, 371; fear of British offensive, 369; fomenting Persian–Afghan war, 87–8; objectives, 386, 388; railway network, 384–5, 388; threat to India, 81–2, 84–6, 87, 89–90, 97–8, 364–6, 372–3, 388–9, 590

  Russo-Afghan border settlement, 382, 386

  Russophobia, 88–9, 366, 386, 389, 390

  salt tax march, 525

  sati outlawed, 226

  satyagraha, 468, 484, 525; first campaign (191
9), 470–1, 472, 474; no progress in princely states, 488, 526; second campaign (1920–22), 485–7

  Savi, Ethel, 501–2, 503, 504

  Savory, Lieutenant-General Sir Reginald, 612, 615, 638

  Schomberg, Lieutenant-Colonel Reginald, 617

  Scott, Paul, 552

  Seabright, Kenneth, 508

  Second World War, 539; Axis operations on North-West Frontier, 552; British defeats in Asia, 545–6; Emergency Powers Act, 542; Indian mobilisation, 542; Indian troops defect, 545, 547, 548, 549; mutinies, 543–4

  sectarian violence in run-up to partition, 616–23; anti-Sikh massacres in Rawalpindi, 617; army partially immobilised, 616; ineffectual calls for peace, 622; martial law in Punjab refused, 623; murder bands funded by political parties, 620; Punjab administration demoralised, 617; Punjab struggle for paramountcy, 616–7, 620, 621–2; state governments in massacre of Muslims, 619

  Sellon, Edward, 207–8, 210–12, 216

  sepoys, 121, 131–3; morale, 123–4; sources of discontent, 134–6

  servants, 159–62; punishment, 161–2; wages, 160–1

  sex: availability in Britain, 209–10; availability in India, 207–8; British attitudes to, 56, 207–9, 210, 213–14, 216–17; erotic art, 57, 209, 211–12; Evangelical perceptions of depravity, 208, 217, 220–1; homosexuality, 212–13, 325, 508; Indian attitudes to, 210–13, 214–15; newspaper advertisements, 509–10; prostitutes and brothels, 209, 210–11, 509

  Shah Muhammad, 87–8

  Shah Shuja, 90–3, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101

  Shahjahan, Emperor, 4, 6

  Sher Ali, 373–4, 375

  Sherwood, Marcia, assaulted at Amritsar, 472, 474

  sieges: Arcot, 25; Bharatpur, 128, 144, 152, 169; Delhi, 246, 258–9; Kandahar, 378; Kut-al-Amarah, 446; Lucknow, 261; Multan, 114, 116, 123; Trichinopoly, 24, 26

  Sikh Akali movement, 521, 633

  Simon Commission, 520–1

  Simon, Sir John, 520

  Sind, 86, 100–1; conquest of, 99–100, 103–4

  Singh, Captain Mohan, 547, 548

  Singh, Chandra, 19, 23, 24, 26

  Singh, Ranjit, Maharajah of Lahore, 82, 86, 87, 92, 98, 106, 107, 142

  Singh, Tikendrajit, 330–2, 356, 646

  Siraj-ud Daula, Nawab of Bengal, 31–5; defeated at Plassey, 35; occupation of Calcutta, 32

  Smith, Sir Harry, 100, 109, 110, 111, 112

  A Soldier’s Daughter (Henty), 399

  Spanish influenza pandemic, 462

  state pageantry, 316–17, 491–3, 537, 632

  sunstroke (heat exhaustion), 104, 114–15, 250, 255

  Suhrawardy, Huseyn, 602–4

  The Sword and the Sickle (Anand), 463, 486

  Tagore, Dwarkanath, 280, 346

  Tatya Topi, 256–7, 261, 262

  taxation, 5, 7, 9, 17, 38, 40, 42, 187–95; abuses, 5, 19, 191–2; Bengal Settlement, 190–2; Company unable to remedy defects, 195; effects of high tax rates, 192–4; evasion, 188, 192; extortionate rates, 192; and land ownership, 188–90; reduced revenues during Mutiny, 266–7; riots, 194; ryotwari system, 192; steep rise in First World War, 461; village economy, 461–2; withheld, 527

  technological advances: demand for rail network, 175–6; impact on Indian society, 173–4

  telegraph service, 357

  terror tactics (British): frontier engagements, 410–12; Mutiny retribution, 250–1; second Afghan War, 375, 376

  terror tactics (Indian nationalists), 430–1, 432, 436; Bengal, 426–8, 455; Kennedy murders, 426, 428; Punjab, 452

  Thagi and Dakaiti Department, 198, 200, 202, 236, 327, 333

  Through the Sikh Wars (Henty), 497

  Through Three Campaigns (Henty), 398

  Tibet: campaign against, 391–2; fear of Russian interference, 390

  Tilak, Bal Gangadhai, 357, 363, 417, 426, 428–9, 456, 458, 466; Home Rule League, 457; imprisoned for incitement, 429; imprisoned for sedition, 358; loyalty to Raj, 439; militant nationalist, 358; Shivaji cult, 358, 428

  Timurid dynasty, 4, 5, 8–9

  Tipu Sultan, son of Haidar Ali, 65, 67–8, 69, 121, 144

  Tirah campaign, 399, 401, 410

  Trade Unionism, 489, 521

  transfer of power, 585, 586, 631–2; Cabinet mission announced, 592; Cabinet mission succeeds and fails, 599–601; deadline for withdrawal (Attlee), 612, 617; deadline for withdrawal (Mountbatten), 622; Direct Action Day, 601, 602–4; Hindu–Muslim conflict spreads, 601, 604–5; increasing unrest in run-up period, 591–2; Independence Day, 631–2; naval uprisings, 592–5, 597; neutral buffer zone refused, 622; partition inevitable, 613–14; ‘Plan Balkan’, 614–16; post-Independence Punjab crisis, 632–7; process taken too quickly, 617, 638; see also partition plan; sectarian violence

  Turko-German plans for Indian subversion, 453–5

  Vansittart, Henry, 38, 39–40, 44

  Vellore mutiny, 133–4, 223

  venereal diseases, 139, 217–18

  Vernacular Press Act, 349

  Viceroys: duties, 313–16; qualifications, 313–14

  Victoria, Queen: Abdul Karim, unofficial adviser, 319, 332; cult figure, 318; declared Empress of India, 316–17, 318; learning Hindustani, 319

  Warburton, Sir Robert, 219, 407–8

  wars: drain on Company finances, 66, 76–7; with France, 18, 19, 40; personal profits gained from, 23, 34, 39, 74–6, 268; waged for humane ends, 71–2, 73, 74, 119

  Wavell, General Sir Archibald (later Viscount Wavell), 548, 581–3, 602–3; coaxes Jinnah to join government, 605; concerned with collapse in public order, 590–1; Operation Ebb-Tide, 606–7; under strain, 606

  weapons, European-style, 67, 142–3, 235; ammunition, 374, 410; armoured cars, 472–3, 528; Armstrong cannon, 143; Colt revolvers, 143; Enfield rifles, 235, 252, 259; Gatling machine-guns, 374; Lee Metfold magazine rifles, 404; Martini-Henry rifles, 374, 404; Maxim machine-guns, 401; Minié rifles, 143

  Wellesley, Arthur (later Duke of Wellington), 65, 70, 71, 85, 122, 124, 169

  Wellesley, Marquess of, 4, 63, 64–71, 74, 76–7, 121, 176, 208; Fort William College, 154, 310; recalled, 66, 71; reform of government, 152–4

  Wheeler, General Sir Hugh, 247, 248, 251

  Yeames, James, 80–1, 98

  Younghusband, Francis, 382, 385, 386, 391, 400

  Younghusband, George, 396, 402, 443, 503, 514

  Yugantar (journal), 421, 426