Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire
Page 43
Judith Herrin, ‘Mathematical Mysteries in Byzantium: The Transmission of Fermat’s Last Theorem’, Dialogos: Hellenic Studies Review 6 (1999), 22–42.
Helen C. Evans and William D. Wixom, eds., The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era AD 843–’1261 (New York 1997).
Helen C. Evans, ed., Byzantium: Faith and Power (as above in chapter 25).
Robert S. Nelson and Kristen M. Collins, eds., Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai (Los Angeles 2006).
List of Emperors Named in the Text
Constantine I, later called the Great, St Constantine
306–37
Constantius II
337–61
Julian, known as the Apostate
361–3
Valens
364–78
Theodosius I
379–95
Honorius, emperor in the West
395–423
Arcadius, emperor in the East
395–408
Theodosius II, emperor in the East
408–50
Valentinian III
425–55
Marcian
450–57
Zeno
474–91
Anastasius I
491–518
Justin I
518–27
Justinian I
527–65
Maurice
582–602
Phokas
602–10
Herakleios
610–41
Constans II
641–68
Constantine IV
668–85
Justinian II
685–95
Leontios
695–8
Justinian II (second reign)
705–11
Philippikos
711–13
Anastasios II
713–15
Theodosios III
715–17
Leo III
717–41
Constantine V
741–75
Leo IV
775–80
Constantine VI and his mother Irene
780–90
Constantine VI alone
791–7
Irene alone
797–802
Nikephoros I
802–11
Michael I Rangabe
811–13
Leo V the Armenian
813–820
Michael II of Amorion
820–29
Theophilos
829–42
Michael III with his mother Theodora as regent
842–56
Michael III alone
856–67
Basil I the Macedonian
867–86
Leo VI the Wise
886–912
Alexander
912–13
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos with regency
913–20
Romanos I Lekapenos
920–44
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos alone
945–59
Romanos II
959–63
Basil II with regency
963–76
Nikephoros II Phokas
963–9
John I Tzimiskes
969–76
Basil II alone
976–1025
Constantine VIII
1025–8
Romanos III Argyros, first husband of Zoe
1028–34
Michael IV, second husband of Zoe
1034–41
Michael V, adopted by Zoe
1041–2
Zoe and Theodora
1042
Constantine IX, third husband of Zoe
1042–55
Theodora alone
1055–6
Michael VI ‘the Aged’, husband of Theodora
1056–7
Isaac I Komnenos
1057–9
Constantine X Doukas
1059–67
Romanos IV Diogenes
1067–71
Michael VII Doukas
1071–8
Alexios I Komnenos
1081–1118
John II Komnenos
1118–43
Manuel I Komnenos
1143–80
Alexios II Komnenos
1180–82
Andronikos I Komnenos
1182–5
Isaac II Angelos
1185–95
Alexios III Angelos
1195–1203
Alexios IV Angelos and Isaac II
1203–4
During the Latin occupation of Constantinople
Baldwin, count of Flanders
1204–5
Peter of Courtney
1217–19?
Baldwin II
1240–61
Rulers in Nicaea
Theodore I Laskaris
1204–1222
John III Vatatzes
1222–54
Theodore II Laskaris
1254–8
John IV Laskaris
1258–61
In Epiros
Michael I Doukas Komnenos
1205–15
Theodore I Doukas Komnenos
1215–30
Michael II Doukas Komnenos
1230–66/8
Nikephoros I Doukas Komnenos
1266/8–1296/8
In Trebizond
Alexios I Komnenos and his younger brother David
Komnenos (1204–12, ruler of Paphlagonia)
1204–22
Manuel I Megas Komnenos
1238–63
After the recapture of Constantinople
Michael VIII Palaiologos
1259–82
Andronikos II Palaiologos
1282–1328
Andronikos III Palaiologos
1328–41
John V Palaiologos
1341–91
John VI Kantakouzenos, rival emperor during the civil war
1347–54
Andronikos IV Palaiologos
1376–9
John VII Palaiologos
1390
Manuel II Palaiologos
1391–1425
John VIII Palaiologos
1425–48
Constantine XI Palaiologos
1449–53
Chronology
306
Constantine I acclaimed emperor at York, northern Britain
312
Constantine’s victory at the battle of the Milvian Bridge outside Rome
313
Edict of Milan declares religious toleration
324
Constantine’s victory over Licinius at Chrysopolis and foundation of Constantinople
325
First Oecumenical Council at Nicaea
326
Helena’s pilgrimage to Jerusalem
330
11 May, inauguration of the city of Constantine, Constantinople
337
Death and Christian funeral of Constantine I
356/7
Constantius II installs relics of saints at the church of Holy Apostles
378
Valens killed by Goths at the battle of Adrianople
380
Theodosius I enters Constantinople
381
Second Oecumenical Council at Constantinople
402
Honorius moves court from Milan to Ravenna
406
Withdrawal of Roman forces from Britain
410
Rome sacked by Alaric and Goths
412/13
Constantinople expanded by new walls
437
Marriage of Valentinian III and Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius II
437/8
Codex Theodosianus issued
451
Fourth Oecumenical Council at Chal
cedon
455
Rome sacked by Vandals from North Africa
489
Theoderic’s victory at Ravenna
524
Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy
529
Platonic Academy of Athens closed
532
Eternal Peace with Persia; Nika riot in Constantinople
533
Defeat of Vandals in Africa
534
Codex Juris Civilis issued
540
Capture of Gothic king Vitiges in Ravenna
541/2
Bubonic plague spreads throughout Mediterranean
547
4 Dedication of the church of San Vitale, Ravenna
608
Senate of Constantinople appeals to Herakleios, exarch of Carthage
610
Phokas overthrown by Herakleios, son of exarch
622
Flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina
626
Siege of Constantinople by combined Avar and Persian forces
628
Herakleios defeats Persia, Chosroes II dies
630
Herakleios returns the True Cross to Jerusalem
632
Death of Muhammad
636
Arab victory at battle of Yarmuk
638
Arabs capture Antioch and Jerusalem
642
Arabs overrun Egypt
655
Arabs defeat Constans II at naval battle of Phoinix
662
Constans II moves court to Syracuse in Sicily
674–8
Long blockade and siege of Constantinople by Arabs
680/81
Sixth Oecumenical Council at Constantinople
691/2
Caliph ‘Abd al-Malik constructs Dome of the Rock
692
Council in Trullo (Quinisext) at Constantinople
698
Arabs overrun exarchate of Carthage
711
Arabs defeat Visigoths in Spain, cross River Oxus in Uzbekistan
717–18
Siege of Constantinople by Arabs
726
Underwater volcanic eruption at Thera (Santorini)
730
Leo III dismisses Patriarch Germanos and imposes iconoclasm
740
Ekloga issued by Leo III and Constantine V; Byzantine victory over the Arabs at Akroinon
750
Abbasid revolt and removal of Caliphate to Baghdad
751
Fall of Ravenna to Lombards
754
Iconoclast Council at Hiereia; Alliance between Pope Stephen II and Pippin, king of the Franks
787
Seventh Oecumenical Council at Nicaea
800
Pope Leo III crowns Charles, king of the Franks, emperor in Rome
815
Iconoclast Council in Hagia Sophia
829
Relics of St Mark taken from Alexandria to Venice
843
Theodora ends Iconoclasm with Synodikon of Orthodoxy
858–67
Patriarch Photios, first reign, conversion of the Bulgars and baptism of Khan Boris
860
Russian attack on Constantinople
863
Mission of Constantine-Cyril and Methodios to Moravia
867
Murder of Michael III by Basil I the Macedonian
869/70
Eighth Oecumenical Council in Constantinople
877–86
Patriarch Photios, second reign
905
Birth of Constantine Porphyrogennetos
907
Fourth marriage of Leo VI
911
First treaty between Byzantium and the Rus
941
Russian attack on Constantinople
944
Second trade treaty with Rus, followed by Olga’s visit to
Constantinople
961
Byzantine reconquest of Crete by Nikephoros Phokas
965
Byzantine reconquest of Cyprus
972
Marriage of Theophano to Otto II in Rome
969
Byzantine reconquest of Antioch by John Tzimiskes
989
Baptism of Vladimir of Kiev and marriage to Anna Porphyro gennetos
992
Basil II issues first Byzantine chrysobull for Venice
1004
Marriage of Maria Argyropoulaina and Giovanni Orseolo
1004/5
Introduction of the fork to Venice
1034
Harald Hadrada arrives in Constantinople with Varangians
1046–53
Pechenegs cross Danube frontiers and devastate Balkans
1048
onwards Constantine IX Monomarchos devalues gold coinage
1054
Schism between Constantinople and Rome
1071
Normans capture Bari in southern Italy; Seljuk Turks defeat and capture Romanos IV Diogenes at the battle of Mantzikert
1082/4
Alexios I Komnenos issues second chrysobull for Venice
1082–5
Norman invasion of Epiros
1087
Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem
1092
Alexios I Komnenos reforms the gold coinage
1095
Alexios I Komnenos appeals for western military help against the Turks
1096–9
First Crusade
1111
Basil the Bogomil burned at the stake
1146–8
Second Crusade
1171
Byzantine attack on Venetian colonies throughout the empire
1182
Further Byzantine attacks on Venetian, Pisan and Genoese property
1187
Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, expels crusaders
1189–92
Third Crusade, Richard I, ‘the Lionheart’ of England, invades
Cyprus
1202–4
Fourth Crusade
1203
First siege of Constantinople, flight of Alexios III Angelos,
Crusaders install Alexios IV with his father Isaac II Angelos
1204
Crusaders’ second siege and sack of Constantinople, establishment of the Latin Empire of Constantinople
1204/5
Foundation of rival Byzantine states in Trebizond, Nicaea and
Epiros
1208
Theodore I Laskaris crowned as emperor in Nicaea
1216
Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Ohrid
1224
Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Thessalonike
1225/7
Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Adrianople, crowned
emperor in Thessalonike
1248
Mistras founded by William II Villehardouin
1249
Michael II Komnenos Doukas adopts the title Despot of Epiros
1249/50
Theological debates between Byzantines and friars at Nymphaion
1259
Michael Palaiologos defeats forces of Epiros and Achaia, William II Villehardouin taken prisoner
1261
Latins driven out of Constantinople, Michael VIII Palaiologos
returns in triumph
1274
Council of Lyons declares union of churches
1278
William II Villehardouin dies, Charles of Anjou inherits principality of Achaia
1282
‘Sicilian Vespers’ attack on Charles of Anjou halts his projected
invasion of Byzantium
1327
Ottomans capture Prousa/Bursa
1331
Ottomans capture Nicaea/Iznik
1337
Ottomans
capture Nikomedeia/Izmit
1341–7
Civil war between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos