Destination Mars
Page 30
USGS. See United States Geological Survey
Utah desert as a research site for the Mars Society, 286–87
Utopia Planitia (Nowhere Plain) (landing site for Viking 2 lander), 25, 87, 302n2
See also photo section
Valles Marineris, 30, 76, 145
See also photo section
Vastitas Borealis (Northern Waste), 234
Venus (planet), 267
Magellan Venus project, 190
Mariner 2 flyby of, 52, 57
myths about surface of, 101
Soviet Union's attempts to probe, 57, 107, 143, 297n1, 306n1
as a “terrestrial” planet, 298n3
Vesta (asteroid), 267
Victoria Crater, 205, 219–23, 224, 225, 226
“bathtub ring,” 222
Cape Verde. See photo section
Duck Bay, 221
See also photo section
Viking program, 133, 152, 166, 205, 283
compared to Phoenix lander, 232, 234
and Mariner program, 64, 77
and MRO, 190, 199
and the search for life on Mars, 83–97, 263, 275, 284
experiments planned, 84, 88–89, 93, 95, 100–101, 276
Norman Horowitz's efforts to find, 99–105
use of redundancy in planning, 307n1 (chap. 18)
Viking 1 lander, 17–25, 124, 126, 253, 297n1. See also photo section
aeroshell, 18, 19, 124, 135
different landing technique used by Pathfinder, 124–25, 135
first images of Viking 1's footpad, 22, 89–90
problems encountered, 91–94, 96–97
Viking 1 orbiter, 17, 20, 23, 112, 126, 205, 210
deactivation of, 96
photographic surveys of Mars, 21, 25, 85, 110, 125. See also photo section
Viking 2 lander, 25, 87, 124, 126, 181, 234, 253. See also photo section
depiction of Martian explorer revisiting site of landing. See also photo section
different landing technique used by Pathfinder, 124
end of mission, 96
Viking 2 orbiter, 205, 210
photographic surveys of Mars, 25, 85, 110, 125, 126. See also photo section
Viking life-science lab, 256
Viking sampler arm, 85, 88, 92, 93, 302n3
visual target tracking, 220–21
volcanic activity on Mars, 29–33, 54, 69, 120, 131
Mariner 9 discovering volcanoes, 75, 76–77, 80
and melted ice, 204
MGS confirming widespread volcanism, 111
See also names of specific volcanoes, i.e., Arsia Mons, Tharsis Bulge, etc. ; photo section
Von Braun, Wernher, 291
Voyager program, 121, 134, 190, 243, 267
vugs (empty areas), 183
War of the Worlds, The (1953 movie), 49
War of the Worlds, The (Wells), 48–49
water on Mars, 66, 211
canals of Mars theories, 43–47, 55
early misunderstandings about, 34
leading to major features' names, 33
hydrated materials found, 145, 202–204
as an indicator of possible life, 181, 204. See also life on Mars
meltwater, 34, 103
Mount Wilson Observatory data that de-Lowellized beliefs about Mars, 102–103
new discoveries of water, 34–35, 110–11, 183
finding evidence of flowing water, 185
finding hematite, 111, 183, 213, 216, 262, 302–303n2
finding that Mars had water at one time, 104
formation of rocks, 213, 216, 224
and Mariner 9, 191
and Mars Odyssey, 158, 160, 163–64, 167–68
measuring northern ice cap, 202
and MER, 183, 185, 190–91, 262
and MGS, 112, 112, 118
new equipment to look for, 196–97
and Pathfinder, 128
and sedimentation, 182
subsurface water, 145–46
planning for contingency of no water on Mars, 103
spectroscopic analyses of, 45
water ice, 64, 145, 163, 167–68, 203, 238. See also photo section
ice layer under northern plains, 247–48
and the Phoenix lander, 239, 240, 249–50
recent melting of water snow, 161
water ice in soil. See permafrost
wide distribution of, 163
water vapor, 238
water-worn features found, 77, 110
“wave of darkening,” 34, 58
WCL. See wet chemistry lab
weather on Mars, 90–91, 110, 197, 211, 221–22, 233–34
active meteorological system, 163
clouds, 24, 29, 76, 85, 130, 220, 298n4
dust clouds, 75, 75–76, 80, 206–207
dust storms, 75, 75–76, 78, 80, 85, 91, 210, 221–22. See also photo section
seasons, 34, 40, 69, 161, 197, 277
winter, 163, 219, 227, 235. See also photo section
temperatures, 125, 126, 130, 162, 163, 200, 235
impact of on Pathfinder, 129, 131
THEMIS used to map temperatures, 158, 167
warmer and wetter in first billion years, 191, 216
winds, 34, 55, 124, 223, 298–99n4. See also photo section
aeolian (wind-sculpted) features found, 77, 110
study of windblown dust, 175
See also atmosphere on Mars; permafrost; photo section
Wedge (rock found by Sojourner), 129
Welles, Orson, 49
Wells, H. G., 48–50, 56
wet chemistry lab (WCL), 233, 277
White Boat (second rock found by Spirit), 180–81
winds. See weather on Mars
winter. See weather on Mars
Wonderful World of Disney, The (TV show), 291
Wonderland (trench dug by Phoenix), 237
Wopmay (rock found by Opportunity), 215
year, length of on Mars, 27–28
Yogi (second rock found by Sojourner), 128
See also photo section
Young, Thomas, 154
Zond 2 (Soviet Union), 148
Zubrin, Robert, 271–72, 285–88
Zurek, Richard, 209–12