Hidden Depths: The Story of Hypnosis
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[3] Derek Forrest, The Evolution of Hypnotism (Forfar: Black Ace Books, 1998); repr. as Hypnotism: A History (London: Penguin, 2000)
[4] Alan Gauld, A History of Hypnotism (Cambridge University Press, 1992)
[5] Frank Podmore, From Mesmer to Christian Science: A Short History of Mental Healing (1909; New York: University Books, 1963)
And a number of original texts are reprinted or translated in:
[6] Maurice Tinterow, Foundations of Hypnosis: From Mesmer to Freud (Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas, 1970)
A swift, but well-informed historical survey is:
[7] Melvin Gravitz, ‘Early Theories of Hypnosis: A Clinical Perspective’ in Steven Jay Lynn and Judith Rhue (eds.), Theories of Hypnosis: Current Models and Perspectives (New York: Guilford, 1993), 19–42
And further relevant topics are covered in:
[8] Melvin Gravitz, ‘Two Centuries of Hypnosis Specialty Journals’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 35 (1987), 265–76. See also the addendum in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 39 (1996), 18–20
[9]———‘Etienne Félix d'Hénin de Cuvillers: A Founder of Hypnosis’, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36 (1993), 7–11
[10] Melvin Gravitz and Manuel Gerton, ‘Origins of the Term Hypnotism Prior to Braid’, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27 (1984), 107–10
Hypnotism in General
The best two books with which to begin thinking about the nature of hypnotism are:
[11] Kenneth Bowers, Hypnosis for the Seriously Curious (New York: Brooks/Cole, 1976)
[12] Michael Yapko, Essentials of Hypnosis (Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel, 1995)
The most instructive how-to book by far is:
[13] John Grinder and Richard Bandler, Trance-formations: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Structure of Hypnosis (Moab, UT: Real People Press, 1981)
And the following introductory works, from a spread of periods, are all good:
[14] George Barth, The Mesmerist's Manual of Phenomena and Practice … (London: Baillière, 1851)
[15] Fredrik Björnström, Hypnotism: Its History and Present Development (New York: Humboldt Publishing, 1887)
[16] George Estabrooks, Hypnotism (New York: Dutton, 1943)
[17] H.B. Gibson, Hypnosis: Its Nature and Therapeutic Uses (London: Peter Owen, 1977)
[18] F.L. Marcuse, Hypnosis: Fact and Fiction (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1959)
[19] Robert Temple, Open to Suggestion: The Uses and Abuses of Hypnosis (Wellingborough: Thorsons, 1989)
[20] David Waxman, Hypnosis: A Guide for Patients and Practitioners (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981)
Somewhat more academic, but worth persevering with, are:
[21] J. Milne Bramwell, Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory (London: Grant Richards, 1903)
[22] Michael Heap (ed.), Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices (London: Croom Helm, 1988)
[23] Ronald Shor and Martin Orne (eds.), The Nature of Hypnosis: Selected Basic Readings (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965)
[24] Boris Sidis, The Psychology of Suggestion (New York: Appleton-Century, 1910)
[25] David Spiegel, ‘Hypnosis and Implicit Memory: Automatic Processing of Explicit Content’, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 40 (1998), 231–40
[26] David Waxman et al. (eds.), Modern Trends in Hypnosis (New York: Plenum, 1985)
1. Hypnosis in Fact and Fiction
One of the topics that recurs throughout the book, but most prominently in the first chapter, is the fictional treatment of hypnosis. But there seems little point in giving bibliographical details for fictional works (or a filmography for the films I mention). There are a number of good books and articles in academic journals on the involvement with hypnosis or mesmerism of Poe, say, or Browning or Shelley, but the following more general works are more suitable for this bibliography:
[27] Arnold Ludwig, ‘Hypnosis in Fiction’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 11 (1963), 71–80
[28] Maria Tatar, Spellbound: Studies in Mesmerism and Literature (Princeton University Press, 1978)
Here are a couple of the dozen or so how-to books on stage hypnotism:
[29] Kreskin, The Amazing World of Kreskin (New York: Random House, 1973)
[30] Professor Leonidas, Secrets of Stage Hypnotism (1901; Hollywood: Newcastle Publishing, 1975)
The best book on hypnotism and Christianity, with an informed and balanced approach, and a survey of and response to earlier literature, is:
[31] John Court, Hypnosis, Healing and the Christian (Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 1997)
2. In the Beginning
The early history of hypnotism in the West has scarcely been researched and a lot of inaccurate information is still being perpetuated, but the following works are useful:
[32] Emma and Ludwig Edelstein, Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies (2 vols., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945; 1-volume edn, 1998)
[33] Henderikus Stam and Nicholas Spanos, ‘The Asclepian Dream Healings and Hypnosis: A Critique’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 30 (1982), 9–22
[34] Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (8 vols., Columbia University Press, 1923 –58)
[35] Ian Wilson, Jesus: The Evidence (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984)
3. Franz Anton Mesmer
Mesmer's own writings are available in various translations, but especially as follows:
[36] G.J. Bloch, Mesmerism: A Translation of the Original Medical and Scientific Writings of F.A. Mesmer (Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann, 1980)
There have been a good half-dozen books dedicated to Mesmer in English in the last 100 years, but the only two worth recommending are:
[37] Vincent Buranelli, The Wizard from Vienna: Franz Anton Mesmer and the Origins of Hypnotism (London: Peter Owen, 1976)
[38] Frank Pattie, Mesmer and Animal Magnetism: A Chapter in the History of Medicine (Hamilton, NY: Edmonston Publishing, 1994)
Then, on further topics in this chapter, see:
[39] Robert Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France (Harvard University Press, 1968)
[40] Kevin McConkey and Campbell Perry, ‘Benjamin Franklin and Mesmerism’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 33 (1985), 122–30
On Mesmer's twentieth-century descendants, summarized in the appendix, see (as well as [103]):
[41] David Boadella, Wilhelm Reich: The Evolution of His Work (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985)
[42] Janet Macrae, Therapeutic Touch (New York: Knopf, 1988)
[43] Gary Null, Healing with Magnets (New York: Carrol and Graf, 1998)
4. Magnetic Sleep and Victor's Sister
This important period, roughly between Mesmer and Braid, is rarely treated on its own, and so I simply refer the reader to the general histories listed at the start of this bibliography, apart from the following paper (which, however, largely repeats material from [2]):
[44] Henri Ellenberger, ‘Mesmer and Puységur: From Magnetism to Hypnotism’, Psychoanalytic Review, 52 (1965), 137–53
5. Crusaders and Prophets in the United States
For the early history of mesmerism in the United States the best single book is:
[45] Robert Fuller, Mesmerism and the American Cure of Souls (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982)
Then see also:
[46] John Andrick, ‘Hypnosis and the Emmanuel Movement: A Medical and Religious Repudiation’, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 20 (1978), 224 –34
[47] Ruth Brandon, The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Knopf, 1983)
[48] Eric Carlson, ‘Charles Poyen Brings Mesmerism to America’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 15 (1960), 121–32
[49] Robert Fuller, ‘The American Mesmerists’ in Heinz Schot
t (ed.), Franz Anton Mesmer und die Geschichte des Mesmerismus (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1985), 163–73
[50] Melvin Gravitz, ‘Early Uses of Hypnosis as Surgical Anesthesia’, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 30 (1988), 201–8
[51]———‘Early American Mesmeric Societies: A Historical Study’, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 37 (1994), 41–8
[52] Gail Parker, Mind Cures in New England: From the Civil War to World War I (Hanover, MA: University Press of New England, 1973)
6. ‘Mesmeric Mania’ in the United Kingdom
The most important original works relevant to this period are available in [6] and as follows:
[53] James Braid, Satanic Agency and Mesmerism (Manchester: Sims and Dinham, Galt and Anderson, 4 June 1842)
[54]———Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism (London: John Churchill, 1843)
[55]———The Power of Mind Over the Body (London: John Churchill, 1846)
[56]——— Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electrobiology (London: John Churchill, 1852)
[57]——— The Physiology of Fascination and the Critics Criticised (Manchester: Grant, 1855)
[58] John Elliotson, Numerous Cases of Surgical Operations Without Pain in the Mesmeric State (London: Baillière, 1843)
[59]——— Case of a True Cancer of the Female Breast (London: Walton and Mitchell, 1848)
[60]——— (ed.), The Zoist (London: Baillière, 1843 –56)
[61] James Esdaile, Mesmerism in India and Its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1846; repr. New York: Arno, 1975); repr. as Hypnotism in Medicine and Surgery, ed. William Kroger (New York: Julian Press, 1957)
[62] Fred Kaplan, John Elliotson on Mesmerism (New York: Da Capo Press, 1982)
[63] Harriet Martineau, Letters on Mesmerism (London: Moxon, 1845)
[64] Chauncy Hare Townshend, Facts in Mesmerism with Reasons for a Dispassionate Inquiry into it (1840; repr. New York: Da Capo, 1982)
A great deal has been written about the period. The outstanding book is:
[65] Alison Winter, Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain (University of Chicago Press, 1998)
And particular topics are well treated in:
[66] Roger Cooter, ‘The History of Mesmerism in Britain: Poverty and Promise’ in Heinz Schott (ed.), Franz Anton Mesmer und die Geschichte des Mesmerismus (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1985), 152–62
[67]———‘Dichotomy and Denial: Mesmerism, Medicine, and Harriet Martineau’ in Marina Benjamin (ed.), Science and Sensibility: Gender and Scientific Enquiry, 1780–1945 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 144–73
[68] Waltraud Ernst, ‘ “Under the Influence” in British India: James Esdaile's Mesmeric Hospital in Calcutta and Its Critics’, Psychological Medicine, 25 (1995), 1113–23
[69] Fred Kaplan, ‘The Mesmeric Mania: The Early Victorians and Animal Magnetism’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 35 (1974), 691–702
[70]——— Dickens and Mesmerism (Princeton University Press, 1975)
[71] Jonathan Miller, ‘Mesmerism in the London Medical Circle’, Transactions of the Medical Society of London, 106 (1989/90), 60–71
[72] Jon Palfreman, ‘Mesmerism and the English Medical Profession: A Study of Conflict’, Ethics in Science and Medicine, 4 (1977), 51–66
[73] Terry Parssinen, ‘Mesmeric Performers’, Victorian Studies, 21 (1977/8), 87–104
[74]——— ‘Professional Deviants and the History of Medicine: Medical Mesmerists in Victorian Britain’ in Roy Wallis (ed.), On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge (Sociological Review Monograph 27, University of Keele, 1979), 103–20
[75] Jacques Quen, ‘Case Studies in Nineteenth-century Scientific Rejection: Mesmerism, Perkinism and Acupuncture’, Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences, 11 (1975), 149–56
[76]——— ‘Mesmerism, Medicine, and Professional Prejudice’, New York State Journal of Medicine, 76 (1976), 2218–22
[77] Elizabeth Ridgway, ‘John Elliotson (1791–1868): A Bitter Enemy of Legitimate Medicine?’, Journal of Medical Biology, 1 (1993), 191–8; 2 (1994), 1–7
[78] Robert Weyant, ‘Protoscience, Pseudoscience, Metaphors and Animal Magnetism’ in Marsha Hanen et al. (eds.), Science, Pseudoscience and Society (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1980), 77–114
7. Murder, Rape and Debate in the Late Nineteenth Century
By the end of the nineteenth century, the most important research was being done on the Continent, especially in France:
[79] Hippolyte Bernheim, Suggestive Therapies: A Treatise on the Nature and Uses of Hypnotism, tr. C.A. Herter (New York: Putnam, 1900); repr. as Hypnotism and Suggestion in Psychotherapy: A Treatise on the Nature and Uses of Hypnotism (New York: University Books, 1964)
[80] Anne Harrington, ‘Metals and Magnets in Medicine: Hysteria, Hypnosis and Medical Culture in Fin-de-siècle Paris’, Psychological Medicine, 18 (1988), 21–38
[81] Robert Hillman, ‘A Scientific Study of Mystery: The Role of the Medical and Popular Press in the Nancy-Salpêtrière Controversy on Hypnotism’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 9 (1965), 163 –82
[82] A.R.G. Owen, Hysteria, Hypnosis and Healing: The Work of J.M. Charcot (New York: Garrett, 1971)
[83] C.E. Schorer, ‘The Later Bernheim: A Translation’, Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences, 4 (1968), 28–39
In this chapter I digress on to the topic of hypnotism and crime:
[84] Heinz Hammerschlag, Crime and Hypnotism (North Hollywood, CA: Powers Publishing, 1957)
[85] Ruth Harris, ‘Murder Under Hypnosis’, Psychological Medicine, 15 (1985), 477–505 See also [19]
On forensic hypnosis, a number of cases are retailed with uncritical gusto in:
[86] Eugene Block, Hypnosis: A New Tool in Crime Detection (New York: McKay, 1976)
And of the many specialist works on the subject, I would recommend:
[87] Jean-Roch Laurence and Campbell Perry, Hypnosis, Will, and Memory: A Psycho-Legal History (New York: Guilford Press, 1988)
[88] Kevin McConkey and Peter Sheehan, Hypnosis, Memory, and Behavior in Criminal Investigation (New York: Guilford Press, 1995)
[89] Martin Orne, ‘The Use and Misuse of Hypnosis in Court’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27 (1979), 311–41
[90] Campbell Perry, ‘Hypnotic Coercion and Compliance to It: A Review of Evidence Presented in a Legal Case’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27 (1979), 187–218
[91]——— ‘Admissibility and Per Se Exclusion of Hypnotically Elicited Recall in American Courts of Law’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 45 (1997), 266–79
[92] Helen Pettinati (ed.), Hypnosis and Memory (New York: Guilford Press, 1988)
[93] Alan Scheflin et al., Repressed Memory, Hypnotherapy and the Law (Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Clinical Hypnosis Press, 1994)
[94] David Spiegel and Alan Scheflin, ‘Dissociated or Fabricated? Psychiatric Aspects of Repressed Memories in Criminal and Civil Cases’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42 (1994), 411–32
[95] Roy Udolf, Forensic Hypnosis: Psychological and Legal Aspects (Boston: D.C. Heath, 1983)
These works necessarily deal with the topics of hypnotic coercion, confabulation and the reliability of memory. See also:
[96] Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters, Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (New York: Scribner's, 1994)
[97] Kathy Pezdek and William Banks (eds.), The Recovered Memory/False Memory Debate (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996)
Milgram's crucial experiments are recounted in:
[98] Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York: Harper & Row, 1974)
8. Psychic Powers and Recovered Memories
&nbs
p; A lot of sober and well-researched studies on paranormal phenomena appear in the pages of two long-established journals: Journal for the American Society for Psychical Research; Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research
The history of hypnotically induced paranormal phenomena is treated country by country, exhaustively and critically, by various authors, in:
[99] Eric Dingwall (ed.), Abnormal Hypnotic Phenomena: A Survey of Nineteenth–century Cases (4 vols., London: Churchill, 1967).
General books which cover the phenomena in the context of hypnotism include:
[100] Simeon Edmunds, Hypnotism and Psychic Phenomena (North Hollywood, CA: Wilshire, 1961)
[101] Michael Murphy, The Future of the Body (Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, 1992)
[102] Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, Psi: Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain (London: Abacus, 1973)
[103]——— The ESP Papers: Scientists Speak Out from behind the Iron Curtain (New York: Bantam Books, 1976)
Reincarnation, of course, has its own extensive bibliography. A fairly sober general study is:
[104] Hans TenDam, Exploring Reincarnation (London: Penguin Arkana, 1990)
And then books concerned with hypnotic past-life regression include:
[105] Morey Bernstein, The Search for Bridey Murphy (New York: Doubleday, 1956)
[106] Jeffrey Iverson, More Lives Than One? (London: Souvenir Press, 1976)
[107] Joe Keeton (with Simon Petherick), The Power of the Mind: Healing through Hypnosis and Suggestion (London: Robert Hale, 1988)
[108] Milton Kline (ed.), A Scientific Report on ‘The Search for Bridey Murphy’ (New York: Julian Press, 1956)
[109] Helen Wambach, Reliving Past Lives: The Evidence Under Hypnosis (New York: Harper & Row, 1978)
[110]———Life Before Life (New York: Bantam, 1979)
[111] Ian Wilson, Reincarnation? (London: Penguin, 1982; first pub. as Mind Out of Time (London: Gollancz, 1981) and in America as All in the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 1982))