Napoleon's Poisoned Chalice
Page 30
14. Watson, pp. 45–7, 128–9.
15. Bertrand, pp. 277–81; Watson, pp. 206–7; Veauce, pp. 206–7.
16. Forsyth, Vol. II, p. 183; Young, Vol. II, p. 257; Watson, pp. 14–15; Bertrand, p. 280.
17. Watson, pp. 150–7; Gorrequer, p. 242; Veauce, pp. 168–9.
18. Watson, pp. 120–3, 130–2, 157–8; Marchand, Vol. II, p.390; Veauce, pp. 203–5.
19. Watson, pp. 21–8, 35–6, 158, 193–7; Roy-Henry, B, Napoléon L’Enigme de L’Exhumé de 1840, pp. 69–101; Veauce, pp. 211–5; Richardson, pp. 244–5; Young, Vol. II, p. 247; Lichfield, J, The many faces of Napoleon.
APPENDIX I
CHRONOLOGY OF MAIN EVENTS
1815
15 July
Napoleon boards the Bellerophon
7 August
O’Meara appointed as Napoleon’s doctor
8 August
Napoleon departs for St. Helena on the Northumberland
15 October
The Northumberland arrives at St. Helena with Napoleon and entourage and O’Meara
12 December
Napoleon moves to Longwood House
1816
8 March
Warden dines with Napoleon at Longwood
14 April
Hudson Lowe and Staff, including Reade and Baxter, arrive at St. Helena
17 April
First meeting of Napoleon and Lowe
17 June
Malcolm replaces Cockburn
19 June
Cockburn and Warden depart St. Helena on the Northumberland
30 December
Departure of Las Cases from St. Helena
Late 1816
First publication of Warden’s Letters
1817
29 June
Stokoe (and Plampin) arrives on St. Helena
1818
14 March
Departure of Gourgaud from St. Helena
2 August
Departure of O’Meara from St. Helena
25 August
Arrival of Verling at Longwood
1819
17th–21 January
Stokoe’s consultations with Napoleon
March
Arnott’s arrival on St. Helena
2 July
Departure of Madame Montholon
30 August
Stokoe’s court-martial
12 September
Stokoe’s final departure from St. Helena
20 September
Antommarchi arrives on St. Helena and Verling departs Longwood
Late 1819
Departure of Baxter from St. Helena
1820
23 April
Departure of Verling from St. Helena
20 December
Shortt’s arrival on St. Helena
1821
31 March
Burton’s arrival on St. Helena
1 April
Arnott’s first consultation with Napoleon
5 May
Death of Napoleon
6 May
Post-mortem examination
6–7 May
Moulding and casting of death mask by Burton
9 May
Napoleon’s funeral
27 May
Remaining exiles – including Bertrand, Montholon and Antommarchi – depart St. Helena
25 July
Departure of Hudson Lowe from St. Helena
1822
Publication of O’Meara’s Voice and Arnott’s account of Napoleon’s illness
1823
Court case: Lowe versus O’Meara
1825
Publication of Antommarchi’s memoir
APPENDIX II
NOMINAL LIST OF PERSONS COMPOSING THE ESTABLISHMENT AT LONGWOOD, 25 MARCH, 1816
Officers:
General Bonaparte
Count Bertrand
Count de Montholon
Count de Las Cases
Baron Gourgaud
Monsieur Emanuel de Las Cases
Captain Piontkowski
7
Ladies:
Countess Bertrand
Countess de Montholon
2
Children:
3 of Count Bertrand
1 of Count de Montholon
4
Foreign domestics of General Bonaparte:
Marchand, 1st Valet de Chambre
Saint-Denis, 2nd Valet
Noverraz, 3rd Valet
Cipriani, Maître d’hôtel
Lepage, Cook
Pierron, Butler and Confectioner
Santini, Valet
Rousseau, Valet
Gentilini, Valet
Archambault Snr, Coachman / Groom
Archambault Jnr, Coachman / Groom
11
Count Bertrand’s foreign domestics:
Bernard Snr, Valet
Bernard, Valet
2
Foreign female servants:
Collette Bernard, Waiting-maid
Josephine, Waiting-maid
2
General Bonaparte and suite
28
British Officers
2
English sailors/soldiers
11
Men of the Island
7
Women of the Island
1
British Officer’s servants
3
British contingent
24
TOTAL
52
APPENDIX III
BRITISH MILITARY AND NAVAL OFFICERS ON ST. HELENA 1815–1821
Military
Governor: Lt.-General Sir Hudson Lowe
Deputy Adjutant-General: Lt.-Colonel Sir Thomas Reade
Military Secretary: Colonel Edward Wynyard
Aide-de-Camp: Major Gideon Gorrequer
Inspector of Coasts and Volunteers: Lt.-Colonel Thomas Lyster
General Officer Commanding the Troops: Brigadier-General Sir George Ridout Bingham (replaced in August 1820 by Brigadier-General John Pine-Coffin)
Brigadier-Major in Charge of Engineers: Major Anthony Emmett
In Command of Artillery: Major James Power
In Command of Dragoons: Cornet J.W.Hoath
In Command of the Staff Corps: Lieutenant Basil Jackson
Orderly Officers at Longwood (at various periods):
Captain T.W. Poppleton
Captain Henry Pierce Blakeney
Lt.-Colonel Thomas Lyster
Captain George Nicholls
Captain Engelbert Lutyens
Captain William Crokat
Naval
Admirals in Command of the St. Helena Station:
Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn (October 1815–June 1816)
Rear-Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm (June 1816–July 1817)
Rear-Admiral Robert Plampin (July 1817–July 1820)
Rear-Admiral Robert Lambert (July 1820–September 1821)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Manuscript Sources
British Library:
Lowe Papers Add. 20,125; 20,126; 20,128; 20,133; 20,145; 20,146; 20,154; 20,157; 20,207; 20,214.
Eg. 3714–20 (Grangerised copy of Forsyth’s History of the Captivity of Napoleon).
The National Archives (London):
J 76/8/1 (Gorrequer’s diary)
J 76/4/1 (Medical attendance on Bonaparte)
Printed Sources
Antommarchi, F, Les Derniers Moments de Napoléon, 2 Vols., Paris, 1898.
Arnott, A, An Account of the last illness and decease and PM appearance of Napoleon Bonaparte, London, 1822.
Aubry, O, St. Helena, London, 1937.
Balmain, Count, Napoleon in Captivity: The Reports of Count Balmain Russian Commissioner (ed. J Park), New York, 1927.
Bertrand, Général, Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 1959.
Bertrand, General, Napoleon at St. Helena (ed. PF De Langle), London, 1953.
Cabanès, Docteur, Au C
hevet de L’Empereur, Paris, n.d.
Chandler, DG, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars, London, 1979.
Chaplin, A, A St. Helena Who’s Who, London, 1919.
Chaplin, A, The Illness and Death of Napoleon Bonaparte, London, 1913.
Chaplin, A, Thomas Shortt, London, 1914.
Chevallier, B, et al, Sainte-Hélèna Île de Mémoire, Paris, 2005.
Cockburn, Sir George, Napoleon’s Last Voyage, London, 1888.
D’Hauterive, E, Sainte-Hélène au Temps de Napoléon et Aujourd’Hui, Paris, 1933.
Drew, R, Commissioned Officers in the Medical Services of the British Army 1660–1960, Vol.I, (A Peterkin, W Johnston), London, 1968.
Forshufved, S, Who Killed Napoleon?, London, 1962.
Forsyth, W, History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena, 2 Vols, New York, 1853.
Frémeaux, P, Napoléon Prisonnier: Mémoires d’un Médecin de L’Empereur à Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 1901.
Frémeaux, P, The Drama of Saint Helena, London, 1910.
Ganière, P, Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène: La Mort de L’Empereur L’Apothéose, Paris, 1962.
Glover, G, Wellington’s Lieutenant Napoleon’s Gaoler, Barnsley, 2005.
Giles, F, Napoleon Bonaparte: England’s Prisoner, London, 2001.
Gonnard, P, The Exile of St. Helena, London, 1909.
Gorrequer, Major G, St. Helena during Napoleon’s Exile (ed. J Kemble), London, 1969.
Gourgaud, Général Baron, Journal de Sainte-Hélène 1815–1818 (ed. O Aubry), 2 Vols, Paris, 1947.
Gregory, D, Napoleon’s Jailer: Lt. Gen. Sir Hudson Lowe A Life, Madison, 1996.
Henry, W, Surgeon Henry’s Trifles (ed. P Hayward), London, 1970.
Henry, W, Trifles from my Portfolio, 2 Vols, Quebec, 1839.
Howard, M, Napoleon’s Doctors: The Medical Services of the Grande Armée, Stroud, 2006.
Howard, M, Wellington’s Doctors: The British Army Medical Services in the Napoleonic Wars, Staplehurst, 2002.
Jackson, Lieut-Col B, Notes and Reminiscences of a Staff Officer (ed. R C Seaton), London, 1903.
Journeaux de Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 1998.
Kemble, J, Napoleon Immortal, London, 1959.
Korngold, R, The Last Years of Napoleon, London, 1960.
Las Cases, Le Comte de, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 8 Vols, Paris, nd.
Lemaire J-F, et al, Autour de ‘L’Empoisonnement’ de Napoléon, Paris, 2001.
Lichfield, J, The many faces of Napoleon, The Independent on Sunday, 23rd August 2007.
Lin,X, et al, Elemental contents in Napoleon’s hair cut before and after his death: did Napoleon die of arsenic poisoning?, Analytical and Bioanalytic Chemistry (2004), Vol. 379, pp. 218–20.
Lugli, A, et al, Napoleon’s Autopsy: New Perspectives, Human Pathology (2005), Vol. 36, pp. 320–4.
Lugli, A, et al, Napoleon Bonaparte’s gastric cancer: a clinicopathological approach to staging, pathogenesis, and etiology, Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology (2007), Vol. 4, pp. 52–7.
Lutyens, E, Letters of Captain Engelbert Lutyens (ed. Sir Lees Kennedy), London, 1915.
Macé, J, Dictionnaire Historique de Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 2004.
Maitland, Captain FL, The Narrative of the surrender of Bonaparte and of his Residence on board HMS Bellerophon, London, 1904.
Malcolm, Lady, A Diary of St. Helena (ed. Sir A Wilson), London, 1929.
Marchand, L-J, In Napoleon’s Shadow (ed. Proctor Jones), San Francisco, 1998.
Marchand, Mémoires de Marchand (ed. J Bourguignon), 2 Vols, Paris, 1952.
Markham, JD, Napoleon and Dr Verling on St. Helena, Barnsley, 2005.
Martineau, G, Napoleon’s St. Helena, London, 1968.
Masson, F, Autour de Sainte-Hélène, 3 Vols, Paris, 1909–12.
Masson, F, Napoleon at St. Helena, Oxford, 1949.
Maury, R and Candé-Montholon, F de, L’énigme Napoléon résolue, Paris, 2000.
Montholon, CJT de, Récits de la Captivité de L’Empereur Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène, 2 Vols, Paris, 1847.
Montholon, Comte de, Lettres du Comte et de la Comtesse de Montholon (1819–1821) (ed. P Gonnard), Paris, 1906.
Napoleon I, Emperor, La Correspondance de Napoléon I, 32 Vols, Paris, 1858–70.
O’Meara, B, Napoleon in Exile; or a Voice from St. Helena, 2 Vols, London, 1827.
O’Meara, B, An Exposition of some of the transactions that have taken place at St. Helena since the appointment of Sir Hudson Lowe as Governor of that island, London, 1819.
Paoli, F, Le Dr Antommarchi ou Le Secret du Masque de Napoléon, Paris, 1996.
Richardson, F, Napoleon’s Death: An Inquest, London, 1974.
Roseberry, Lord, Napoleon The Last Phase, London, 1900.
Roy-Henry, B, Napoléon L’Énigme de L’Exhumé de 1840, Paris, 2000.
St. Denis (Ali), LE, Napoleon from the Tuileries to St. Helena, New York, 1922.
Seaton, RC, Napoleon’s Captivity in Relation to Sir Hudson Lowe, London, 1903.
Seward, D, Napoleon’s Family, London, 1986.
Shorter, C, Napoleon and his Fellow Travellers, London, 1908.
Shorter, C, Napoleon in his Own Defence, London, 1910.
Smith, BS, A Guide to the Manuscript Sources for the History of St. Helena, Todmorden, 1995.
Sokoloff, B, Napoleon A Medical Approach, London, 1938.
Stanhope, Earl, Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington 1831–1851, London, 1998.
Stokoe, J, With Napoleon at St. Helena being the memoirs of Dr John Stokoe Naval Surgeon Translated from the French of Paul Frémeaux by Edith S Stokoe, London, nd.
Tulard, J, Dictionnaire Napoléon, 2 Vols, Paris, 1999.
Veauce, E de, L’Affaire du Masque de Napoléon, Paris, 1957.
Warden, W, Letters written on board His Majesty’s Ship the Northumberland and Saint Helena, London, 1816.
Watson, GL de St M, A Polish Exile with Napoleon, Boston, 1912.
Watson, GL de St M, The Story of Napoleon’s Death-Mask, London, 1914.
Weider, B, and Forshufved, S, Assassination at St. Helena Revisited, New York, 1995.
Wilson, JB, Dr Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon, British Medical Journal (1975), Vol. 3, pp. 293–5.
Young, N, Napoleon in Exile: St. Helena (1815–1821), 2 Vols, Philadelphia, 1915.
Medal struck in 1815, ‘Napoleon on St Helena’. It depicts Napoleon seated on a rock with his head down, despondent. History on her knees urges him to take up the pen, while Fame flies overhead with a trumpet.
Lead medal entitled ‘The Death of Napoleon’ – ‘He died on a rock’. It depicts the island with ships and a symbolic setting sun. An eagle with a palm branch flies overhead. These images are from Napoleon’s Medals: Victory to the Arts by Richard A. Todd, published by The History Press.
PLATES
1. Saint Helena in 1816
2. Napoleon on St. Helena
3. The Emperor dictating his memoirs
4. View of Longwood in 1820 by Marchand
5. Bertrand
6. Montholon
7. Gourgaud
8. Las Cases
9. Madame Bertrand
10. Sir Hudson Lowe
11. An unflattering French depiction of Lowe
12. Rear-Admiral Sir George Cockburn
13. Earl Bathurst
14. Rear-Admiral Robert Plampin
15. Major Gideon Gorrequer
16. View of Plantation House
17. William Warden
18. Alexander Baxter
19. Barry O’Meara
20. John Stokoe
21. James Verling
22. Francesco Antommarchi
23. Archibald Arnott
24. Thomas Shortt
25. Francis Burton
26. Napoleon’s death bed. Antommarchi is standing with his hand on the pillow and Arnott is standing second from the right near the foot of the bed.
; 27. Napoleon after death