Rising Star

by David Garrow

  17. Lorraine Forte, “Female Leaders Support Rush,” CST, 28 February 2000, p. 10; Chinta Strausberg, “Obama Picks Up Clergy Support for Congressional Bid,” CD, 29 February 2000, p. 3; Curtis Lawrence, “Pastors Turn to Obama Over Rush in Race,” CST, 29 February 2000, p. 8; “Group of Ministers Refuse to Back Rush,” CDH, 29 February 2000, p. 9; Robert Roman, “Chicago DSA Recommendations for the March Primary Election,” New Ground #45, March–April 2000 (“recommending both Bobby Rush and Barak Obama”); R. Eugene Pincham, “Rush Challengers Play Follow the Leader,” HPH, 1 March 2000, p. 4; “Local Ministers Endorse Obama for Congress,” CD, 4 March 2000, p. 1; “Barack Obama for Congress,” CT, 6 March 2000; “News: The City,” CDH, 6 March 2000, p. 9; Susan Dodge, “Mikva Endorses Obama in 1st District,” CST, 6 March 2000, p. 9; “Obama Announces Help for Goldblatt’s Workers,” Press Release, 6 March 2000, AGP; Strausberg, “Obama Tries to Rescue Laid Off Goldblatt Employees,” CD, 7 March 2000, p. 5; JCAR Minutes, 7 March 2000; Karen Shields, “Congressional Race Heats Up,” and Obama, “Fight for Equal Pay Is Vitally Important,” HPH, 8 March 2000, pp. 1–2, 4; Forte, “Better Late Than Never: Rush, Rivals Debate,” CST, 8 March 2000, p. 24; Phil Kadner, “There’s No ‘Bulworth’ in Congressional Debate,” DS, 9 March 2000, p. A3; “Divide,” BO-05, and “Agree,” BO-06, Cassette #102848, 10 March 2000, CSP; John Presta, Mr. and Mrs. Grassroots (Elevator Group, 2010), pp. 1–3, 24–25, 35, 48; Steve Metsch, “Beverly Man Writes Book About Obama Campaigns,” SS, 22 March 2010; DJG interview with Mike Pfleger.

  18. Michelle McFarland-McDaniels, “Rep. Rush’s Glass House Seems to Be Crumbling,” CD, 11 March 2000, p. 14; Evan Osnos, “Challengers Debate Rush on His Voting,” CT, 12 March 2000; Steve Neal, “Rush Picks Up Clinton Support,” CST, 12 March 2000, p. 11; Mark J. Konkol, “Rush Takes Challengers Seriously,” and “U. S. House Choices,” DS, 12 March 2000, pp. A1, A4, A12; “Clinton Endorses Rush’s House Campaign,” CDH, 12 March 2000, p. I-11; Karen Shields, “Congress Campaign Moves into Home Stretch,” HPH, 15 March 2000, pp. 1, 8; Corey Hall, “Disagreements, Differences on Display at 1st Congressional District Candidates Forum,” CW, 16 March 2000, p. 1; Bill Clinton TV and radio ads for Bobby Rush, 13 March 2000; Chicago Tonight, WTTW, 13 March 2000; Curtis Lawrence, “Deeds, Not Issues, in 1st Dist. Spotlight,” CST, 14 March 2000, p. 12; AP, “Quest to Lure Voters,” CDH, 21 March 2000, p. 1; Christopher Wills, “Obama Friend Sells Candidate,” AP, 16 December 2007; Presta, Mr. and Mrs. Grassroots, pp. 2, 58; DJG interviews with Dan Shomon, Will Burns, Cynthia Miller, Tom Dart, Bill Fuhry, Gideon Baum, John Corrigan, Joe Seliga, Andrew Boron, Nat Piggee, Warren Chain, John Eason, Tasneem Goodman, Dan Johnson-Weinberger, Joe Khan, Hasan Chandoo, Andy Schapiro, and Jesse Ruiz. Davis introduced HB 3911 on 17 February 1999; Barack introduced SB 1324 on 12 January 2000. Dave McKinney, “Videotape Bill Fails in House,” CST, 26 March 1999, p. 18; Maurice Possley and Ray Long, “Bill Seeks Statewide Taping of Suspects,” CT, 8 February 2000; Long and Possley, “Videotaping of Suspects Gets Push,” CT, 18 February 2000; “Racial Profiling,” II, April 2000, p. 12; Steven A. Drizin and Beth A. Colgan, “Let the Cameras Roll: Mandatory Videotaping of Interrogations Is the Solution to Illinois’ Problem of False Confessions,” Loyola University of Chicago Law Journal 32 (Winter 2001): 337–424, esp. 344–48, 391, 404, 412–19.

  19. Curtis Lawrence, “Rush Defending Seat Against 3 Dem Challengers,” CST, 14 March 2000, p. 4; Michelle McFarland-McDaniels, “Rush Campaign Should Stop Throwing Stones,” Lois Friedberg-Dobry, “Despite Trotter Claims, IVI-IPO Backs Obama,” and Obama Campaign Ad, HPH, 15 March 2000, pp. 4 and 9; Gregory L. Giroux, “Chicago Voters Will Apply Judgment to Rush in Tuesday’s Primary,” CQ Daily Monitor, 15 March 2000; “State Senator Obama Delivers $400,000 to Kennedy-King College for Jobs Training Program,” Business Wire, 15 March 2000; Chinta Strausberg, “Obama Ends Job Training Plan at Kennedy-King College,” CD, 16 March 2000, p. 14; “Another Term for Rush,” CST, 16 March 2000, p. 35; Stanley Ziemba, “Rush’s Rival Backed by Suburban Officials,” CT, 16 March 2000; Ted Kleine [McClelland], “Is Bobby Rush in Trouble?,” CR, 17 March 2000; Wayne D. Watson, “Opening Doors Changing Lives Program,” Kennedy-King College, 4 May 2000; Mary Mitchell, “Memoir of a 21st-Century History Maker,” Black Issues Book Review, January–February 2005, pp. 18–21; Cheryl L. Reed, “The Used Car Lot of the Book World,” CST, 21 January 2007, p. B12; Rush in Remnick, The Bridge, p. 331; McClelland, Young Man Obama, p. 153; McClelland, “When Obama Loved Reporters,” NBCChicago.com, 29 May 2013; Katherine Skiba and Lolly Bowean, “Behind the Scenes at the White House,” CT, 6 April 2011; Rich Miller, “Obama’s Roots a Reminder That Ambition Can Be a Grand Thing,” CCB, 20 January 2017; DJG interviews with Brad Jonas and Sharon Corrigan. The Watson statement asserts that the newly announced $400,000 would come on top of a prior $500,000, but subsequent state documents reflect only one single $450,000 Obama-initiated grant to Kennedy-King College.

  20. Obama for Congress 2000, FEC Form 3, Report of Receipts and Disbursements, 2 March–31 March 2000, 22 November 2002; “Our Endorsements,” and Chinta Strausberg, “2nd [sic] Congressional District Voters Set to Clear Smoke,” CD, 18 March 2000, pp. 1, 17; “Hotly Contested Race for the Democratic Nomination for Representative of the 1st District Based on the South Side of Chicago,” Weekend Edition, NPR, 18 March 2000; Abdon M. Pallasch, “NRA Lends Support to Zwick Campaign,” CST, 19 March 2000, p. 17; Rachel Van Dongen, “Rush Confident He’ll Be Back,” RC, 20 March 2000; Kevin Davis, “Former ’60s Militant Working to Change ‘Culture of Violence,’” USAT, 20 March 2000, p. 26A; Scott Fornek, “GOP Crying Foul Over Phony Ballot,” CST, 20 March 2000, p. 4; John Kass, “Let Election Day Become Holiday from Political Stiffs,” and Salim Muwakkil, “Ironies Abound in 1st District,” CT, 20 March 2000; CF, 21 March 2000; Rick Pearson, “It’s Over for Big Guys,” CT, 21 March 2000; Obama in Pat Guinane, “Star Power,” II, October 2004; Scott Helman, “Michelle Obama Revels in Family Role,” BG, 28 October 2007; Craig Robinson on Anderson Cooper 360, CNN, 15 April 2008; Jodi Kantor, “Michelle Obama, Reluctant No More,” NYT, 26 August 2008; Presta, Mr. and Mrs. Grassroots, p. 63; Beverly Helm-Renfro’s interview with Mark DePue, p. 59; DJG interviews with Will Burns, Dan Shomon, Beverly Helm-Renfro, Barbara Flynn Currie, Chris Sautter, Craig Huffman, John Eason, Warren Chain, Tasneem Goodman, Joe Seliga, Jesse Ruiz, Terrie Pickerill, Susan Pierson Lewers, Leslie Corbett, Paul Strauss, Marlies Carruth, Tim King, and Tom Dart. The five 17 March Rezko contributors were Dan Mahru, Joseph Aramanda, Michael Sreenan, Deloris Wade, and Jennifer Shaxted Arons. Elie “Lee” Maloof and developer Mark Temple and his wife Janette all likewise contributed $1,000 each on 17 March. Patrick J. Fitzgerald, “Government’s Motion for Admission of Other Acts of Evidence,” U.S. v. Antoin Rezko, U. S. D. C. N. D. Ill. #05-CR-691, 11 January 2008, p. 18n.9; Kenneth P. Vogel, “Rezko Role Bigger Than Admitted,” Politico, 14 March 2008; Vogel, “Obama Releases Names of Rezko-Linked Donors,” Politico, 15 March 2008; and Don Wiener e-mail to DJG. See also Thomas A. Corfman, “Developer Agrees to Buy 62-Acre Site on Near South Side,” CT, 11 April 2001, and Corfman, “Housing Planned for Near South—Rezmar Buys Site for $67.5 Million,” CT, 22 March 2002.

  21. Susan Kuczka and Flynn McRoberts, “Kirk, Rush, Fend Off Strong Ballot Challengers,” CT, 22 March 2000; Curtis Lawrence, “Rush Wins in 1st,” CST, 22 March 2000, p. 2; Mark Konkol, “Rush Holds Off Fierce Competition,” DS, 22 March 2000, p. B2; “Low Voter Turnout,” CD, 22 March 2000, p. 1; Corey Hall, “Cong. Rush Wins Democratic Nomination for Fifth Term,” CC, 23 March 2000, p. 4; “Dismay and Hope,” CST, 23 March 2000, p. 39; Chinta Strausberg, “Rush Thanks Voters,” CD, 23 March 2000, p. 1; Konkol, “Rush Rebounds for Easy Primary Win,” DS, 23 March 2000, p. B6; Adam Harrington, “Rush to Victory,” CWN, 27 March 2000; Strausberg, “Rush, Obama and Trotter Return to Teamwork,” CD, 27 March 2000, p. 5; Karen Shields, “Rush Re-Elected,” HPH, 29 March 2000, pp. 1–2; Steve Neal, “Rush’s Solid Win Proves His Worth in 1st
District,” CST, 3 April 2000, p. 8; Caitlin Devitt, “March Primary Reverberates Through Political Year,” HPH, 27 December 2000, pp. 6, 8 (Obama “did much worse than expected in the race”); Jim Reynolds in David Smallwood, “Genesis of the Grassroots Movement,” N’Digo Profiles, December 2008, pp. 10–11, 44; DJG interviews with Terrie Pickerill, John Eason, and Dan Shomon.

  22. Obama in John Patterson, “Betting on Name Recognition,” CDH, 15 February 2004, p. 15; Shomon in Lauren W. Whittington, “When Obama Wasn’t a Star,” RC, 12 February 2007; Obama in Wolffe, Renegade, p. 120; Ruiz in McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 166; Rebecca Traister, Big Girls Don’t Cry (Free Press, 2010), p. 50; DJG interviews with Toni Preckwinkle, Dan Shomon, John Kupper, Barbara Flynn Currie, Will Burns, Judy Byrd, Elvin Charity, Carol Harwell, and Bill Ayers.

  23. Obama in Garance Franke-Ruta, “The Next Generation,” American Prospect, August 2004, pp. 13ff., in Scott Fornek, “‘I’ve Got a Competitive Nature,’” CST, 3 October 2004, p. 12, on Off Topic with Carlos Watson, CNN, 24 October 2004, on The Tavis Smiley Show, 3 November 2004, at the American Magazine Conference, Phoenix, AZ, 23 October 2006, in Christopher Wills, “Obama Learned from Failed Congress Run,” AP, 24 October 2007, and in Mendell, From Promise to Power, p. 146; Shomon in Carol Felsenthal, “What If: Would Obama Be Living in the White House Today If . . . ,” Huffington Post, 30 January 2009, in Felsenthal, “The Making of a First Lady,” CM, February 2009, pp. 50ff., and in James Warren, “Obama After His First Shellacking,” NYDN, 9 November 2014; Obama for Congress 2000, FEC Form 3, Report of Receipts and Disbursements, 2 March–31 March 2000, 22 November 2002; Friends of Barack Obama, Report of Campaign Contributions and Expenditures, 1 January–30 June 2000, 31 July 2000; Bernard Schoenburg, SJ-R, 18 May 2000, p. 5 (Shomon); Greg Hinz, “Profile: Launching a New Campaign to Overhaul Education Funding,” CCB, 2 July 2001 (Burns); Daley in David Smallwood, “Mayor Daley Smiles on Barack,” N’Digo Profiles, December 2008, p. 12, and in Evan Osnos, “The Daley Show,” New Yorker, 8 March 2010, pp. 38ff.; Abercrombie in Kevin Merida, “The Ghost of a Father,” WP, 14 December 2007, p. A12; Mary Orndorff, “Davis-Obama Alliance Has Deep Roots,” Birmingham News, 18 January 2007, p. B1; Paul Simon to Obama, 12 April 2000 (dictated 6 April) and 13 April 2000, PSP; DJG interviews with Dan Shomon, Cynthia Miller, Carol Harwell, Will Burns, John Schmidt, Ab Mikva, and Bruce Spiva.

  24. Mikva in Michael Weisskopf, “Obama: How He Learned to Win,” Time, 8 May 2008; Nesbitt in Wolffe, Renegade, p. 121; Research Department, National Republican Senatorial Committee, “Barack Obama (D-IL): On the Record,” 22 July 2004, p. 5, JRORF (Obama absent for 22 and 28 March 2000 Judiciary Committee votes); HB 665 Senate Vote Tally, 29 March 2000; Senate Floor Transcript, 31 March 2000, pp. 44–45; Link in Scott Helman, “Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb,” BG, 12 October 2007, and in “The Candidates: Barack Obama,” MSNBC, 20 February 2008; Kristin Goss, Better Together (Saguaro Seminar on Civic Engagement in America, Harvard University), December 2000, esp. p. 104; Rick Pearson and Ray Long, “Philip Offers 2 Gun Compromises,” CT, 5 April 2000; Senate Floor Transcript, 5 April 2000, pp. 13–33 (HB 2379) and 40–42 (HB 4021); Pearson and Ryan Keith, “Ryan Spurns 1 Philip Plan for a Deal on Firearms,” CT, 6 April 2000; Pearson and Long, “Governor, GOP Near Deal for Gun Law,” CT, 7 April 2000; Pearson and Long, “Senate Gun Deal Restores Felony Status,” CT, 8 April 2000; Pearson, “Ryan Ultimatum Propelled Compromise on Gun Bill,” CT, 9 April 2000; Rick Hepp, “Ryan Signs Modified Safe Neighborhoods Act,” CT, 13 April 2000; CF, 14 April 2000; “2000 Legislative Session Summary,” LRU First Reading 14 (June 2000), p. 7; Lightford in Melinda Henneberger, “The Obama Marriage,” Slate, 29 October 2007; Diane Salvatore, “Barack and Michelle Obama: The Full Interview,” Ladies’ Home Journal, August 2008 (“I still remember when . . . Michelle called close to tears because our wonderful babysitter had quit and decided to go back to nursing.” Michelle “had depended so heavily on this person to kind of hold it all together. And she was, frankly, mad at me, because she felt as if she was all alone in this process”); DJG interviews with Dan Shomon, Mike Hoffmann, Kim Lightford, Emil Jones Jr., Debbie Halvorson, Jill Rock, Cindy Huebner Davidsmeyer, John Hooker, Christine Radogno, Terry Link, Tommy Walsh, Denny Jacobs, Ned Mitchell, Dan Johnson-Weinberger, Joe Khan, Nat Piggee, and Heather Sullivan.

  25. Joseph Omoremi, “Dick Gregory Zings Gangs and Drugs,” CD, 10 April 2000, p. 5; JCAR Minutes, 11 April 2000 (with Obama and Lisa Madigan dissenting from an 8–2 vote objecting to state agencies’ collection of permit requesters’ Social Security numbers); Senate Floor Transcript, 11 April 2000, pp. 7–22 (HB 2855); Karen Shields, “Obama Focuses on Senate, Mulls Over Next Move,” HPH, 12 April 2000, p. 10; Rick Pearson and Ryan Keith, “Budget Deal Serves Tax Cuts, Pork,” CT, 12 April 2000; Jaime Ingle, “Lawmakers Tone Down Expulsion Legislation,” DHR, 12 April 2000, p. A1; Obama on Illinois Lawmakers with Bruce DuMont, 12 April 2000, MBC; Senate Floor Transcript, 9 January 2001 (Obama votes present as HB 4659 passes 35–10–13); Rich Miller, “Maybe It’s Right Time for Obama to Run,” CST, 8 December 2006, p. 43; Ted McClelland, “How Obama Learned to Be a Natural,” Salon, 12 February 2007; Senate Floor Transcript, 15 April 2000, pp. 33–36; Christi Parsons and Ryan Keith, “Generous Budget Reflects Economy,” CT, 16 April 2000; Stephen S. Morrill, “Client Report for 2000 End of Session,” Morrill and Associates, April 2000; “Session Ends in April,” C-WR 15 #12, 4 May 2000; Martha Irvine, “Working Poor to Get 5 Percent Worth of State Income Tax Relief,” AP, 11 May 2000; Monique Smith, “Low-Income Families to Receive Extra Tax Credit,” and Obama, “Earned Income Tax Credit Highlights a Short Session,” HPH, 24 May 2000, pp. 3, 4; State Senate President James “Pate” Philip, End of Session Report 2000, June 2000, esp. p. 63 (SB 1712 signed into law 2 June as PA 91-0759); “Obama Sponsored Law Helps Domestic Violence Victims,” HPC, 26 October 2000, p. 6; “Obama Strikes Out at Domestic Violence,” HPH, 1 November 2000, p. 11; “Welfare Workers Get Training,” SSJ, 1–16 November 2000, p. 2; Redfield, Money Counts, p. 7; CF, 16 July (Paul Green) and 6 August 1999; Tom Waldron, Supporting Working Families When State Coffers Are Empty: Lessons from Illinois’ Successful Campaign for a Better State EITC (Hatcher Group, November 2003), pp. 3–7; Christopher Wills, “Obama Record Shows a Liberal Open to Compromise,” AP, 25 June 2008; DJG interview with Emil Jones Jr.

  26. Barack H. and Michelle R. Obama 1999 Form 1040, n.d.; Kennedy Communications, “State Senator Barack Obama, Candidate for U.S. Senate: Background Report,” April 2003, RRP; Steve Neal, “Attorney General May Be Obama’s Calling,” CST, 19 April 2000, p. 8; Neal, “A Dozen to Consider If Mayor Skips Race,” CST, 8 May 2000, p. 8; Arthur Fournier, “Distinguished Group to Lead Meditations at Holy Week Performance in Rockefeller,” UCC, 13 April 2000 (Haydn’s The Seven Last Words of Christ on 19 April); “Senate Democrat Member Project Authorization Forms,” 9 November 1999 and 3 May 2000, Illinois DCEO FOIA; Obama for Congress 2000, FEC Form 3, Report of Receipts and Disbursements, 1 April–30 June 2000, 22 November 2002; Chicago Tonight, WTTW, 10 May 2000; Maggie Bertke e-mails to DJG, 4 and 8 April 2011 (Obama speaking about midwestern poverty at a 12 May 2000 Appleseed Network board meeting); “Law School to Co-Sponsor Forum on State’s Death Penalty May 15,” UCC, 11 May 2000; Elizabeth J. Ptacek, “Execution Moratorium Prompts Debate at U. Chicago Law School,” CM, 17 May 2000; JCAR Minutes, 16 May 2000; Shomon in Scott Helman, “Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb,” BG, 12 October 2007; DJG interviews with Robert Bennett, David Wilhelm, Dan Shomon, and Laura Russell Hunter. The Woods Fund board’s 2000 decision to invest $1 million into Allison Davis’s Neighborhood Rejuvenation Partners would later attract critical queries. See Tim Novak and Fran Spielman, “Obama Helped Ex-Boss Get $1 Mil. from Charity,” CST, 29 November 2007, p. 10, Binyamin Appelbaum, “Grim Proving Ground for Obama’s Housing Policy,” BG, 27 June 2008, p. A1, and Larry Bell, “Obama Kick-Back Cronyism, Part 1,” Forbes.com, 25 October 2011.

  27. CBS
Evening News, 17 May 2000; Senate Floor Transcript, 7 April 2000, pp. 126–36 (HB 709); Ryan Keith and Ray Long, “Abortion Funding Ban Dropped in Ryan’s Lap,” CT, 8 April 2000; Rick Pearson, “Ryan Vetoes Abortion Curb,” CT, 10 June 2000; CF, 12 and 28 June and 9 August 2000; “Honors,” CDLB, 1 June 2000, p. 3 (10 June IVI-IPO annual dinner); JCAR Minutes, 13 June 2000; Dave McKinney, “Treasurer’s Deal Stirs Debate,” CST, 19 June 2000, p. 8; Steve Neal, “Once More, with Feeling for Hartigan,” CST, 28 June 2000, p. 43; Chinta Strausberg, “Daley to Monitor Tax Relief at Pumps,” CD, 1 July 2000, p. 3; Monique Smith, “Currie: Gas Tax Cut Promises a ‘Pig in a Poke,’” HPH, 5 July 2000, p. 2; “Obama Says General Assembly Suspends Sales Tax on Gas,” CC, 6 July 2000, p. 2; “A Fourth Special Session Recap,” C-WR 16 #2, 26 July 2000, p. 4; Tommiea Jackson, “Tavis Smiley Gets Chicago’s Black Youth ‘Wired,’” CD, 6 July 2000, p. 5; “Tavis Smiley Foundation Works with Chicago Urban League to Present Conference for 100 African American Youth,” PR Newswire, 6 July 2000; “Teen Leadership Conference,” Jet, 7 August 2000, p. 40; CAC Board of Directors Minutes, 16 December 1999; CAC, 1999 Annual Report to the Annenberg Foundation, 31 January 2000; Cindy Richards, “Annenberg Looks for Lessons as Program Winds Down,” Catalyst Chicago, March 2000; CAC Board of Directors Minutes, 27 March 2000 (Obama absent); Michael Martinez, “Education Fund Aims to Boost City Schools,” CT, 29 March 2000; Alexander Russo, “From Frontline Leader to Rearguard Action: The Chicago Annenberg Challenge,” 1 April 2000; CAC Board of Directors Minutes, 26 June 2000; Ken Rolling, “Year 2000 Mid-Year Report to the Annenberg Foundation,” [16] August 2000; CAC, “Summary of Private Matching Grant Contributors,” 22 February 2001; CAC, Year 2000 Annual Report to the Annenberg Foundation, 28 February 2001; Stacy A. Wentzel et al., “Development of Chicago Annenberg Schools: 1996–1999,” Consortium on Chicago School Research (CCSR), July 2001; Mark A. Smylie, Wentzel et al., The Chicago Annenberg Challenge: Successes, Failures, and Lessons for the Future (CCSR, August 2003), esp. pp. vii, 113; Ken Rolling, “Reflections on the Chicago Annenberg Challenge,” in Russo, ed., School Reform in Chicago: Lessons on Policy and Practice (Harvard Education Press, 2004), pp. 23–28; Linda Lenz, “A Conversation with Fred Hess,” Catalyst Chicago, February 2006; Christine C. George, “The Chicago Annenberg Challenge: The Messiness and Uncertainty of Systems Change,” Loyola University of Chicago, 2007; David J. Hoff, “Obama’s Annenberg Stint Informs White House Bid,” Education Week, 7 March 2007, p. 10; Sam Dillon, “Obama Looks to Lessons from Chicago in His National Education Plan,” NYT, 10 September 2008; Will Englund, “How Would Obama Govern?,” National Journal, 25 October 2008; Carol Felsenthal, “Susan Crown on Why She Supports Mitt Romney,” ChicagoMagazine.com, 20 March 2012; Shia Kapos, “Susan Crown’s Juggling Act,” CCB, 26 May 2012; “On the Air,” CDLB, 17 July 2000, p. 3 (Obama on the Public Affairs with Jeff Berkowitz cable television interview show today); JCAR Minutes, 18 July 2000; DJG interviews with Barbara Flynn Currie, Malik Nevels, Pat Graham, and Ken Rolling.