Mosquito Soldiers
Page 25
Hartley, L. P., 118
Hawes, James Morrison, 96
Hay, A. J., 42
Helena, Ark., 89, 90, 92–95
Helena, Battle of, 95
Hempstead, Tex., 44
Henry Janes, 43
Herald, 110
Hill, Alfred J., 94
Hilton Head, S.C., 47–50, 54, 71, 115
Hippocrates, 23
Holabird, S. B., 81
Holbrook, William, 85
Holcombe, Hubert V. C., 106
Holland, George, 42–43
Holmes, Theophilus, 95
Holton, William, 26–27
Honduras, 99
Honeysuckle, 99
Hood, John, 100
Horner, G. R. B., 33, 45, 46
Houston, Tex.: quarantine in, 42
yellow fever in, 17, 44, 96, 115, 147n12
Howe, Henry Warren, 28
Hunter, David, 61, 66–68, 70, 75
Huntsville, 46, 99
Hurlbut, Stephen, 90
Huston, John, 119
Hyams, Godfrey J., 103–5, 108
Illinois, malaria in, 11–12, 24, 25, 29
Illinois military units: Eighth Infantry, 25
Sixty-first, 90
Seventy-seventh Infantry, 27–28
Illnesses. See Diseases
Malaria
Yellow fever
and other diseases
Immigrants, 16, 96, 97, 118
Iowa military units: Sixth Infantry, 25
Twenty-fifth Infantry, 79
Thirty-third, 89–90
Thirty-fifth, 84
Irish immigrants, 16
Irvine, Josephus, 43
Iuka, 99
Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 75
James, Jasper, 100
James Island, S.C., 66–68
James River Squadron, 32, 113
John Griffith, 86
Johnson, Charles, 32, 93
Johnson, Isaiah, 99
Johnson, John, 84–85
Johnson, Jonathan, 27
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 55, 57
Johnston, Joseph E., 78, 100
Jomini, Antoine-Henri, 58
Jones, Joseph, 21
Kensington, 43
Kentucky: Battle of Perryville in, 61
malaria in, 25
New Hampshire Ninth Infantry in, 78–79
Key West, Fla., 45–47, 98–100, 114, 115
Keyes, Erasmus D., 75
Kies, John, 30
Kimball, Nathan, 89
Knox, Sarah, 9–11, 19, 138n3
Koch, Robert, 23
Lane, James, 61
Lardner, J. L., 45–46
Lauderdale, John Vance, 56
Lavaca, Tex., 41–42, 101, 115
Law, William, 84
Lee, Robert E.: and Battle of Chancellorsville, 80
and Battle of Gettysburg, 80, 88
and Confederate Navy, 113
and Confederate troop transfer, 80, 154n13
Grant’s pursuit of, 114
and Maryland offensive, 61
and Peninsular Campaign, 75
prewar experience of, 58, 154n13
on southern climate and sickly season in South, 68–69, 70, 77, 80, 116, 154n13
surrender of, at Appomattox, 93
Leopold, Aldo, 120
Letterman, Jonathan, 73, 75
Lincoln, Abraham: and army’s Medical Department, 86
assassination of, 158n16
and Battle of Gettysburg, 88
and blockade of southern ports, 39, 109
and Butler, following p. 71;
and emancipation of slaves, 61, 152n21
and Farragut’s failure to capture Vicksburg, 58–59
and Meade, 88
and Peninsular Campaign, 72, 75, 152n21
and western theater of Civil War, 88
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 110
Lister, Joseph, 23
Little Rock, Ark., 88–89, 91, 95
Louisiana: Battle of Baton Rouge in, 63–66
Battle of Port Hudson in, 80, 86
malaria in, 9, 13, 14, 58, 63–66, 95, 150n10
mosquito netting used in, 31
mosquitoes in, 27, 28
yellow fever in, 15–16, 36–39, 58, 84, 86, 98, 117, 150n10. See also New Orleans
Louisiana Infantry, Twenty-seventh, 63
Louisiana Purchase, 120
USS Louisville, 32
Lovell, Mansfield, 37
MacRae, Donald, 52
Maffitt, John, 47
Magruder, John Bankhead, 41, 72, 95–96, 150n10
Maine military units: Twelfth Infantry, 58
Thirteenth Infantry, 81
Fourteenth Infantry, 58, 64, 110
Malaria: African Americans’ immunity to, 12–13, 61–62, 81–82, 102, 153n6
arsenic treatment for, 83, 85
black soldiers and contrabands with, 2, 34, 62, 82, 102, 125, 127;
categorization of, 11
cause of, as “miasmas” and other environmental factors, 6, 10, 67, 73, 84, 92
cinchona bark treatment for, 60, 83
and Confederate soldiers, 25–26, 29, 57, 63–64, 67, 70, 76–80, 82–83, 94–95, 100–101, 109–13, 113
Sarah Taylor Davis’s death from, in Mississippi, 9–11, 19, 138n3
and developing countries, 118
elimination of, from Northeast, 14, 26
fear of, 29
in Illinois, 11–12
and immigrants, 118
impact of generally, 7–8
limited immunity for, among southerners, 14, 81
maps of incidence of, 122–27;
medical complications from other diseases combined with, 2, 29–30, 32, 34, 56, 74, 101
medical discharges for, 29, 32
misdiagnosis of, 74, 139n9
mosquito net for prevention of, 31, 50, following p. 71, 114
and Peninsular Campaign in Virginia, 72–77, 87
physicians with, 95
quack remedies for, 30
reluctance of soldiers to seek treatment for, 29–30, 69
and remittent fever, 11, 25, 32, 33, 56, 57, 60, 65, 68, 69, 76, 81, 82, 84, 92, 94, 100, 101
sickly season for, 2–3, 7, 12, 13, 20, 58, 67–68, 74–78, 80, 83–84
in South, 9–14, 22–23, 27–28, 31, 32, 55–85, 89–95, 100–102, 112–14
in South America, 139n7
statistics on, 2, 14, 20, 22, 34, 56–60, 63–65, 67–70, 73–74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 90–95, 100–101, 113, 129
susceptibility of Union soldiers to, 18–20
symptoms of, 11–12, 28–29, 32, 34–35, 63, 64, 65, 79, 84–85, 89–90
transmission of, by Anopheles mosquitoes, 10–11
and Union and Confederate sailors, 31–32, 84–85, 113
and Union blockade, 109–14
and Union soldiers, 22–25, 29–30, 34, 56–85, 89–94, 100, 113–14, 122–27;
and Vicksburg campaign, 58–62, following p. 71, 77–80, 82–83, 150n14
in West, 12, 24, 88–98, 101–2
and white soldiers in Civil War, 122–24, 126;
during World War II, 119, 120. See also Anopheles mosquitoes
Quinine
and specific battles, states, and cities
Marigold, 99
Massachusetts General Hospital, 5
Massachusetts military units: Second Light Artillery, 59
Seventeenth Infantry, 28
Seventeenth Regiment Volunteers, 68
Thirtieth Infantry, 60, 65
Thirty-second Infantry Regiment, 73
Fifty-fourth Infantry, 119
Matagorda, Tex., 41, 115
Mayer, Nathan, 33–34
McClellan, George B.: and Anaconda Plan, 19
and failure to capture Richmond, 61, 75, 76
medical staff of, 114
and Peninsular Campaign, 68–69, 72–76, 152n21
McDowell, Irvin, 23
&
nbsp; McGaffey, Mrs. Otis, 42
McNeill, William, 6
McPheeters, William, 95
Meade, George Gordon, 88
Measles, 21, 25, 44, 63, 83, 129
Medical corps during Civil War: chain of command of, 142n3
disorganization of Union medical corps, 23, 30, 186 59–60, 73–74, 86, 91
funding for, 86
Hammond’s leadership of Union Medical Department, 81, 86–87
incompetency and neglect of duty charged against Union doctors, 91
and medical supplies for Union army, 78, 83
selection process for, 23
and shortages of quinine, 31, 34, 59–60, 64, 67, following p. 71, 73–74, 78, 83–84, 87, 91, 93, 109–13
Union physicians’ treatment of Confederate soldiers, 78. See also Quinine
and specific physicians
Medical education, 5, 14
Medicine: and anesthesia for surgery, 5
apprenticeships in, 5
chemicals and harsh treatments of 1860s, 4–5, 33–34
Greek view of, 4, 5, 23
licensing laws for, 5. See also Diseases
Medical corps during Civil War
Quinine
specific doctors and specific diseases
Meigs, Montgomery C., 19, 75
Memphis, Tenn., 93, 117
Meningitis, 25
Mercury, 4, 33
Merrill, C. R., 37–38 Merrimac, 99
Mexico, 96, 106
Michigan military units: Third Infantry, 22
Fifth Infantry, 23
Fourteenth Infantry, 56–57
Middleton, Anna DeWolf, 112–13
Miller, Stephen, 93
Milliken’s Bend, Battle of, 80–81 Minho, 110
Minnesota military units: Third, 89, 92–93
Sixth, 93–94, 102
Missionaries to Sea Islands, 49–50
Mississippi: Battle of Champion’s Hill in, 78
Farragut’s Vicksburg campaign, 58–62, 150n14
and fear of yellow fever, 79
malaria in, 9–11, 13, 28, 57–60, 62–65, 71, 77–80, 82–83, 89, 102
mosquitoes in, during siege of Vicksburg, 28, 63, 79–80
sickly season in, 77–78, 83–84
siege of Vicksburg, by Grant, 28, 30, 58–59, 77–80, 82–83, 95
Union retreat from, 60–61
yellow fever in, 104
Mississippi River: Confederate control of, 65, 66
and Farragut’s capture of New Orleans, 37
and Farragut’s failure to capture Vicksburg, 58–59, 61
and malaria, 9, 13, 19, 20, 24, 25, 34–35, 59
mosquito netting needed for camps along, 31
and Vicksburg canal project, 59, 77
Williams’s and Farragut’s retreat along, 60
and yellow fever, 16, 19, 20, 32, 117
Missouri: Confederate invasion of, 88, 92
diseases of Union soldiers in, 25
Missouri Infantry, Eleventh, 83
Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight, 48–50, 54, 66, 70–71, following p. 71, 75
Mobile, Ala.: Farragut in Mobile bay, 101
Farragut’s proposed attack on, 59
malaria in, 100–101
reinforcements for Johnston from, 100
yellow fever in, 20, 47
Moon, Virginia, 109
Moore, Doctor, 110
Moore, Samuel P., 111, 113
Morehead City, N.C., 68
Morphine, 33, 159–60n9
Mosquito nets, 31, 50, following p. 71, 114
Mosquitoes: control of, during World War II, 118
dengue fever transmitted by, 46, 47, 59, 98
“gallinippers” as term for, 27, 28, 35, 63
and malaria, 4, 11–14, 20, 22–23, 26–29, 34–35, 47, 56, 59, 66, 67, 71–76, 79–80, 90–94, 100
and picket duty, 28, 35, 66, 79–80
in Sea Islands, 50
and Vicksburg canal project, 59–60
and yellow fever, 4, 15, 20, 27–28, 35, 39, 41–42, 44, 47, 71, 75, 76, 99–100, 114, 116, 117. See also Diseases
Malaria
Sickly season in South
Yellow fever
Mudd, Samuel, 158n16
Mumps, 21, 69, 129
Murphy, Audie, 119
Murphy, Mary Ann, 53
Napoléon Bonaparte, 119
Nash, Herbert, 76
Nashville, Tenn., 55
Nassau, 51
National Board of Health, 117
Navy, Confederate, 32, 65, 113, 150n14. See also specific ships
Navy, U.S.: and Anaconda Plan, 54
blockade of southern ports by, 31, 34, 39, 85–87, 102, 109–14
in Florida, 45–47
and malaria, 84–85
in Texas, 39–45, 54, 146–47n11
and Vicksburg campaign by Farragut, 58–62, 150n14
and yellow fever, 32–33, 39–47, 54, 84–86, 98–100
Navy, U.S, See also specific ships
USS Neosho, 32
New Bern, N.C., 68, 104, 105, 106–9, 115
New Hampshire military units: Fifth Infantry, 73
Seventh Infantry, 47–49
Eight Infantry, 58
Ninth Infantry, 78–79
New Orleans: Banks’s occupation of, 81
biological warfare plan against Union occupation of, 159n4
black soldiers in, 62, 81
Butler’s occupation of, 36–39, 54, 62, 81, 145n5
Confederate plans for recapture of, 63–64
Farragut’s capture of, 36, 40, 55, 58, 86
fear of yellow fever in, 26
quarantine and sanitation measures in, 38–39, 54, 114, 145n5
retreat of Butler’s troops back to, after Battle of Baton Rouge, 65–66
yellow fever in, 15–16, 36–39, 58, 84, 86, 98, 115, 117. See also Louisiana
New York Herald, 46
New York military units: Fifth Infantry, 73
Tenth Heavy Artillery, 29
Twelfth Light Artillery, 73
Twenty-fifth Volunteers, 22–23
Eighty-fifth Infantry, 73–74
Ninetieth Infantry, 45, 46
New York Times, 20
Newberry, J. S., 55–56
Nita, 99
Norfolk, Va., 17, 104, 105
North Carolina: malaria in, 13, 28, 67–68
mosquitoes in, 28
quarantine in, 107
sickly season in, 67–68
smuggling of quinine into, 110–11
Union forces in, 67–68
yellow fever in, 16, 27, 32, 39, 50–54, 106–9
Northern civilians, and malaria, 117–18
O. H. Lee, 86
O’Connor, Cornelius, 97
Oliver, Maggie, 110
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 12
Opium, 29, 33
Ordronaux, John, 19–20
USS Ossipee, 98
Outer Banks, N.C., 67
Palmer, Innis N., 106
Panama Canal, 120
Parker, William, 53
Pemberton, John C., 68–69, 78–80, 82–83, 87, 91, 95
Peninsular Campaign, 72–77, 87, 152n21
Pennington, Lewis, 43
Pennsylvania military units: Sixteenth Cavalry, 29
Forty-seventh Regiment, 46
Fiftieth Infantry, 79
Fifty-first, 68
Ninety-seventh, 28
Pensacola, Fla., 47, 85–86, 98, 115
Perryville, Battle of, 61
Peru, 139n7
Petersburg, Va.: quinine for Union troops in, following p. 71;
siege of, 30, 92, 113
Pettus, John, 104
Phelps, John, 61, 62
Philippines, 120
Phillips, Samuel, 49–50
Phillips, Wendell, 50
Pickens, Francis W., 67, 69
Picket duty, 28, 35, 66–68, 73, 79–80
Pine Bluff, Ark., 92–93
, 95
USS Pinola, 84
Pittsburgh, Landing, Tenn., 55–56
Plasmodium falciparum, 11, 12, 19, 24, 34, 65, 84, 101–2, 138n3
Plasmodium genus, genetic diversity within, 161n3
Plasmodium malariae, 11
Plasmodium ovale, 11
Plasmodium vivax, 11, 12, 29, 56, 74, 101
Pneumonia, 21, 82
Pocotaligo, S.C., 70
Porcher, Francis, 111–12
Port Hudson, Battle of, 80, 86
Port Hudson, La., 65, 66, 80, 86
Port Royal experiment, 49–50
Powers and Weightman, 115
Pressley, John G., 67
Preston, William, 63
Price, Sterling “Old Pap,” 88–89, 91, 92
Prisoners of war, 107, 108
Quarantines: in Florida, 45, 85–86
in New Orleans, 38–39, 54, 114
in North Carolina, 107
in South Carolina, 47
in Texas, 42, 96, 98
for yellow fever, 18, 38–39, 42, 45, 47, 54, 84–86, 107, 114
Quinine: effectiveness of, for malaria, 70, 74, 143–44n13
Grant’s supply of, 78
for malaria treatment, 6, 30–31, 65–68, 73–74, 76–77, 85, 90, 109–15
and pharmaceutical companies, 115
prices of, 109, 111, 115
as prophylactic for malaria, 6, 30, 66–67, 70, following p. 71, 74, 87, 115, 143–44n13
rationing of, during Civil War, 143n13
shortage of, for Union troops, 59–60, 73–74, 83–84, 91, 93
shortages of, for Confederate civilians, 102, 112–13, 115, 117
shortages of, for Confederate troops, 31, 34, 64, 67, following p. 71, 78, 87, 109–13, 115
smuggling of, 109–11, 115
soldiers’ decision not to take preventive doses of, 66, 67
substitutes for, 111–12, 115
for yellow fever treatment, 33–34. See also Malaria
Rachel Seaman, 43
Railroads, 48, 53, 69, 70–71
Randolph, George, 53, 74
Rasbeck, Chester, 29
Reconstruction, 117
The Red Badge of Courage, 119
Red River Campaign, 92, 150n10, 156n8
Reed, Walter, 23, 117
Reiser, William, 31–32 Relief, 85
Remittent fever. See Malaria
Renshaw, William, 40–42, 45, 75, 95
Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests (Porcher), 111–12
Respiratory tract infections, 25
Reynolds, A. W., 83
Reynolds, Mrs. N. J., 110
Rheumatism, 21, 22, 23, 69, 82, 90, 119, 129 Rhode Island, 46
Richmond, Tex., 44
Richmond, Va.: defense of, 32, 68–69, 76–77
malaria in, 32
McClellan’s advance on, 68–69
McClellan’s failure to capture, 61, 75, 76
quinine supplies in, 31
railroad in, 53
results of possible Union capture of, 26
Union troops approaching, 32
Ritner, Jacob, 79
Rogers, Mason, 106