MITI and the Japanese miracle
Page 57
Page 361
47.
Report of the Japan-United States Economic Relations Group, Prepared for the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Japan
(Washington, D.C.: Japan-U.S. Economic Relations Group, 1981), p. 61.
Eight
1. Quoted in Suzuki Yukio, 1969, pp. 49, 124.
2. MITI,
Nempo
* (fiscal 1965), p. 69.
3. Nawa, 1974, pp. 3940.
4. Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 7375.
5. See Kato* Hidetoshi, "Sanken: A Power Above Government,"
The Japan Interpreter
, 7 (Winter 1971): 3642; Nawa, 1976a, pp. 8182, 26566; and Yamamoto, pp. 7475.
6. See the interviews with Nakayama Sohei, in
Ekonomisuto
, July 6 and 13, 1976.
7. For details, see Allan R. Pearl, "Liberalization of Capital in Japan, Parts I and II,"
Harvard International Law Journal
, 13, nos. 1 and 2 (Winter and Spring, 1972): 5987, 24570.
8. See "Japanese Economy Attracts Oil Money,"
Washington Post
, Oct. 5, 1980.
9. On the funeral controversy, see Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 4749; Matsubayashi, 1973, p. 138; and Sahashi, 1967, pp. 299306. See also the volume of the Kawahara Hideyuki Memorial Committee.
10. For the text and an analysis of the MITI-FTC agreement, see Ueno, pp. 2426.
11. Ojimi* and Uchida, p. 31. See also Yamamoto's comments (on the
Mainichi
leak), in Matsubayashi, 1973, p. 166; and Nawa (on Uchida's group), 1974, p. 42.
12. See Urata.
13. Japan Civil Administration Research Association, 1970, p. 156.
14. Shibano, p. 27; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1977b, p. 29.
15. See "Japan: Environmentalism with Growth,"
Wall Street Journal
, Sept. 5, 1980. On MITI's internal changes, see Policy Review Company, 1970, s.v. "Tsusan-sho*," pp. 12729.
16. See Hanabusa, p. 123; and Nawa, 1974, p. 45.
17. Maeda, 1975, p. 17.
18. See "MITI: Japan's Economic Watchdog,"
Business Week
, Aug. 19, 1967; and Suzuki Yukio, 1969, p. 47.
19. Hanabusa, pp. 18489.
20. On price differentials of Japanese electrical appliances, see
ibid.
, p. 32; on grapefruit and other issues, see Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 21420.
21. "Study on Trade Deficit with the Japanese,"
Wall Street Journal
, Apr. 29, 1980. For the total number of vehicles produced in Japan between 1965 and 1977, as well as the number exported and imported each year, see Komatsu, p. 41.
22. Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 14951;
Mitsubishi Group
, pp. 3435; Suzuki Yukio, 1969, pp. 6466; and Yamamoto, pp. 5457, 8891, 191, 200.
23. For Vice-Minister Kumagai's views of these events, see
Ekonomisuto
Editorial Board, 1: 27677; and Matsubayashi, 1973, pp. 19192.
Page 362
24. See Industrial Policy Research Institute, pp. 2930, 12224; and Suzuki Yukio, 1969, pp. 66, 8486.
25. Bitten in hand: Sato *, p. 61. Grown son: Suzuki Yukio, 1969, p. 60. Department of Commerce: Yamamoto, pp. 6061. Neurotic: Suzuki Yukio, 1969, pp. 4546. Mama: Aoki, p. 143. Sokaiya*: Honda, 1: 41. Apathy:
Fifty years
, p. 398. Weeping: Kakuma, 1979a, p. 71.
26. Japan Civil Administration, 1970, p. 164; Nawa, 1975, p. 85; and Suzuki Yukio, 1969, pp. 3132.
27. See the interview with Kumagai, in Suzuki Yukio, 1969, pp. 83, 9293.
28. Matsubayashi, 1973, pp. 220, 223.
29. See Ota* Shin'ichiro*, "Sangyo* kozo* seisaku" (Industrial structure policy), in Isomura, 1972, pp. 31215.
30. For former Vice-Minister of Finance Yoshikuni Jiro's* high appraisal of Tanaka's abilities and character, see Matsubayashi, 1976, pp. 23233.
31. "Kissinger Says It Took Him Five Years to Understand Japan,"
Los Angeles Times
, Feb. 10, 1978.
32. See Destler, p. 305.
33. Published by Nikkan Kogyo* Shimbun Sha. In May 1973 the Simul Press brought out an English translation under the title
Building a New Japan: A Plan for Remodeling the Japanese Archipelago
.
34.
Tsusan
*
jyanaru
*, May 24, 1975, p. 18.
35.
Fifty Years
, p. 372.
36. On MITI's 1971 budget increase, see MITI,
Nempo
* (fiscal 1971), p. 65; and on Tanaka and Aizawa, see Sato, p. 63.
37. Campbell, p. 257.
38. See "Japan's 'Economic Animals,'"
Far Eastern Economic Review
, Mar. 26, 1973, pp. 3233.
39. Onishi*, p. 47; Komatsu, p. 148.
40. For the evolution of the old bureaus into the new ones, see Trade and Industry Handbook Compilation Committee, 1974, pp. 36061. For a critique of the new structure, see Honda, 1: 3538.
41. On Japan's initial reaction to the oil shock, see Johnson, 1976. On Bandar Shahpur, see the
Economist
(London), June 30, 1979, p. 82; and "Mitsui Plans to Finish Stalled Work in Iran on Petrochemical Unit,"
Wall Street Journal
, May 7, 1980.
42. Quoted in Kakuma, 1979b, p. 269.
43. Aoki, pp. 13940. On toilet paper, plus a photograph of a toilet paper queue, see Komatsu, pp. 15255.
44. Nakamura, 1974, pp. 16973; Kakuma, 1979b, p. 195. For outlines of the laws themselves, as well as details on modifications of them made by the Diet, see MITI Information Office,
News from MITI
, no. 7355 (Dec. 15, 1973), no. 7356 (Dec. 15, 1973), and no. 7367 (Dec. 28, 1973).
45. "FTC Raids,"
Japan Times
, Nov. 28, 1973.
46. The
Asahi
list is reprinted in Watanabe Yozo*, "Sekiyu sangyo* to sengo keizaiho* taisei" (The petroleum industry and the postwar structure of economic law), in Tokyo University, 1975, 8: 275. See also "Probe Into Oil Products Price-fixing,"
Japan Times
, Mar. 14, 1974; ''Prosecutors Probe,"
ibid.
, Mar. 20, 1974; "Probers to Grill MITI,"
ibid.
, Mar. 25, 1974; "MITI Role Questioned,"
ibid.
, Apr. 16, 1974; "MITI Says Oil Industry's Acts Com-
Page 363
pletely Lawful,"
ibid.
, Apr. 17, 1974; "Prosecutors Get Oil Price Report,"
ibid.
, May 8, 1974.
47. See
Nihon keizai shimbun, Asahi shimbun, Japan Times, Mainichi Daily News
, and
Wall Street Journal
, May 29, 1974. See also the
Asahi
series "Sekiyu karuteru" (Oil cartel), May 29 and 30, 1974; "Oil Companies Are Indicted"
Japan Economic Journal
, June 4, 1974; ''Letter from Tokyo,"
Far Eastern Economic Review
, June 3, 1974. On the progress and outcome of the case, see Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 15470, 17889;
Japan Economic Journal
, Oct. 21, 1980, editorial;
Japan Times Weekly
, Feb. 14, 1981.
48. "Antimonopoly Law,"
Japan Times
, May 30, 1974; "MITI-FTC Dispute,"
Mainichi Daily News
, June 29, 1974.
49. See Chalmers Johnson, "Japan: The Year of 'Money-Power' Politics,"
Asian Survey
, 15 (Jan. 1975): 2534; and Chalmers Johnson, "Japan 1975: Mr. Clean Muddles Through,"
Asian Survey
, 16 (Jan. 1976): 3141.
50. For a chronology of the AML revision, see
Komatsu, p. 174; for Shiina's killing of the AML revision bill in 1975, see Nawa, 1976a, p. 94. See also "FTC Head Takahashi Quits,"
Japan Times
, Feb. 6, 1976.
51. See Morozumi.
52. MITI, 1974, 268 pp. The 1975 updating, of some 398 pp., was published on Aug. 20, 1975. JETRO also brought out a translation of the first "vision plan" under the title
Japan's Industrial Structure: A Long Range Vision
(Tokyo: JETRO, 1975), as well as an English supplement to the 1975 version.
53.
News from MITI
, no. 7934 (Dec. 20, 1979);
Look Japan
, Jan. 10, 1980.
54. See Saxonhouse.
Nine
1. Sam Jameson and John F. Lawrence, "U.S. Problem Not Labor but ManagersSony Chief,"
Los Angeles Times
, Oct. 29, 1980.
2. "Firms Go Wild on Expenses; Japan's Taxmen Indulgent,"
San Francisco Examiner
, Jan. 6, 1981.
3. For an excellent critique of the bureaucratic-authoritarian model, see David Collier, ed.,
The New Authoritarianism in Latin America
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979).
4. For details, see Ellen Comisso,
Workers' Control Under Plan and Market: Implications of Yugoslav Self-Management
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979).
5. "Political Struggles in Bureaucratic Societies,"
World Politics
, 9 (Oct. 1956): 2036.
6. Drucker, p. 53.
Page 367
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