The Last Wild Men of Borneo
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views of Penan by, 121
war regalia of, xvi
as “wild men of Borneo,” 90
death rituals
of Bahau, 155–156
of Dayaks, 91–93, 97–99
Dharma Bums (Kerouac), 24
Dinda (Dayak Rajah), 157–160
Dong Son of Vietnam, 90, 208
draft. see military conscription
dukun (shaman), 9–10
durian (fruit), 96–97
Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro), 230
Eavis, Andy, 51–52
Eilenberg, Samuel, 213
Elgin, 7th Earl of (Thomas Bruce), 144
environmental issues. see logging and resistance
Essay on Exoticism (Segalen), 80
“Exhibition of African Negro Art” (Museum of Modern Art, New York), 146
Fabry, Judith Schoffel de, 204–205
Federation of Malaysia, independence of, 106–107
Ferintinos, Erma Loraine “Fatima”
divorce of, 259
move to Bali by, 87–89
Palmieri’s marriage to, 69–70
Threads of Tradition chapter authored by, 150
Frankie (missionary), 99
Franzoni, David, 225
Friends of the Earth, 110
Fritts, Jean, 148
G7 Summit (1991), 225–226
Galdikas, Biruté, 18, 82, 91, 298
Gamba, Roberto, 308
Gay, Ricardo, 67
GEO (German magazine), 123–124, 127
Glamour of Strangeness, The (James), 81
Goetz, Alexander (Axel), 4–5, 212–213
Goldwater, Robert, 144–146
Gore, Al, 222, 230
Graf, Roger
anti-logging efforts, 179, 180, 183, 195, 220, 221, 268
anti-logging efforts, petition, 123, 128–129, 132, 137
early partnership with Manser, 111–114
on Manser’s disappearance, 311
Manser’s escape aided by, 175, 192–193
Grundner, Edmund, 25, 275–277
Gunung Mulu National Park, 17, 26, 51–52
Hajj, Ali, 242–245
Head-Hunters of Borneo, The (Bock), 93–94, 157–158
head-hunting, by Dayaks, 21, 90, 93–94, 106, 234, 255–256
Hoffman, Carl
in Borneo forest with Penans, 280–281, 288–305
in Pontianak, 249–250
in Putussibau, 250–257
in Samarinda, 239–249
travel from Bali to Borneo, to meet Penans, 283–288
travel from Bali to Borneo, with Palmieri, 235–240
Iban Dayaks (people)
Brooke government and, 173
Sarawak colonial history and, 106, 107
traditional tattoos of, 234, 255–256
ikat textiles, 149–150, 210, 260
India, art collection laws, 215
Indonesia, art collection laws, 214–215. see also Bali (place); Kalimantan
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), 192, 194, 196
Inuit (people), 143–144
Isenschmid, Ruedi, 270
Jaffe, Thomas, 313–314
Jakarta Post, on Gamba, 308
James, Jamie, 81
Japan, logging companies of, 222, 231, 269
Jémalang (Penan man), 186
Kaelin, Simon, 282–289
Kalimantan. see also Borneo; Palmieri, Michael
art collected by Palmieri in, 153–154
Indonesian part of Borneo, 8
Palmieri’s lifestyle in (1976), 94–102
Kapoor, Subhash, 215
Kayan Dayaks (people)
blockades by, 182
Brookes and, 106
characterization of, 166
Kelabit Dayaks (people)
Borneo Post on blockades, 182
Brookes and, 106
characterization of, 166
logging history and, 107–108
logging resisted by, 116, 164, 167–171 (see also Mutang Urud, Anderson)
Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) founded by Ngau, 110
Kennedy, John F., 168
Kenyah Dayaks (people)
Brookes and, 106
characterization of, 166
kepala kampong (Dayak village headman), 98
Kerouac, Jack, 24
Kesner, Perry, 4–5, 70, 149–150, 307
Khan, Mohammad Daoud, 63
Khan, Shah Mahmood, 61
Kijang (Penan), 77
klotok (boat), 140, 141
Komeok (Penan man), 284–288
Kuching (Sarawak), 258–261
Kumbh Mela (Hindu gathering), 68–69
Layaks (spirits), 88–89
Lee, Andrea, 81–82
Licht, Anja, 194–195, 197, 221
Linson, Art, 225
Lischeron, Beth, 222–223
logging and resistance. see also Bruno Manser Fund (BMF)
changing indigenous cultures and, 281, 283, 287, 310–311
colonial history of Sarawak and, 105–107
deforestation and effects on artifacts, 204, 216
early opposition to, 110–111
forest reserve petition, 123, 124, 128–129, 132, 137, 165, 171
international publicity about resistance, 177–180, 221–232
in Kalimantan (1976), 95, 100, 102
logging industry growth from 1960s to 1980s, 107–108
logging road, Sarawak, 104
Manser’s and Graf’s early partnership, 111–114
Manser’s anti-logging campaign from Switzerland, 219–232
Manser’s role as Penans’ “secretary,” 115–117, 169
nails driven into trees as protest, 265–267
palm oil plantations and, 216, 247, 249–250, 284
Penan blockades of, 164, 165–171, 176–183, 192, 226
Sarawak Land Code and, 167
Tutoh River bridge construction for, 108–109
women’s protests against, 177
Long Adang (Borneo), Penan settlement in, 283–288
Long Galat (people), art and artifacts of, 154
longhouses, modern-day, 253–256
Long Seridan (Borneo), airfield in, 289, 302–305
Long Wai (Borneo), description of, 157–160
Lowie Museum of Anthropology, UC Berkeley, 150
Lusan (Iban man), 234, 255–256
magic wax, 126
Mahakam River
description of, 31–32
Palmieri on timber companies, 102
Palmieri’s trips on, 89
Mahathir Mohamad
early knowledge about Manser, 122
letter to Manser from, 227–229, 286
meeting with Manser, 230
New Straits Times interview, 182
Mahmud, Abdul Taib, 123, 132, 269–273
Malaysian government. see also Borneo; Sarawak
colonial history of Peninsular Malaysia, 105–107 (see also Brooke, James [Rajah of Borneo])
early knowledge about Manser, 121–123
Federation of Malaysia independence, 106–107
Mahathir Mohamad, 122, 182, 227–229, 230, 286
Malaysian deportation of Manser, 273–274
meetings with Penans by, 181–182
Penan blockades and reaction of, 166–167
pursuit of Manser by, 124–127, 167, 181–183
U.S. resolution about logging in Malaysia, 222
mangku (Balinese priests), 235–236
Manser, Aga (sister-in-law), 45, 180
Manser, Bruno. see also Bruno Manser Fund (BMF); logging and resistance; Malaysian government; Penans
anti-logging campaign from Switzerland, 219–232
characterization of, 5–6, 12–13, 19–20, 46–53, 117–119, 127–128, 219–220
documentation by, 76, 78, 109, 115, 125–127, 132, 134–135, 137–138, 299–300
early biographical information, 21–26, 45–49
> escape from Malaysia by, 175, 192–198, 231
final disappearance of, 6, 278, 284, 309–311
final trips to Borneo by, 265–267, 271–278
in hiding, 124–127, 135–138, 174–176, 180–186
hunger strike by, 231, 267
initial interest and contact with Penan, 17–18, 20–21, 26–27, 43–44, 50–53, 73–82, 105
international publicity about, 122–123, 129–135, 177–180, 221–232
as “Lakei Penan” (“Penan Man”), 6, 173–174
malaria of, 128, 133–135, 178
Mutang’s partnership with, 174–176, 180, 183
as “Orang Putih” (white man), 122
Palmieri’s meeting with, 261–262, 272–273
paragliding stunts of, 218, 230, 269–273
Penan blockades and, 164, 165–171, 176–183, 192
photos, 42, 120, 188, 218, 264
return to Switzerland (March 1990), 198
romantic relationships of, 50, 222–223, 267–268, 275, 278, 309
snakes encountered by, 19, 20, 186–188, 188, 189–192
Manser, Erich (brother), 21–24, 45, 47, 180, 193, 310
Manser, Ida (mother), 21–22, 267
Manser, Monika (sister), 21–22, 48, 193
Manser, Peter (brother), 21–22, 109, 116, 127, 193
Manser Fund. see Bruno Manser Fund (BMF)
Masri, Haji, 249
mastodon molar (antiquity), 209–211
Matios, Lores, 124–125
McPhee, Colin, 86
Megut, Dui (son), 294, 302–305
Megut, Lakei Suti (father), 282, 300
Megut, Peng
Long Gita home of, 288–291
photo, 280
travel in forest by, 281–282, 291–305
Megut, Udi (son), 290, 294
Megut, Uen (wife), 289–291, 293–297, 299, 300–305
Megut, Ulin (son), 290, 297, 299, 302–305
Mendes, Chico, 127, 273
Merck Manual, on snake bites, 189
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 3, 4
Michener, James, 34
military conscription
of Switzerland, 24–26
of U.S., 35–37, 241
Minik (Inuit child), 143–144
Modang Dayaks (people)
art collected by Palmieri from, 154
artifacts of, 246
as Dayak subgroup, 8
statue procured by Palmieri, 140, 159–161
Montaigne, Michel de, 81
Mueller, Josef, 147
Murray, Thomas, 148–153, 309, 312
Museum of Cultures (Basel), 150
Museum of Primitive Art (New York), 4, 144–147
Mutang Urud, Anderson
arrest of, 226–227, 229–230
blockade support by, 180
Christian conversion of, 238
initial logging resistance by, 167–171
Manser’s escape and, 195, 197
Manser’s partnership with, 174–176, 180, 183, 191
in U.S. and Canada, 230–231
on the Voices for the Borneo Rainforests World Tour, 222
Nalin (Penan), 190
Napoleon, 144
Netherlands
Bali colonial history, 86, 90, 157
Borneo colonial history, 105–106
New Straits Times (Malaysia)
on blockades, 182–183
on Manser, 122–123, 129–135
New York Times, on G7 Summit publicity, 226
Ngaju Dayaks (people), 99, 101
Ngau, Harrison, 110, 128–129, 169, 183
Niederberger, Monika Manser, 21–22, 48, 193
Nuada, Jiro Mangku, 235–236
Nunu (shop owner), 208
obat (medicine), 96, 97, 100
Observer (England), on blockades, 178
Onah (Dayak man), 247–249
On the Cannibals (Montaigne), 81
Outside (magazine), 224–225
Palmieri, Danielle (first wife), 66–68
Palmieri, Fatima (second wife). see Ferintinos, Erma Loraine “Fatima”
Palmieri, Michael. see also art and artifacts collection; Dayaks
Afghanistan travel by, 60–66, 96
boating accident (1975), 40–41
boat of, 140, 141–142
Borneo arrival by, 31–32, 38–41, 94–102
characterization of, 2–7, 12–13, 50, 152–153, 240–242
child of, 153, 201
on Dayak culture and rituals, 154–156
early biographical information, 33–37, 55–56
European travel by, 55–60
Manser’s meeting with, 261–262, 272–273
marriages and divorces of, 66–70, 87–89, 259
in modern-day Bali, 201–213, 216–217
modern-day travel to Borneo by, 235–240
move to Bali by, 70, 85–94
photos, 30, 54, 84, 140
plane crash (1975), 38–39
records of, 96, 102
spiritual beliefs of, 1–2, 7–10, 88–89, 235–238
Threads of Tradition chapter authored by, 150
Palmieri, Wayan (son), 153, 201
palm oil plantations, 216, 247, 249–250, 284
Parcours des Mondes (Paris), 204, 307–309, 312
Pastor, Anne, 283, 288
Peace Corps, 168
Peary, Robert, 143–144
Penans. see also logging and resistance
beliefs and characteristics of, 76–77, 126
blockades by, 164, 165–171, 176–183, 192, 226
Brooke and, 106
changing lifestyle of, 281, 283, 287, 310–311
communication and language of, 75, 114, 173, 288
Dayak trade with, 76, 90, 172–173
early colonial encounters with, 171–172
hunting by, 2, 5, 44, 74–75, 291
indigenous lifestyle of, 72–77, 117–119, 280–281, 288–305
Malaysian views of, 121 (see also Malaysian government)
Manser’s initial interest and contact with, 17–18, 20–21, 26–27, 43–44, 50–53, 73–82, 105
Manser’s search for, 17–18, 20–21, 26–27
photos, 16, 72, 120, 164, 188, 280
population of (1984), 20–21
settlements of, 73–74, 77–78, 283–288
on the Voices for the Borneo Rainforests World Tour, 222
Western travelers’ interest in, 78–82
Penan: Voices from the Borneo Rainforest (Manser), 223
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, 63–64
Perhentian Kecil, Manser’s stay on, 19–20
Petronas, 284
poison arrows
carving of, 44
description of, 2
hunting with, 75
making poison for, 291
use of, 5
poleng (cloth), 10
Powell, Hickman, 86
Primitivism in Modern Art (Goldwater), 144–145
pusaka (Dayak family heirlooms), 93–94
Radio Television Malaysia, 132–135
“Rank” Rick (smuggler), 58
Raslan (art dealer), 249–250
Riklin, Judge Lieutenant, 25
Ritchie, James, 122–123, 129–135, 178–179, 272–273
Rockefeller, Jay, 223
Rockefeller, Nelson, 4, 145–147
Rubartelli, Franco, 67
Rüegg, Fabiola, 193, 196, 198, 274
Rüegg, Georges
anti-logging efforts of, 180, 183, 185–186, 221
arguments with Manser, 231–232, 268
biographical information, 47–50
final contact with Manser, 274, 277
on Manser’s disappearance, 311
Manser’s rescue from Malaysia by, 175, 192–198, 231
Sackler, Arthur M., 215–216
Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM), 110, 169, 181–182
St. John, Spenser, 51
Sala (Penan man), 175–176
Samling Timber Company, 110–111, 114–115
Sarawak (Borneo). see also Borneo
international media in (1991), 224
Kuching (modern-day), 258–261
Land Code of, 167
Malaysian part of Borneo, 5
Manser’s arrival in, 17–18
Murray in, 149–150
Palmieri in, 31–32
State Legislative Assembly on Forest Ordinance, 182
Sega, Along, 116–117, 272, 273, 282, 289, 300
Sega, Tapit, 117
Segalen, Victor, 80
Seleng (Penan girl), 77
Sellato, Bernard, 20
Seluang (Penan man), 137–138
Serpent and the Rainbow (Davis), 223
shamans, 9–10, 93
Siden (Penan man), 126
Siren, Sinah, 303
Sloane, Sir Hans, 144
snakes, Manser and, 19, 20, 184–186, 188, 189–192
Sobhraj, Charles, 68
Sotheby’s, 148, 203, 307–308
Spielberg, Steven, 225
Stern (magazine), on blockades, 179
Straumann, Lukas, 170–171
Sukarno (president of Bali), 89
“Surabaya Chinese Frankie” (missionary), 99
Suter, Ruedi, 221, 232
Switzerland, military draft of, 24–26
Taib Mahmud, Abdul, 107, 110, 167, 282
Tamin (Iban man), 252–256
Tamu (markets), 172–173
tattoos, 93, 234, 255–256
textiles, 149–150, 210, 260
Threads of Tradition (Lowie Museum of Anthropology, UC Berkeley), 150
Tiwah (Dayak death ritual), 92
Tong Tana (documentary film), 275
totem poles, 97, 99
Trocadéro Ethnography Museum (Paris), 144
Tropenmuseum (Amsterdam), 144
tuak (liquor), 39
UC Berkeley, 150
United Nations
UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World and Cultural and Natural Heritage, 214
UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 108
U.S. Cultural Property Advisory Committee, 148
Vietnam, Dong Son of, 90, 208
Vietnam War, Palmieri and, 35–37, 241
Voices for the Borneo Rainforests World Tour, The, 222
Vosseler, Martin, 220, 267, 274–275, 310
Wahu (people), art and artifacts of, 154
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 11
Wall Street Journal, on logging and blockades, 107–108, 111, 178
Warner Bros., 225
Wee (Penan man), 115
Welford, G. E., 51
Wiener, Nancy, 4–5
“wild men of Borneo”
Dayaks as, 90
Manser as, 122
William Morris Agency, 225
Wong, James, 129, 167
World Wildlife Fund, 129, 252
WTK, 110, 129, 176
Ya’kub, Rahman, 108
Yale University Art Gallery, 3, 161, 306, 313–314
Yang, Richard, 259–261
Zahir Shah, Mohammed (King of Afghanistan), 61