Apocalypse 1692

by Ben Hughes

  6. Vallance, The Glorious Revolution, 216–219; Childs, The Williamite Wars in Ireland, 13, 52; Ehrman, The Navy in the War of William III, 261–266; Childs, The Nine Years’ War and the British Army, 1688–97, 109–114.

  7. List of the West India Squadron, 23 October 1689, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692; Three Decks.org, entry for HMS Swan (1673); HMS Swan pay book, ADM 33/143, folios 78–81; on Johnson see Governor Carlisle to Secretary Coventry, 4 December 1679, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 10 online at BHO; on life in the Royal Navy at the end of the seventeenth century see Ehrman, The Navy in the War of William III, 109–143.

  8. HMS Swan pay book, ADM 33/143, folios 81, 86; HMS Mary log, entries for March 1690, ADM 56/65, folios 7–8.

  9. On the O’Briens see O’Donoghue, Historical Memoir of the O’Breins. The spelling of the name varied, as was common at this time. Inchiquin’s son James spelled his last name O’Bryan.

  10. Routh, Tangier, 146–197.

  11. On Inchiquin see Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the Seventeenth Century, 124; Childs, The Williamite Wars in Ireland, 13, 52; Tinniswood, Pirates of Barbary, 209– 218; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689– 1692, various entries from 11 September to 28 November 1689. For an insight into Inchiquin’s financial affairs see his will, PROB 11/414, folios 157–159. Although it may seem strange that an Irishman with no experience of the New World should be chosen as the governor of Jamaica, one of England’s wealthiest American colonies, to William III and the Lords of Trade Inchiquin seemed a perfectly suitable choice: the earl had more than proven his loyalty to England’s new monarch; he had a solid military background, a must considering the likelihood of armed encounters in the Caribbean with the French or even a full-scale invasion of Jamaica. Inchiquin also had experience as an administrator, principally during his time as the governor of Tangiers, and considerable experience of running a colony. Although Ireland and Jamaica seem very different places to us today, their similarities would have seemed more obvious to an Englishman of the late seventeenth century. Despite its geographical proximity to England, Ireland was an alien land. Home to a barbaric, illiterate, tribal, and ungodly people whose precarious existence revolved around the ancient practices of cattle-raising, feasting, and raiding once ubiquitous across northern Europe, it seemed, in the view of William Blathwayt, chief bureaucrat of the plantations office and the first Whitehall official with a clear plan for strong royal authority in the transatlantic colonies, just as foreign a land as Jamaica. Both were in need of the strict application of the law to ensure they turned a healthy profit for the crown. Indeed, the very fact that Inchiquin had never set foot in the Americas may well have been yet another reason for his selection. The Jamaican elite were showing an ever-increasing desire for self-determination. To appoint one of their own to the role of governor may well have only served to accelerate the process. Inchiquin, on the other hand, had no vested interest and therefore no reasons to be disloyal to the crown. Furthermore, if events in the North American colonies, where news of the outbreak of the Glorious Revolution had led to armed insurrections and the deposition of several crown-appointed officials, were anything to go by, having a man with military experience on the spot could be very useful indeed. Given such assumptions, the choice of Inchiquin as the new governor seemed to William and Blathwayt alike to be a sound one indeed.

  12. Clarke, Proceedings and Reports of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, 157th – 161st Sessions, 37–44; HMS Swan pay book, ADM 33/143, folios 86.

  13. O’Malley, Final Passages, 139–170; F. J. Osborne, “James Castillo–Asiento Agent,” Jamaican Historical Review, 8 (1971), 9–18.

  14. Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, List of the West India Squadron, 23 October 1689; A List of all the ships now bound out from London to Barbadoes, Jamaica & the Leeward Islands, PC 2/73, folios 334– 340, 345; on the Duke of Bolton’s Regiment see various entries in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, from 30 November 1689 to 14 October 1690, especially the letters from Inchiquin to the Lords of Trade, 6 July 1690, and Governor Kendall to William Blathwayt, 4 March 1690.

  15. ADM 52/65, folios 3–4, HMS Mary Log; ADM 52/38, HMS Guernsey Log; Governor Kendall to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 4 April 1690, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 13, 1689–1692, 243–255.

  16. ADM 52/65, folio 4, HMS Mary Log; ADM 52/38, HMS Guernsey Log; Governor Kendall to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 4 April 1690, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 13, 1689–1692, 243–255; ADM 33/143, folio 79, HMS Swan pay book.

  17. ADM 52/65, folio 4, HMS Mary Log; ADM 52/38, HMS Guernsey Log; Governor Kendall to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 4 April 1690, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 13, 1689–1692, 243–255; ADM 33/143, folio 79, HMS Swan pay book; Ship arrivals Port Royal, June 1690, CO 142/13, folios 72–73. On Madeira the drink see Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, 255–256; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, volume I, xxviii. For a description of contemporary Madeira see Ovington, A Voyage to Suratt, in the Year 1689, 4–37.

  18. ADM 52/65, folios 5–7, HMS Mary Log. On the routines of a transatlantic voyage see Phillips, Journal of a Voyage and John Taylor’s account in Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687.

  19. Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes, 24.

  20. Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes, 25; Parker, The Sugar Barons, 22–30, 67–75; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 46–116.

  21. Governor Kendall to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 27 June 1690, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 13, 1689–1692, 218–227; Christopher Coddrington to Lords of Trade, 4 June 1690, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 13, 1689–1692, 226–233.

  22. Crouse, French Struggle for the West Indies, 146–161. For more on Hewetson see Marley, Pirates of the Americas, Volume I, 638–639.

  23. Clarke, Proceedings and Reports of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, 157th–161st Sessions, 37–44; HMS Swan pay book, ADM 33/143, folio 79.

  24. Petition of John Earl of Clare to the King, no date, Calendar of Treasury Papers, Volume I, 1556–1696, 333–337; Agreement between St. Jago del Castillo and Captain Thomas Hewetson, April 17 1690, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, 293–294.

  25. Parker, The Sugar Barons; Blome, A Description of the Island of Jamaica; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687.

  26. Pawson, Port Royal, 109–164; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687.

  CHAPTER 2: AS HOT AS HELL, AND AS WICKED AS THE DEVIL

  1. Venables, The Narrative of General Venables . . . Relating to the Expedition to the West Indies, 109.

  2. Parker, The Sugar Barons, 88–103; Venables, The Narrative of General Venables . . . Relating to the Expedition to the West Indies; Black, History of Jamaica, 34–40; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 152–153.

  3. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 153–154; Parker, The Sugar Barons, 103–111, 132–136; Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 89–109, 136–206.

  4. Parker, The Sugar Barons, 110, 133; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 153; Pawson, Port Royal, 25–28; Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the Seventeenth Century, 1–15.

  5. Pawson, Port Royal, 7–22, 49–54.

  6. Pawson, Port Royal, 28–36; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 154–156; Parker, The Sugar Barons, 133–141. Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the Seventeenth Century, 21–30.

  7. Talty, Empire of Blue Water covers Morgan’s career in depth.

  8. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 153–162; Pawson, Port Royal, 57–105; Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the Seventeenth Century, 31–123.

  9. Although no description of Inchiquin’s arrival survives, John Taylor wrote a detailed text concerning th
e previous governor’s inauguration. See Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 299–305. For details of recent arrivals at Port Royal from England see Ship Arrivals Port Royal, 1689–90, CO 142/13.

  10. For details of the clothes worn in Port Royal see Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 283–286; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 266, 268, 288; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, volume I, xlvii; Pawson, Port Royal, 149–150.

  11. On Francis Watson see Cundall, Governors of Jamaica, 117–123; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 256; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, lx and cxxxvii; and Saunders, Lord Churchill’s Coup, 30.

  12. On Ballard see Survey of Jamaica 1670, St. Catherine’s Parish, Jamaican Family Search website; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, cxxii, lxvii, cxii, and xcvii; Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 31 August 1690, CO 138/7, folios 1–4. On Beckford see Rev. William May, Jamaica: Description of the Principal Persons there, in Vere L. Oliver, Caribbeana, 5–9, vol. 3; Pawson, Port Royal, 115. On Musgrave see Pawson, Port Royal, 117, 122. On White see Cundall, Governors of Jamaica, 131–139. On Freeman see Pawson, Port Royal, 125; Sketch Pedigrees of some of the Early Settlers in Jamaica, 29, 111, 113; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 175; List of Marriages on Record in Jamaica Previous to 1680, Add. MS: 21,931, British Museum, available online at Jamaican Family Search. On Walker see Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, xciv; Smyth Kelly to Blathwayt, 27 May 1789, Blathwayt Papers, vol. 22, folder 10, Jamaica. On Bernard see Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 176; Hutton et al. (ed.), The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 625. On Bourden see De Jong, The Life of John Bourden. On Heywood see Pawson, Port Royal, 75–79.

  13. Cadbury, “Quakers and the Earthquake at Port Royal, 1692,” 20.

  14. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 299–305.

  15. Pawson, Port Royal, 114.

  16. Pawson, Port Royal, 116; on Thomas Churchill see A Short Account of the Late State of Affairs in Jamaica, July 1689, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies, Volume 13, 100–113.

  17. Council Meeting Notes, 10 April 1690, CO 140/5, folio 107.

  18. Council Meeting Notes, 10 April 1690, CO 140/5, folio 115.

  19. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 209–210; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 132–218; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, xvi–xvii; Pawson, Port Royal, 140–141.

  20. Pawson, Port Royal, 116; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 299–305.

  21. Arbell, The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica, 18–19.

  22. For descriptions of Port Royal at the end of the seventeenth century see Black, Port Royal, 24–25; Pawson, Port Royal, 109–131; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 230– 242; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, xlvii, lviii–lix.

  23. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 284.

  24. Council Minutes, Jamaica, 14 October 1689, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 153–171. Although in decline in England, where the last execution is thought to have been held in Exeter in 1684, prosecutions for witchcraft were still relatively commonplace in the Americas: February 1692 would see the opening of the infamous Salem witch trials in Massachusetts.

  25. Articles Exhibited Against Roger Elleston, in Council Minutes, Jamaica, 26 July 1689, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 100–113; William Chapman to Blathwayt, Jamaica, 12 May 1690, Blathwayt Papers, vol. 22, folder 6, Jamaica.

  26. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, xviii; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 231; Pawson, Port Royal, 140–141.

  27. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 230–231, 239–240.

  28. Pawson, Port Royal, 135.

  29. Mair, A Historical Study of Women in Jamaica, 84–88; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 252– 255.

  30. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 267; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, 106.

  31. See the wills of William Turner, entered 19 July 1693, Thomas Gunn, entered 1692/3, and John Griffin, entered 25 July 1693, at Port Royal Wills website; Besse, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People Called Quakers, 389–390.

  32. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 198, 248–249.

  33. See the wills of John Willmaott and John Phillips at Port Royal Wills website; on Pike see Cadbury, “Quakers and the Earthquake at Port Royal, 1692.” For the average cost of a slave see Davies, The Royal African Company, 312–315; and the records of slave auctions at Port Royal held in the National Archives, T70/644.

  34. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 43–86. For the quote see 68.

  35. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 164–165, 269–270; Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 31, 34, 230; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 266–267, 286–289.

  36. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 240.

  37. Pawson, Port Royal, 161.

  38. Black, Port Royal, 15–17.

  39. See the inventory for Andrew Orgill, entered 1686, at Port Royal Probate Inventories website.

  40. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 175–187.

  41. Dobson, Scottish Emigration to Colonial America, 75.

  42. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 188–197.

  43. Coad, A Memorandum of the Wonderful Providences of God, 23.

  44. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 193–194.

  45. Pawson, Port Royal, 141–148; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 181–182; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 241.

  46. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 242.

  47. Brooks, Sir Hans Sloane.

  48. Ashcroft, “Tercentenary of the First English Book on Tropical Medicine, by Thomas Trapham of Jamaica,” 475–477.

  49. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 44, 104, 183–184, 186–187; Pawson, Port Royal, 13, 158, 159; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 240.

  50. Cadbury, “Quakers and the Earthquake at Port Royal, 1692”; Besse, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People Called Quakers, 389–390; also see the inventory for Thomas Gunn, entered 1692/3, at Port Royal Probate Inventories website.

  51. Waller, 1700, 265–274.

  52. Black, Tales of Old Jamaica, 27–32.

  53. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO 142/13, folios 85 and 95; Agnew, Protestant Exiles from France, 68.

  54. Pawson, Port Royal, 85–105; Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO 142/13; Pares, Yankees and Creoles, 37–91; Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, 238–279; Zahedieh, The Merchants of Port Royal.

  55. Pawson, Port Royal, 85–105; Ship Departures Port Royal, CO 142/13; Pares, Yankees and Creoles, 92–138; Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, 184–237; Zahedieh, The Merchants of Port Royal.

  56. Zahedieh, The Merchants of Port Royal; Hanson, The Laws of Jamaica, preface.

  57. Zahedieh, The Merchants of Port Royal, 578–588.

  58. Ten Broeck Runk, The Ten Broeck Genealogy, 10–29.

  59. On the Norrises see the Isaac Norris Letter Book at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Also see Pares, Yankees and Creoles, 3–5, 8, 34, 38, 50, 66, 77, 86, 94.

  60. T70/941, folio 27 & 28; Calendar of State Papers 2/3:522; 1702–3, 124, Jamaica Archives; Galante, Port Royal – O Meio Circulante de uma Colônia Inglesa no Século XVII; Port Royal Inventories, Volume 3, folio 428, Isaac Rodriguez de Lossa; Folio 405, Moises de Lucena, Port Royal, 6 January 1692/3. Also see Arbell, The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 238, 240, 250, 294; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 151, 183–184; Pawson, Port Royal, 129, 159.

  61. Pawson, Port Royal, 156; Johnson, Port Royal and the Slave Trade (unpublished thesis), 77–78.

  62. Johnson, Port Royal and the Slave Trade, 75–76; Address of the Council and Assembly of Jamaica to the king James II, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, 12 July 1689, 100–113; Foster, Jamaica: The Postal History, 4.

  63. Pawson, Port Royal, 135.

  64. Zahedieh, The Merchants of Port Royal, 580–584.

  65. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO 142/13, folio 136; Caliendo, New York City Mayors, Volume I, 64–65.

  66. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folios 87 and 102; Marley, Pirates of the Americas, Volume I,
127–129.

  67. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folios 67, 76, 83 and 90.

  68. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folios 70 and 102; Will of Daniel Plowman, PROB 11/540/267; Jamaican Council Meetings Notes, 21 May 1692, CO 140/5, folio 192.

  69. Port Royal Inventories, Robert Scroope, entered February 1692/3, Vol. 3, folio 419; Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folios 95 and 100.

  70. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folio 101; Port Royal Inventories, Thomas Craddock, entered January 1684/5, Vol. 2, folio 78.

  71. On Reginald Wilson see http://linleyfh.com/main.htm; Pawson, Port Royal, 62–63, 128, 155, 216; Royal African Company Slave Auction receipts, T70/644, folios 225–228; Wilson to Blathwayt, 18 August 1691, and 3 February 1692, Blathwayt Papers, Volume 26, folder 3.

  72. Burnard, Mastery, Slavery, and Desire, 16–18.

  73. Pares, Yankees and Creoles, 3–4.

  74. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 185, 264, 277–280, 325–326.

  75. Jamaican Council Minutes, 4 June 1690, CO 140/5, folios 53–54.

  76. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 248.

  77. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 243.

  78. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 39, 44, 182–183, 267–269; Robertson, Gone Is the Ancient Glory, 36–64.

  79. Council Meeting Notes, 11 May 1692, CO 140/5, folio 177.

  80. Jamaican Council Minutes, 4 June 1690, CO 140/5, folios 53–54. For the reference to the leather chairs, see Jamaican Council Minutes, 11 July 1691, CO 140/5, folios 89–90.

  81. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 6 July 1690, Calendar of State Papers of Colonial America and West Indies, Volume 13, 291–301.

  82. Jamaican Council Minutes, 4 June 1690, CO 140/5, folios 53–54. For more on the St. Jago see Jamaican Council Minutes, 30 June 1690, and those of 5 July 1690, CO 140/5, folios 57–67.

  83. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 31 August 1690, CO 138/7, folios 1–6; Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, cix; Survey of Jamaica 1670, St. Catherine’s Parish, Jamaica Family Search Website.

  84. Jamaican Council Minutes, 12 June 1690, CO 140/5, folios 55–57.

  85. Buisseret, Slaves Arriving in Jamaica, 1684–1692, 86–87.