The Heartbreak of Aaron Burr

by H. W. Brands

  H. W. BRANDS’S

  AMERICAN PORTRAITS

  The big stories of history unfold over decades and touch millions of lives; telling them can require books of several hundred pages. But history has other stories, smaller tales that center on individual men and women at particular moments that can peculiarly illuminate history’s grand sweep. These smaller stories are the subjects of American Portraits: tightly written, vividly rendered accounts of lost or forgotten lives and crucial historical moments.

  H. W. BRANDS

  THE HEARTBREAK OF

  AARON BURR

  H. W. Brands is the Dickson Allen Anderson Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. He was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in biography for The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin and for Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

  www.hwbrands.com

  ALSO BY H. W. BRANDS

  The Reckless Decade

  T.R.

  The First American

  The Age of Gold

  Lone Star Nation

  Andrew Jackson

  Traitor to His Class

  The Murder of Jim Fisk

  for the Love of Josie Mansfield

  American Colossus

  AN ANCHOR BOOKS ORIGINAL, MAY 2012

  Copyright © 2012 by H. W. Brands

  All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.

  Anchor Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.

  Illustrations credits: Wikimedia Commons: this page;

  New-York Historical Society: this page; New York Public

  Library: this page and this page; National Archives: this page; Library of Congress: this page (top), this page, this page (top), this page; Independence National Historical Park: this page (bottom).

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brands, H. W.

  The heartbreak of Aaron Burr / H. W. Brands.

  p. cm.—(American portraits)

  eISBN: 978-0-307-74328-2

  1. Burr, Aaron, 1756–1836. 2. Statesman—United States—Biography. 3. Vice-Presidents—United States—Biography. 4. Soldiers—United States—Biography. 5. United States—History—Revolution, 1775–1783—Biography. 6. United States—Politics and government—1783–1865. I. Title.

  E302.6.B9B73 2012

  973.4’6092—dc23

  [B] 2011044372

  Author photograph © Marsha Miller

  Cover design by W. Staehle

  Front cover drawing: Hulton Archive/Getty Images

  www.anchorbooks.com

  v3.1

  Contents

  Cover

  About the Author

  Other Books by This Author

  Title Page

  Copyright

  Chapter 1

  Chapter 2

  Chapter 3

  Chapter 4

  Chapter 5

  Chapter 6

  Chapter 7

  Chapter 8

  Chapter 9

  Chapter 10

  Chapter 11

  Chapter 12

  Chapter 13

  Chapter 14

  Chapter 15

  Chapter 16

  Chapter 17

  Chapter 18

  Chapter 19

  Photo Insert

  Chapter 20

  Chapter 21

  Chapter 22

  Chapter 23

  Chapter 24

  Chapter 25

  Chapter 26

  Chapter 27

  Chapter 28

  Chapter 29

  Chapter 30

  Chapter 31

  Chapter 32

  Chapter 33

  Chapter 34

  Chapter 35

  Chapter 36

  Chapter 37

  Chapter 38

  Chapter 39

  Chapter 40

  Chapter 41

  Sources

  1

  “Patience, my dear children, and you shall hear all.”

  The old man sits at a cramped table in a spare room overlooking a narrow street in lower Manhattan. He writes clearly but swiftly, in the practiced hand of one who has written much in the course of an accomplished life conducted often on the run.

  He tells his daughter and her son of his recent arrival from abroad. “The ebb carried us up to Riker’s Island, one mile from Hell Gate, and here, being met by the flood, we cast anchor to wait for the ebb, which would make at half past seven. In the meantime came up a breeze from S.E. Nothing could have more perfectly accorded with my wishes, as we must now necessarily arrive in New York about ten in the evening.”

  The old man’s absence from his home city has been forced, and he fears retribution from the law, which is why he hoped to arrive after nightfall. “However, as the hour approached, the captain began to doubt whether it would not be too dark to go through Hell Gate, and thought it would be more prudent to wait till morning. I combated this childish apprehension, but without effect.”

  He sought another vessel to complete his journey. “There hove in sight a very small sailboat, standing down.” He paid two men to row him over. “The sailboat proved to be a pleasure boat belonging to two young farmers of Long Island. They were not bound to New York but to the Narrows, but very kindly agreed to put me on shore in the city.” The wind failed, though, and the sailboat succumbed to the seaward pull of the tide. “It seemed inevitable that I must make a voyage to the Narrows.” But luck, in the form of another vessel, intervened again. “When we were nearly opposite the Battery I heard the noise of oars, and hailed, was answered, and I begged them to come alongside. It proved to be two vagabonds in a skiff, probably on some thieving voyage. They were very happy to set me on shore in the city for a dollar, and at half past eleven I was landed.”

  He recalled the Water Street address of a trusted friend. A decade earlier he had counted many friends in New York and many more admirers across America. But nearly all had abandoned him. Many thought him dead; not a few wished him so. Yet his friend in Water Street remained. “Thither I went cheerfully, and rejoicing in my good fortune.” The rejoicing soon ended. “I knocked and knocked, but no answer. I knocked still harder, supposing they were asleep, till one of the neighbors opened a window and told me that nobody lived there.”

  The news was sobering, perhaps fatal. Was there no one in the city who would take him in? A murder charge looms over his head; after all he has risked to return home, to see his beloved daughter and darling grandson, will he face instead the sheriff and the hangman? He considered his options. “To walk about the whole night would be too fatiguing. To have sat and slept on any stoop would have been no hardship”—he had suffered much worse during his exile—“but, then, the danger that the first watchman who might pass would take me up as a vagrant and carry me to the watchhouse was a denouement not at all to my mind.”

  He paced the sidewalks for an hour. He saw a lamp in a house fronting an alley. The house looked disreputable and consequently, under his peculiar circumstances, comparatively safe. He woke the owner and asked if he might sleep there the rest of the night. He was led to a small garret where five men were snoring. “I threw open the window to have air, lay down, and slept profoundly till six.”

  He paid his host twelve cents for the floor space and reentered the alley. He returned to Water Street, for lack of a better idea, and was greatly relieved to discover that the neighbor was wrong; his friend still lived there. He had merely been gone awhile. The friend greeted him warmly but cautiously. He said he could not stay in that house but mi
ght lodge briefly with his brother, Sam, in a house around the corner.

  “And here I am,” the old man writes his daughter, “in possession of Sam’s room in Stone Street, in the city of New York, on this eighth day of June, anno domini 1812, just four years since we parted at this very place.”

  2

  Aaron Burr’s great love begins amid the violence and confusion of the Revolutionary War. He is a colonel in the Continental Army; she, the widow of a British officer killed in the West Indies. He encounters Theodosia while protecting her home from American raiders who impute the Toryism of the deceased to his widow. She admires the dark-eyed, black-haired young officer, a common reaction among Burr’s female acquaintances. Less predictable is the affection he develops toward her. She is ten years his elder and neither beautiful nor rich. But she is intelligent, educated and willing to speak her mind. The women Burr grew up among were sometimes intelligent and often outspoken, but none had much education or seemed to miss it. Burr is fascinated by this woman with whom he can converse as an equal.

  A battle injury compels him to retire from the army and frees him to court Theodosia. They marry in 1782. She gives him a daughter, whom he names after her. He promises to provide the younger Theodosia all the advantages of education and expectation the well-to-do typically accord their male children but deny their girls. “If I could foresee that Theo would become a mere fashionable woman,” he tells her mother, “with all the attendant frivolity and vacuity of mind, adorned with whatever grace and allurement, I would earnestly pray God to take her forthwith hence. But I yet hope, by her, to convince the world what neither sex appear to believe: that women have souls!”

  Theo idolizes her father from the moment she can express herself. “She frequently talks of, and calls on, her dear papa,” her mother writes Burr when the child is two and he is away. “Your dear Theodosia cannot hear you spoken of without an apparent melancholy; insomuch that her nurse is obliged to exert her invention to divert her, and myself avoid to mention you in her presence. She was one whole day indifferent to everything but your name. Her attachment is not of a common nature.”

  Others will note the uncommon nature of the attachment between father and daughter, which grows only stronger with time. Burr directs Theo’s education from his library when at home and from his stagecoach, his hotel and wherever his law practice takes him when he is traveling. “It is surprising that you tell me nothing of Theo,” he chides his wife when Theo is seven. “I would by no means have her writing and arithmetic neglected. It is the part of her education which is of the most present importance. If Shepherd”—one of her tutors—“will not attend her in the house, another must be had; but I had rather pay him double than employ another.”

  Theo’s mother endorses the educational project, within the limits of maternal tenderness. “She begins to cipher,” she assures her husband regarding Theo’s arithmetic studies. French proceeds apace. “Mr. Chevalier attends regularly, and I take care she never omits learning her French lesson. I believe she makes most progress in this.” Music lessons pose a logistical challenge. “She must either have a forte-piano at home, or renounce learning it.”

  Theo responds with spirit, including resistance to excessive study. “I will not use severity; and without it, at present, I can obtain nothing,” her mother writes Burr when Theo is being stubborn, albeit charmingly so. “The moment we are alone, she tries to amuse me with her improvement, which the little jade knows will always command my attention.” Theo doesn’t write her father as frequently as he wishes. “Theo has begun to write several letters, but never finished one,” her mother explains. “The only time she has to write is also the hour of general leisure, and, when once she is interrupted, there is no making her return to work.”

  Burr wants Theo to learn to ride horseback; her mother reminds him that the day is only so long. “She writes and ciphers from five in the morning to eight, and also the same hours in the evening. This prevents our riding at those hours, except Saturday and Sunday; otherwise I should cheerfully follow your directions.”

  The paternal encouragement pays off. “Theo makes amazing progress at figures,” her mother reports. “Though Louisa”—an older girl—“has worked at them all winter, and appeared quite an adept at first, yet Theo is now before her, and assists her to make her sums. You will really be surprised at her improvement.”

  For reward the mother takes her daughter and some friends for a ride in the country. “We have a good plain Dutch wagon, that I prefer to a carriage when at Pelham, as the exercise is much better. We ride in numbers and are well jolted, and without dread. ’Tis the most powerful exercise I know. No spring seats, but, like so many pigs, we bundle together on straw. Four miles are equal to twenty.… I hope you will see our little girl rosy cheeked and plump as a partridge.”

  3

  “I was acquainted with Burr, and I thought well acquainted with him, when in the height of his power and fame,” Erastus Root will remember. Root meets Burr in the courtroom, and also Alexander Hamilton, the other standout of the New York bar. “As a lawyer and as a scholar he was not inferior to Hamilton. His reasoning powers were at least equal. Their modes of argument were very different. Hamilton was very diffuse and wordy. His words were so well chosen, and his sentences so finely formed into a swelling current, that the hearer would be captivated. The listener would admire if he was not convinced. Burr’s arguments were generally methodized and compact. I used to say of them, when they were rivals at the bar, that Burr would say as much in half an hour as Hamilton in two hours. Burr was terse and convincing, while Hamilton was flowing and rapturous. They were much the greatest men in this state, and perhaps the greatest men in the United States.”

  When he isn’t directing Theo’s education, Burr constructs a career as a lawyer and a politician. His intellectual and rhetorical gifts serve him in both arenas. He settles in New York after the Revolution and commences a law practice that wins him friends, influence and sufficient income to buy a handsome estate, Richmond Hill, overlooking the Hudson two miles above the tip of Manhattan. He fills one of the finest libraries in the city with the latest editions from London and the European continent, and he entertains distinguished visitors from several states as well as philosophers and aristocrats from abroad. Because he never counts costs, his purchases outrun his income, and, barely noticing it, he falls behind with his creditors. Yet they assume that his earning power will continue to grow and gladly lend him more.

  Easy credit simultaneously assists the political career Burr is building. He serves in the state assembly and as attorney general before seeking election as one of New York’s two senators to the freshly reconfigured federal government. His opponent, Philip Schuyler, would have made a distinguished statesman in the days of Rome, being august in demeanor and imperious in manner, but he lacks the popular touch increasingly required in the politics of republican America. More to the point, he has enemies in the New York legislature, which will choose to retain or replace him. It doesn’t help his chances that his son-in-law and ally, Alexander Hamilton, widely thought the genius behind President George Washington, is even haughtier and, in some quarters, more thoroughly disliked.

  Burr’s many gifts include a talent for ingratiating: he can cause the most diverse, insightful people to think him a fine, capable fellow. He persuades the New York legislators to select him over Schuyler—and thereby over Hamilton. Schuyler accepts the defeat with comparative grace, but Hamilton takes the verdict both personally and politically. Burr’s victory insults Hamilton’s family, and it threatens the congressional majority Hamilton requires to effect his ambitions as Treasury secretary. An associate tells Hamilton of a “passionate courtship” between his principal rivals, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and Burr. “Delenda est Carthago”—Carthage must be destroyed: the refrain of the Roman intransigent Cato—“I suppose is the maxim adopted with respect to you,” Hamilton’s man says of the enmity he perceives in Jefferson, Madison a
nd now Burr toward Hamilton.

  In the first decade of the federal republic, political parties begin to form. The framers of the Constitution neither expected parties nor much liked them. Most anticipated a high-minded politics in which the nation’s eminent men, knowing one another and bound by mutual respect and shared devotion to the common weal, would debate policy on its merits. But the patriotic glue of the Revolutionary War wears off, and new men enter the arena. Predispositions toward government emerge; around the predispositions, factions develop; the factions become parties. Jefferson and Madison head one party, the Republicans, which professes opposition to an energetic central government. Hamilton and John Adams head the other, the Federalists, which deems energy essential in government. George Washington attaches to neither party but leans Federalist.

  Jefferson’s Republicans see Burr as useful in probing the weakness of Hamilton’s Federalists in Hamilton’s home state. Building up Burr will force Hamilton to defend his New York political base and will distract him from the broader objects of his policy ambitions.

  A Republican connection serves Burr’s own purposes. Burr’s grandfather Jonathan Edwards, the famous Calvinist minister, was the most eminent theologian in America; Burr’s father, Aaron Burr, president of the College of New Jersey at Princeton, was the country’s foremost educator. Burr, who precociously graduated from Princeton at the age of sixteen and started at once on a professional path in law, sees no reason he should not become America’s greatest political figure. George Washington enjoys a preeminence no contemporary can match, and Jefferson and Adams rank just below Washington. But after them, who will guide the country? Burr considers himself as capable as Hamilton and Madison and at least as clever. Why should he not become president one day?

  He mustn’t tip his hand too soon, though. He shares his thoughts with his wife but no one else. When they are together they speak in confidence; when they are apart he writes in cipher, knowing that postmasters—appointed by Hamilton’s Federalist party—aren’t above opening letters sent by persons in whom their sponsors take interest. The coding is simple, primarily substituting numbers for names. But it serves its purpose for Burr. And it makes Hamilton, who learns that his rival has something to hide, distrust him the more.