Boundaries
Page 16
“As the public Peace . . . other persons whatsoever”: commissioners to Mason and Dixon, June 18, 1767, Mason’s Journal, p. 177.
“the tallest man I ever saw”: Memoranda, 1767, Mason’s Journal, p. 174.
“we are all . . . and friendly Manner” and “left us . . . required them at Home”: Mason and Dixon to Benjamin Chew, August 25, 1767, Chew Family Papers, collection 2050, box 26, folder 3.
“through which you may travel . . . not find one Hill”: Memoranda, 1767, Mason’s Journal, p. 176.
“WANTED, Able bodied Negroe . . . and a garden, rent free”: Pennsylvania Gazette, various issues, March 22, 1764, to December 24, 1767.
“found plenty of fish . . . particularly cat fish”: Memoranda, 1767, Mason’s Journal, p. 174.
“Chief of the Delaware Nation”: Ibid.
“with Blankets and . . . Bows and Arrows”: Ibid., p. 175.
“This day the Chief . . . one step farther Westward”: Mason’s Journal, October 9, 1767, p. 187.
“Suppressed part of what he might have informed you”: William Johnson Papers, vol. 6, pp. 71–73.
“had a great mind . . . his own Country”: Memoranda, 1767, Mason’s Journal, p. 175.
“On the top of . . . five feet High”: Mason’s Journal, October 18, 1767, p. 190.
“a silk handkerchief sent to his widow”: Joseph Shippen Accounts, Chew Family Papers, collection 2050, box 20, folder 3.
“decently buried”: William Johnson Papers, vol. 6, p. 6.
“acted very prudently in refusing to give the extravagant Price”: Chew to Mason and Dixon, November 6, 1767, Chew Family Papers, collection 2050 box 25, folder 11.
“In all the Mountains . . . superior to those sent from England” and “The Marks we have erected . . . to destroy them”: Mason to Hugh Hamersley, January 29, 1768, Calvert Papers 174, microfilm reel 26, no. 1311.
venison, corn pudding, and turnips: Mason and Dixon’s expense account, February 1767 to December 24, 1767, Chew Family Papers, collection 2050, box 20, folder 20.
“to put an end to this tedious Business”: Mason’s Journal, p. 192.
“no further occasion . . . Honorable Proprietors”: Ibid., December 26, 1767, p. 194.
“But the Earth is not . . . this as accurate”: Ibid., January 8, 1768, p. 194.
“Keep the rods . . . to your Labourers”: Ibid., p. 136.
“Thus ends my restless progress in America”: Ibid., September 11, 1768, p. 211.
CHAPTER 12: FREEDOM’S BOUNDARY
“I wish they would compromise . . . our [Virginia] assembly”: Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, August, 26, 1776.
“The storm then took . . . Mason and Dixon did”: Freeman’s Journal, July 7, 1784.
“What Sir, patronize our . . . employ John Bull”: Connecticut Courant, vol. 69, no. 3570, p. 1.
“in obedience to . . . Abolition of Slavery’ ”: Pennsylvania Archives, Cumberland County, Clerk of Court-Slave Returns Inventory.
Between 1780 and 1782, 6,855 slaves lived in Pennsylvania; in 1810, that number had been reduced to 795: Nash and Soderlund, p. 5.
only 10 percent of Maryland’s slaveholders owned eight or more slaves: Slaughter, p. 6.
In 1849, more free blacks . . . in any other state: Historical Census Browser, University of Virginia Library, http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/state.php.
Between June 1849 and June 1850, 279 slaves escaped from Maryland: Slaughter, p. 17.
“obey and execute all warrants . . . issued under the provisions of this act” and “In no trial . . . which he escaped”: Fugitive Slave Act, amended as part of the Compromise of 1850.
“You have my property,” “Go in the room . . . them are yours,” and “They are not mine . . . bound to have them”: Parker, pp. 283–284.
“set the house on fire, and burn them up”: Ibid., p. 284.
a reasonable estimate is about twenty-five: Member of the Philadelphia Bar, p. 37.
“I have stood . . . blessings of freedom”: “Frederick Douglass’ Address.” The North Star, vol. 1., no. 32, p. 2.
“If it be right . . . of all man’s rights”: Frederick Douglass’ Paper, September 25, 1851.
“I shook hands . . . Liberty at Christiana” and “this affair . . . fugitive slave bill”: Douglass, p. 350.
“of previous conspiracy . . . of the United States” and “had any other intention . . . they termed kidnappers”: Member of the Philadelphia Bar, p. 80.
“When I found . . . I was in Heaven”: Bradford, p. 19. Words spelled phonetically by Bradford to reflect dialect have been corrected for clarity.
CHAPTER 13: TIME’S BOUNDARY
“Professor Black contacted . . . no longer there”: Telephone call with the author, July 22, 2011.
“To begin the research . . . deteriorate any further”: E-mail correspondence with the author, July 27, 2011.
“Reading eighteenth-century handwriting . . . to get used to it”: Telephone conversation with the author, July 22, 2011.
“The longer I looked . . . it became to understand”: E-mail correspondence with the author, July 27, 2011.
“When I realized . . . until much later on”: E-mail correspondence with the author, July 27, 2011.
“It was all worth it . . . describe how I felt”: Telephone conversation with the author, July 22, 2011.
“This has been a truly . . . make a difference”: E-mail correspondence with the author, July 27, 2011.
“I recall one . . . stone was a bonus,” “The point of the trip . . . stone in the ground,” and “We created descriptions . . . of history”: E-mail correspondence with the author, August 24, 2012.
“The stones that mark . . . nine hundred feet,” “I attribute this . . . no way to correct,” and “If the zenith sector’s . . . taken on the zenith sector”: E-mail correspondence with author, August 27, 2012.
EPILOGUE
“for and towards the maintenance . . . Mary and Elizabeth”: Jeremiah Dixon’s will.
“I believe the Worst Road . . . by Man or Beast”: Jackson and Twohig, vol. 1, p. 12.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Barber, Rhoda. “Journal of Settlement at Wright’s Ferry on Susquehanna River.” Handwritten manuscript, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Calvert Papers. Historical Society of Maryland (microfilm) and Library of Congress, American Memory. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.htm.
Charter of Maryland. Maryland State Archives, Microfilm MSA SC M3145, p. 15. Also online at http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003145/html/m3145-0012.html.
Chew Family Papers. Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Correspondence of Governor Sharpe. Maryland State Archives.
Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863. National Archives & Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/transcript.html. The original handwritten text can be viewed at http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/index.html.
“Frederick Douglass’s Address.” The North Star 1, no. 32: 2.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper. Accessible Archives, Northern Illinois University Library.
George Washington Papers, 1741–1799: Series 2 Letterbooks. Library of Congress, American Memory. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.htm.
Jeremiah Dixon’s will. The Mason & Dixon Line Preservation Partnership. http://www.mdlpp.org.
Mason, Charles. The Journal of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. Transcribed by A. Hughlett Mason. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 76, 1969. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Mason’s handwritten journal is digitized and available online at National Archives Online Public Access: Minutes and Papers of the Mason and Dixon Survey, 1760–1768. National Archives and Records Administration. http://research.archives.gov/description/5821514.
Minutes of the Boundary Commission. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
Minutes of the Provincial Counci
l of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Jos. Severns, 1852. New York: AMS Press, 1968, vols. 3 and 9. Also Pennsylvania Archives: Colonial Records, http://www.fold3.com.
Pennsylvania Archives: [1st ser.]: selected and arranged from original documents in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, conformably to acts of the General Assembly, February 15, 1851, and March 1, 1852. Edited by Samuel Hazard. Vols. 1 and 2. Philadelphia: Jos. Severns, 1852.
Pennsylvania Archives, Cumberland County, Clerk of Court-Slave Returns Inventory. George Stevenson, 1780.050. http://records.ccpa.net/weblink_public_print/DocView.aspx?id=237572&dbid=7.
Pennsylvania Charter. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/documents_from_1681_-_1776,_colonial_days/20421/pennsylvania_charter/998169.
Pennsylvania Gazette. Accessible Archives, Northern Illinois University Library.
Proceedings of the Council of Maryland. Archives of Maryland Online. http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/html/volumes.html.
Shippen Papers. American Philosophical Society.
South Carolina Gazetteer; and Country Journal
Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton. August 26, 1776. University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Center for Digital Research in the Humanities. http://jeffersonswest.unl.edu/archive/view_doc.php?id=jef.00099.
William Johnson Papers. New York State Library digital edition, 2008. http://nysl.nysed.gov/uhtbin/cgisirsi/20120812192457/SIRSI/0/518/0/423659/Content/1?new_gateway_db=ILINK.
BOOKS
Bailey, Kenneth P. Thomas Cresap: Maryland Frontiersman. Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1944.
Bradford, Sarah H. Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman. Auburn, NY: W. J. Moses, 1869.
Brubaker, Jack. Massacre of the Conestogas: On the Trail of the Paxton Boys in Lancaster County. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010.
Cummings, Hubertis M. The Mason and Dixon Line, Story for a Bicentenary, 1763–1963. Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Internal Affairs, 1962.
Danson, Edwin. Drawing the Line: How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America. New York: Wiley, 2001.
DePree, Christopher, and Alan Axelrod. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Astronomy. New York: Alpha Books, 1999.
Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Hartford: Park Publishing, 1881.
Dunn, Mary Maples, and Richard S. Dunn, eds. The Papers of William Penn. Vols. 1 and 2. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981 and 1982.
Ecenbarger, William. Walkin’ the Line: A Journey from Past to Present along the Mason-Dixon. New York: M. Evans, 2000.
Fantel, Hans. William Penn: Apostle of Dissent. New York: Morrow, 1974.
Hall, Clayton Colman, ed. Narratives of Early Maryland, 1633–1684. New York: Scribner’s, 1910.
Hensel, W. U. The Christiana Riot and the Treason Trials of 1851. 1911. Reprint. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969.
Heywood, Linda M., and John K. Thornton. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Jackson, Donald, and Dorothy Twohig, eds. The Diaries of George Washington. Vol. 1. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwhome.html.
Kenny, Kevin. Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn’s Holy Experiment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Krugler, John D. English and Catholic: The Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Land, Aubrey C. Colonial Maryland, a History. New York: KTO Press, 1981.
Member of the Philadelphia Bar. A History of the Trial of Castner Hanway and Others for Treason at Philadelphia in November, 1851. Philadelphia: Uriah Hunt & Sons, 1852. http://archive.org/details/historyoftrialof00memb.
Moché, Dinah L. Astronomy: A Self-Teaching Guide. New York: Wiley, 2000.
Moore, Patrick. Exploring the Night Sky with Binoculars. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Nash, Gary B., and Jean R. Soderlund. Freedom by Degrees: Emancipation in Pennsylvania and Its Aftermath. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Peare, Catherine Owens. William Penn: a Biography. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1957.
Penn, William. A Collection of the Works of William Penn, to Which Is Prefixed a Journal of His Life, with Many Original Letters and Papers Not before Published. London: J. Sowle, 1726. Vol. 1, The Author’s Life, p. 1. http://archive.org/stream/collectionofwork01penn#page/n0/mode/2up.
Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Edited by Robert Latham and William Matthews. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Riordan, Timothy B. The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War, 1645–1646. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2004.
Silver, Peter. Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America. New York: Norton, 2008.
Soderlund, Jean R., ed. William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania, 1680–1684: A Documentary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983.
Slaughter, Thomas P. Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck, ed. Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
Walsh, Lorena S. Motives of Honor, Pleasure, and Profit: Plantation Management in the Colonial Chesapeake, 1607–1763. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
ARTICLES
Babcock, Todd M. “Stargazers, Ax-men and Milkmaids: The Men who Surveyed Mason and Dixon’s Line.” The Mason & Dixon Line Preservation Partnership. http://www.mdlpp.org/?page=library.
Carr, Lois Green, and Lorena S. Walsh. “The Planter’s Wife: The Experience of White Women in Seventeenth-Century Maryland.” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd series, 34, no. 4: 542–571.
Cope, Thomas D. “Some Contacts of Benjamin Franklin with Mason and Dixon and Their Work.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 95, no. 3: 232–238.
Douglass, Frederick. “Freedom’s Battle at Christiana.” Frederick Douglass’ Paper, September 25, 1851.
Foster, James W. “George Calvert: His Yorkshire Boyhood.” Maryland Historical Magazine 55, no. 4: 261–273.
Hayes, J. Carroll. “Penn vs. Lord Baltimore: A Brief for the Penns, In Re Mason and Dixon Line.” Pennsylvania History 8, no. 4: 278–303.
Heindel, R. Heathcote. “An Early Episode in the Career of Mason and Dixon.” Pennsylvania History 6, no. 1: 20–24.
Hopkins, Donald R. “Ramses V: Earliest Known Victim?” World Health, May 1980.
“John Randolph of Roanoke.” Connecticut Courant 69, no. 3570 (June 24, 1833): 1.
Mason, C., and J. Dixon. “Observations Made at the Cape of Good Hope; by Mr. Charles Mason and Mr. Dixon; reduced to apparent Time by Mr. Mason.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1761 52: 378–394.
Nash, Roderick W. “William Parker and the Christiana Riot.” The Journal of Negro History 16, no. 1: 24–31.
Parker, William. “The Freedman’s Story.” Atlantic Monthly 17, no. 100 (February 1866): 152–167; 17, no. 101 (March 1866): 276–296.
Porter, William A., Andrew Porter, Ar. St. Clair, and H. Knox. “A Sketch of the Life of General Andrew Porter.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 4, no. 3: 261–301.
Powell, Walter A. “Fight of a Century Between the Penns and Calverts.” Maryland Historical Magazine 29, no. 2: 83–101.
Sluiter, Engel. “New Light on the ‘20. and Odd Negroes’ Arriving in Virginia, August 1619.” The William and Mary Quarterly 3rd series, 54, no. 2: 395–398.
Torrence, Robert M. “The McClean Family and the Mason-Dixon Line.” Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine 20, no. 3. http://www.mdlpp.org/?page=library.
Wroth, Lawrence C. “The Story of Thomas Cresap, a Maryland Pioneer.” Maryl
and Historical Magazine 9, no. 1: 1–37.
SUGGESTED WEBSITES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
The Mason & Dixon Line Preservation Partnership website contains a wealth of information about the line’s history and the locations of the boundary stones. http://www.mdlpp.org.
Paper Plate Education outlines an interesting activity to simulate the transit of Venus. http://analyzer.depaul.edu/paperplate/Transit%20of%20Venus/transit_frequency.htm.
World Atlas provides a tool for finding the latitude and longitude of your favorite locations. http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/latitude_and_longitude_finder.htm.
Chapter 1
Images of George Calvert and Cecil Calvert: © Enoch Pratt Free Library
Chapter 2
George Alsop’s map: Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society (MAP-1666)
Chapter 3
Portrait of William Penn Jr.: Courtesy of The Library Company of Philadelphia
Chapter 4
Images of William Penn with representatives and wampum belt: Courtesy of the Library of Congress
Chapter 5
Image of ferry: Courtesy of the Library of Congress
Chapter 6
Image of observatory: Courtesy of the Science Photo Library
Images of transit of Venus: Courtesy of Matt Wiesner/Northern Illinois University
Chapter 7
Image of Philadelphia: Courtesy of The Library Company of Philadelphia
Image of Mason’s accounts: Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Accounts — Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, Chew Family Papers Collection 2050)
Image of zenith sector: Courtesy of National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution MAH-77301A
Images of journal (appearing twice in this chapter and twice in the following chapter): Journal of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, National Archives and Records Administration, http://research.archives.gov/description/5821514
Image of Paxton Boys’ mob: Courtesy of the Library of Congress
Chapter 8
Image of circumferentor: Courtesy of the Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library
Image of Gunter’s chain: Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society
Close-up of the Middle Point: Courtesy of the Library of Congress