The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act
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116 Statement by Roy Wilkins, September 18, 1963, box 119, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress; memorandum from Robert Spike, September 18, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society; Memo No. 7, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, September 20, 1963, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
117 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 34–35; Meader interview.
118 Wall Street Journal, September 26, 1963, 6; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 35.
119 Minutes, Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, September 24, 1963, box 402, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, National Archives; Robert Kimball, interview with the author, September 4, 2013.
120 New York Times, October 3, 1963, 194; Washington Post, October 1, 1963, A2.
121 Bryant, The Bystander, 448; Christian Science Monitor, October 6, 1963, 68.
122 Katzenbach, Some of It, 124.
Chapter 4: The October Crisis
1 Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, October 1, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
2 Guthman and Shulman, Robert Kennedy, 217–18.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, October 1, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Grofman, Legacies, 18.
6 Grofman, ibid.
7 Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 25, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
8 Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.
9 ADA Legislative Newsletter, October 11, 1963, box 18, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; letter from Clarence Mitchell to Charles M. Mathias Jr., October 8, 1963, box 231, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress; Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1963, 3.
10 Rosenberg and Karabell, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice, 176; Guthman and Shulman, Robert Kennedy, 209.
11 O’Brien, No Final Victories, 130.
12 Rosenberg and Karabell, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice, 178.
13 Ibid., 181.
14 Andrew Biemiller interview with Sheldon Stern, May 24, 1979, John F. Kennedy Library; D. B. Hardeman interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 13, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Garrison Nelson, “Unraveling the Reinvention of Speaker John W. McCormack,” New England Journal of Public Policy XV (Fall/Winter 1999/2000), 7–34.
15 John W. McCormack interview with Raymond Wolfinger, April 4, 1967, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
16 John McCormack, ibid.; Katzenbach, Some of It, 126.
17 HR 7152, as amended by Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, October 15–16, 1963, 2653–86.
18 Statement by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy on HR 7152 before the House Judiciary Committee, October 15, 1963, box 97, series 8, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
19 Press Conference of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, October 15, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
20 HR 7152, 3697.
21 Ibid., 2762.
22 Chicago Daily Defender, October 16, 1963, 3; Los Angeles Sentinel, October 17, 1963, A11; Loevy, To End All Segregation, 62; press release, October 21, 1963, box 170, American Jewish Congress Papers, American Jewish Congress Archives.
23 Chicago Tribune, October 16, 1963, 14; New York Times, October 16, 1963, 1.
24 New York Times, ibid.; New York Times, October 17, 1963, 1.
25 Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Library.
26 Guthman and Shulman, Robert Kennedy, 217; Katzenbach interview with Lewis.
27 New York Times, October 18, 1963, 1.
28 Russo, The Outfit, 23; Time, November 1, 1963, 23–24.
29 Time, ibid.
30 Harvard Crimson, October 22, 1963, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1963/10/22/lobbyists-press-for-civil-rights-bill/, accessed May 28, 1963.
31 Bess Dick interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1966, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
32 Ibid.
33 Minutes of Meeting No. 23, House Judiciary Committee, October 22, 1963, box 465, Emanuel Celler Papers, Library of Congress.
34 Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Library.
35 William McCulloch interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
36 Katzenbach, Some of It, 127.
37 McCulloch interview.
38 Rosenberg and Karabell, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice, 199.
39 Norbert Schlei interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 2, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
40 Rosenberg and Karabell, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice, 190; Scheele, Charlie Halleck, 217–18.
41 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 52.
42 Bradlee and Kennedy, Conversations, 218.
43 Press Conference, October 24, 1963. Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
44 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 53.
45 Don Edwards interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo: Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 53.
46 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 52–53.
47 O’Brien, No Final Victories, 148.
48 Robert Kimball, interview with the author, September 4, 2013.
49 Ibid.
50 Letter from Arnold Aronson and James Hamilton, October 7, 1963, box 1, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.
51 Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 25, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
52 Kimball interview.
53 William Copenhaver interview with Raymond Wolfinger, August 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; William Edwards interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
54 James Byrnes interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 13, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
55 Time line by Raymond Wolfinger, n.d., box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
56 Robert Kastenmeier interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
57 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 63.
58 Katzenbach, Some of It, 128.
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid.; memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Emanuel Celler, October 28, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
61 Ben Zelenko, interview with the author, April 4, 2013.
62 Katzenbach, Some of It, 128; Zelenko interview.
63 New York Times, October 30, 1963, 1; Washington Post, October
31, 1963, F2; statement, October 29, 1963, box 1, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
64 New York Times, October 31, 1963, 1.
65 Dictabelt 28.a3, October 29, 1963, Presidential Recordings, John F. Kennedy Library.
66 Clarence Brown interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 24, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Albert Quie interview with Raymond Wolfinger, August 27, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; New Journal and Guide, October 31, 1963, 8.
67 Sol Mosher interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 9, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Robert Ellsworth interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 2, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
68 Report on the Civil Rights Act of 1963, November 20, 1963, box 462, Emanuel Celler Papers, Library of Congress.
69 Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Newsletter, vol. 1, no. 6, box 1, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
70 Statement by Senator Dirksen, Joint Senate-House Republican Leadership, November 21, 1963. Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
Chapter 5: “Let Us Continue”
1 Mann, Walls of Jericho, 381; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005a, 129.
2 Mann, Walls of Jericho, 160.
3 Goldsmith, Richard B. Russell, 103.
4 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005a, 120, 138, and 161–62.
5 Humphrey, Education, 265.
6 Ibid.
7 George Reedy interview with Michael L. Gillette, October 27, 1982, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
8 New York Times, November 28, 1963, 20.
9 Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, November 27, 1963, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–64, vol. 1, entry 11, 8–10; Schlesinger, Journals, 210.
10 Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 432.
11 President’s Thanksgiving Day Address to the Nation, November 28, 1963. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25999, accessed June 4, 2013.
12 New York Times, November 28, 1963, 1; letter from Arnold Aronson to Lyndon Johnson, November 27, 1963, box 67, LE HU 2, White House Central Files, Lyndon B. Johnson Library; Mann, Walls of Jericho, 384.
13 Joseph Rauh interview with Paige Mulhollan, August 8, 1969, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
14 Washington Post, July 5, 1964, E7; Rauh interview.
15 Rauh interview; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005a, 386.
16 Loevy, To End All Segregation, 98–99.
17 Memo No. 18, December 1963, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, December 6, 1963, 2129; “Deschler’s Precedents,” vol. 5, 3207–15, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPREC-DESCHLERS-V5/html/GPO-HPREC-DESCHLERS-V5-1-2.htm, accessed September 29, 2013.
18 Larry O’Brien interview with Michael Gillette, December 5, 1985, Lyndon B. Johnson Library; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, December 6, 1963, 2118.
19 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005a, 263, 300–301.
20 Ibid.
21 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005b, 151; Scheele, Charlie Halleck, 231.
22 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 79; Larry O’Brien interview with Michael Gillette, December 5, 1985, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
23 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005a, 143–44 and 278–81.
24 Memo from Roy Wilkins to all NAACP branches, November 20, 1963, box 25, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress; Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Newsletter, December 16, 1963, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
25 Shesol, Mutual Contempt, 161; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 673–74.
26 Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 489–91.
27 Ibid.
28 National Review, September 24, 1963, 231–36.
29 Letter from John Satterfield to William Loeb, December 3, 1963, box 17, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
30 New York Times, December 12, 1963, 40.
31 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, December 13, 1963, 2150; Loevy, To End All Segregation, 94; New York Times, December 12, 1963, 40.
32 Kabaservice, Rule and Ruin, 103.
33 Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 496; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 86.
34 Loevy, To End All Segregation, 94–95.
35 Findlay, Church People, 51–52.
36 James Hamilton interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 21, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Findlay, Church People, 54; Kotz, Judgment Days, 144.
37 Findlay, Church People, 53.
38 New York Times, January 12, 1964, E3; Memo Number 20, January 13, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.
39 Baltimore Sun, December 6, 1963, 1.
40 Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Memo No. 19, December 23, 1963, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 91.
41 New York Times, January 10, 1964, 1; New York Times Magazine, January 12, 1964, SM13.
42 Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 8, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26787, accessed June 10, 2013.
43 Mackenzie and Weisbrot, Liberal Hour, 56.
44 Hearing on HR 7152, Rules Committee, House of Representatives, January 9–29, 1964, 1.
45 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 92.
46 Hearing on HR 7152, 90.
47 Ibid., 99.
48 Ibid., 125.
49 Ibid., 211.
50 Ibid., 257; Loevy, Civil Rights Act, 64.
51 Hearing on HR 7152, 418, 465, and 521.
52 Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 475–554.
53 Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 310; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005a, 618; Chicago Tribune, January 19, 1964, 7; Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1964, D15.
54 Loevy, Civil Rights Act, 62.
55 Los Angeles Times, January 21, 1964, 4; Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 559.
56 Washington Post, January 22, 1964, A2; New York Times, January 22, 1964, 19.
57 Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1964, K4; New York Times, January 26, 1964, E4.
58 Chicago Tribune, January 24, 1964, 8; New York Times, January 24, 1964, 1.
59 Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 2:1511–52.
60 Ibid.
61 Memo from William Foley to Emanuel Celler, January 28, 1963, box 465, Emanuel Celler Papers, Library of Congress; Katzenbach, Some of It, 138.
62 Katzenbach, Some of It, 137; interview with David Filvaroff by the author, November 17, 2012.
63 Filvaroff interview.
64 Notes from the DSG Files, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Katzenbach, Some of It, 138.
65 Watson, Lion in the Lobby, 20; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Repo
rt, February 21, 1964, 365.
66 Guide to Meetings with Senators and Congressmen, Religion Action Center, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, January 31, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.
67 Memorandum, February 11, 1964, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
68 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, February 7, 1964, 250; New Republic, February 29, 1964, 17.
69 Baltimore Sun, February 4, 1; Baltimore Sun, February 5, 1964, 1; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007, 206–7.
70 Ben Zelenko, interview with the author, April 4, 2013.
71 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, February 14, 1963, 293.
72 Ibid.
73 Meet the Press, January 26, 1964, transcript in box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
74 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, February 14, 1964, 293; for the number of women in Congress, see http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=’0E%2C* PLS%3D%22%40%20%20%0A; Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules, 195.
75 Time, February 21, 1964. 24; Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules, 194–96.
76 Chronology, by Raymond Wolfinger, n.d., box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
77 Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules, 196.
78 New York Times, February 11, 1964, 1.
79 Joe Rauh interview, with Paige Mulhollan, August 8, 1969, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
80 Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 2:2803–4.
81 Findlay, Church People, 54.
82 Congressional Record, February 10, 1964, 2804–5.
83 Time, February 14, 1964, 26.
84 Katzenbach, Some of It, 137.
85 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Kennedy Assassination and the Transfer of Power, November 1963–January 1964, 2005a, 190; Shesol, Mutual Contempt, 162.
Chapter 6: A Battle Is Lost
1 Frank Valeo interview, Donald Ritchie, September 18, 1985, Senate Oral History Project, United States Senate Historical Office.
2 Palm Beach Post, June 10, 1957, 10A.