Notes and References
1
Sun Tzu, 1.1–2.
2
Diodorus, 17.87.4.
3
Diodorus, 17.87.5.
4
Arrian, 1, preface.
5
Arrian, 1, preface.
6
Errington, 1969, 237.
7
Arrian, 1.21.2–4; Diodorus, 17.25.5–6.
8
Arrian, 2.21.3.
9
Bosworth, 1980, 245.
10
Curtius, 3.3.1.
11
Curtius, 3.2.10–19; Diodorus 17.30.
12
Curtius, 8.13.13–17–8.14.19.
13
Curtius, 4.6.29.
14
Curtius, 4.3.11.
15
Curtius, 9.5.21.
16
Curtius, 4.15.18–22. cf. 4.12.4; 4.15.12. cf. Atkinson, 1980, 61; 400–401; 413; 440–441.
17
Plutarch, Alex. 60.1; 60.11.
18
The others being 1.18.6–9 at Miletus; 2.25.2–3 at the Euphrates; 3.10.1–2 at Gaugamela and 3.18.12; at Persepolis.
19
English, 2009, ch.7; cf. Rihll, 2007, 27ff.
20
Diodorus, 14.41.6.
21
Diodorus, 14.41.3–42.1.
22
Rihll, 2007, 37.
23
Diodorus, 16.74.4; 75.3; Arrian 1.22.2.
24
Rihll, 2007, 78.
25
Ammianus Marcellinus, 24.4.1ff. The preceding material is Rihll, 2007, 63–77.
26
Lane Fox, 1973, 137.
27
Arrian, 1.6.1/
28
Arrian, 4.4.
29
Diodorus, 14.50–51
30
Diodorus, 14.51.1.
31
Campbell, 2003, 6; Marsden, 1971, 85.
32
Campbell, 2003, 12.
33
Procopius, De Bello Gothico 1.22.
34
Arrian, 1.22.6f; 2.19.1–6.
35
Diodorus, 17.26.
36
Arrian, 2.27.3.
37
Arrian, 2.21.7; Diodorus, 17.43.3; Curtius, 4.3.14ff; Marsden, 1969, 101, 103; Bosworth, 1980, 246.
38
Arrian, 1.1.4; Diodorus, 17.3.5; Ashley, 1998, 166.
39
Justin, 11.6.4.
40
These early campaigns are only recorded in any depth by Arrian, 1.1.4–1.9.8; (the Illyrian campaign to the fall of Thebes).
41
Curtius, 3.10.9.
42
Arrian, 1.5.1; he did so successfully, 1.5.3.
43
Arrian, 1.5.3–5; Livy 31.39.3–6; Bosworth, 1980, 68
44
Arrian, 1.5.5.
45
Ashley, 1998, 171.
46
Arrian, 1.5.8.
47
Hammond, 1974, 80; contra Bosworth, 1980, 70.
48
Arrian, 1.6.2.
49
Arrian, 1.6.5; this passage is one of the few that depict the Companion Cavalry as using shields; in all likelihood they did not use them frequently, only when there was an expectation of fighting on foot, see Bosworth, 1980, 72.
50
Arrian, 1.6.9ff.
51
Arrian, 1.6.9–11.
52
Arrian, 1.7.1–1.8.6; Diodorus, 17.8–14.
53
Arrian, 1.7.1.
54
Justin, 9.4.7–8.
55
Bosworth, 1980, 74.
56
Bosworth, 1988, 32.
57
Diodorus, 17.8.4–5.
58
Arrian, 1.10.1.
59
Bosworth, 1988, 194.
60
Diodorus, 17.11.2.
61
Arrian, 1.7.7; Diodorus, 17.9.4; has a similar pause before hostilities began, as does Plutarch, Alex. 11.
62
Arrian, 1.7.8.
63
Arrian, 1.7.10–11.
64
Given that Ptolemy is explicitly named as the source a few lines later at Arrian 1.8.1., Bosworth, 1980, 80, is in no doubt that this whole section is taken from Ptolemy.
65
Plutarch, Alex. 11.
66
Diodorus, 17.11.3–12.
67
Arrian, 1.8.1–8.
68
Diodorus, 17.4. Green, 1991, 149.
69
Errington, 1969, 237; cf. Roisman, 1984, 376–80.
70
Arrian, 1.18.7.
71
Arrian, 1.19.1.
72
Arrian, 1.19.4.
73
Arrian, 1.20.1. The following section relies heavily on Bosworth, 1980, 141ff.
74
Diodorus, 17.22.5, the other being that he believed his troops would fight all the harder if deprived of any means of escape.
75
Curtius, 3.1.19–20.
76
Diodorus, 17.22.5. Green, 1991, 157, notes that all Alexander ever got from Athens were these 20 vessels along with 200 cavalry.
77
Atkinson, 1980, 92, notes a few ships mentioned by Curtius as being stationed at the Hellespont.
78
Hornblower, 1982, 297–305; Hammond, 1988, 47.
79
Arrian, 2.20.2.
80
Arrian, 1.20.4. Diodorus makes no mention of the aborted attack on Myndus.
81
Arrian, 1.20.10.
82
Arrian, 1.21.1–4; Diodorus, 17.25.5–6.
83
Arrian, 1.21.1–2.
84
Arrian, 1.21.4
85
Diodorus, 17.25.6; Arrian, 1.21.3. cf. Curtius, 5.4.3; Arrian, 3.18.3 for a further example of Alexander recovering his dead. cf. Bosworth, 1980, 146; Lane Fox, 1973, 138.
86
Arrian, 1.22.1.
87
Arrian, 1.22.3. cf. Bosworth, 1980, 148; Marsden, 1969, 101–3.
88
Arrian, 1.23.4.
89
Ashley, 1998, 210.
90
For the siege of Tyre see Arrian, 2.16.1–24; Plutarch, Alex., 24–5; Diodorus, 17.40.2–46.6; Justin, 11.10.10–14, cf. Polyaenus, 4.3.3–4; 4.13.1.
91
Curtius, 4.2.2.
92
Arrian, 2.15.7. cf. Bosworth, 1980, 235.
93
Arrian, 2.16.6; Curtius, 4.2.5.
94
Bosworth, 1988, 65.
95
Arrian, 2.17.1–2.
96
Arrian, 2.18.3; Curtius, 4.2.9.
97
For Harpagones see: Pliny, NH 7.56.209; cf. Diodorus, 13.50.5. Their use by Alcibiades: Polyaenus, 1.40.9; cf. Diodorus, 13.50.5. For ravens see: Polyaenus, 1.22.4ff; Curtius, 4.3.26; Appian, BC 5.106. Atkinson, 1980, 297.
98
Polyaenus, 4.3.3.
99
Curtius, 4.2.18; cf. Bosworth, 1980, 240
100
Arrian, 2.18.3.
101
Artillery pieces were placed in the towers, Arrian, 3.18.3.
102
Arrian, 2.18.3.
103
For the siege of Motya, see Diodorus, 4.2.23.
104
Bosworth, 1980, 240.
105
Diodorus, 17.42.7; although this is assumed by Fuller, 1958, 210.
106
Curtius, 4.2.8; 3.6–7; Diodorus, 42.5.
107
Curtius, 4.3.6–7.
108
Arrian, 2.19.1.
109
Bosworth, 1980, 240; Morrison & Williams, 1968, 248
f.
110
Arrian, 2.19.2–3.
111
Curtius, 4.3.2.
112
Arrian, 2.19.4–5.
113
Arrian, 2.19.6.
114
Curtius, 4.2.24.
115
Arrian only twice makes reference to the famous siege engineers, here and at 2.21.1. None of our extant sources mention any of them by name, but we can probably assume that the Thessalian Diades was among them; once famously described as ‘the man who took Tyre with Alexander’ (Bosworth, 1980, 241). Charias was probably among them too, the pupil of Polyeidus, Philip’s engineer at Perinthus and Byzantium. Charias was no doubt responsible for the stone-throwing catapults used against Halicarnassus, Tyre and later Gaza: Diodorus, 42.7; cf. Arrian, 2.21.7; Marsden, 1971, 102f.
116
Arrian, 2.20.1–5.
117
Ashley, 1998, 242.
118
Curtius, 4.3.11.
119
Arrian, 2.20.1–3; Plutarch, Alex 24.5; Curtius, 4.3.11.
120
Arrian, 2.20.4.
121
Morrison, 2001, 41.
122
Curtius, 4.2.24–3.7.
123
Rutz, 1965, 376f.
124
Arrian, 2.20.6.
125
Ashley, 1998, 242.
126
Arrian, 1.21.1.
127
Arrian, 2.21.7; Diodorus, 17.43.3; Curtius, 4.3.14ff; Marsden, 1969, 101, 103; Bosworth, 1980, 246.
128
Arrian, 2.21.2–3.
129
Diodorus, 17.43.1–2; Curtius, 4.3.24–5; Bosworth, 1980, 247.
130
Arrian, 2.21.5f.
131
Arrian, 2.21.7.
132
Arrian, 2.21.4.
133
Bosworth, 1980, 249; Ashley, 1998, 243. For earlier instances of the use of the same strategy see Thucydides, 7.39f; Xenophon, Hellenica, 2.1.24; Herodotus, 6.78.
134
Fuller, 1958, 214; Bosworth, 1980, 249.
135
Devine, 1988, 3–20 first used the term for the sacrifice of Socrates cavalry at the Granicus in 334.
136
Arrian, 2.21.9; Curtius, 4.4.6–9.
137
Arrian, 2.21.9.
138
Arrian, 2.22.1f.
139
Diodorus, 17.43.5–6.
140
Arrian, 2.22.6–7.
141
Diodorus, 17.45.2–3.
142
Diodorus, 17.43.5–6.
143
Diodorus, 17.45.7 for the offer of surrender. Romane, 1987, 85. for the two day delay. Arrian, 2.23.1; Curtius, 4.4.10.
144
Curtius, 4.4.1.
145
Atkinson, 1980, 308.
146
Arrian, 2.23.2f.
147
Bosworth, 1980, 253.
148
Diodorus, 17.43.4.
149
For the last stand, see Curtius, 4.2.15; Arrian, 2.24.4. For casualty figures, see Arrian, 2.24.5; Diodorus, 17.46.4, gives the number of captives at 13,000 and claims 2,000 were crucified. Curtius, 4.4.15 adds 15,000 were smuggled to out to Sidon; highly unlikely but these figures also total 30,000.
150
Diodorus, 17.49.1.
151
Arrian, 2.25.1–3; Plutarch, Alex. 29.7–8; Diodorus, 17.54.1–5; Curtius, 4.11.1–22. For a full discussion of the chronology and its difficulties see Bosworth, 1980, 256–7. Arrian is almost certainly confusing the peace offer with Alexander’s second visit to Tyre; the details of the offer are worthy of note, however.
152
Arrian, 2.25.2–3; the following three quotes are all from this section of Arrian.
153
For details on the visit see Arrian, 3.3.1ff; Diodorus, 17.49–51; Curtius 4.7.5–30; Plutarch, Alex. 26–27 and Strabo, 17.1.43. For Siwah see Curnow, 2004, 33f.
154
Engels, 1978, particularly 54–70; 113–131; 144–158.
155
Bosworth, 1980, 257–258; Atkinson, 1980, 334–336; Romane, 1988, 23.
156
Curtius, 4.6.7; Arrian, 2.25.4; Josephus, AJ. 11.320.
157
Bosworth, 1980, 258; Diodorus, 16.47.4; cf. 16.50.8.
158
For Arab Mercenaries at Gaza see Arrian, 2.25.4. For Raphia see Polybius, 5.79.8, 82.12; cf. Bosworth, 1980, 258. For Batis preparations see Arrian, 2.25.4. For the motivation of defenders see Curtius, 4.6.7.
159
Bosworth, 1980, 258.
160
Curtius, 4.6.8; Arrian, 2.26.2.
161
Arrian, 2.26.2.
162
Arrian, 2.26.2.
163
Curtius, 4.6.8–9; Arrian, 2.26.2–3.
164
Ashley, 1998, 249, fn.177, following Bosworth, 1980, 258.
165
Plutarch Alex., 25.4; Arrian, 2.16.2–3; Curtius, 4.6.11. For information on torsion and non-torsion catapults see Marsden, 1971.
166
Curtius, 4.6.11.
167
Thucydides, 2.77.
168
Thucydides, 4.100
169
Arrian, 2.27.1; cf. Bosworth, 1980, 259.
170
Arrian, 2.27.1.
171
Curtius, 4.6.15–16.
172
Curtius, 4.6.
173
Arrian, 2.27.3; Curtius, 4.6.21.
174
Fuller, 1958, 217, supported by Bosworth, 1980, 259.
175
Arrian, 2.27.3.
176
Arrian, 2.27.4.
177
Arrian, 2.27.4–6.
178
Curtius, 4.6.29.
179
Green, 1974, 541 n.58, citing Sophocles, Ajax, 1029–1031 & Euripides, Andromache, 339; cf. Atkinson, 1980, 342.
180
Arrian, 2.27.7.
181
Diodorus, 17.68.1; Curtius, 5.3.17; Arrian, 3.18.2.
182
Diodorus, 17.68.2–3; Curtius, 5.3.17–23; Arrian, 3.18.3.
183
Curtius, 5.4.20; Arrian, 3.18.6.
184
Arrian, 3.18.6; Strabo, 729; Curtius, 5.5.2–4; Diodorus, 17.69.2. cf. Bosworth, 1980, 327.
185
Bosworth, 1988, 91.
186
Curtius, 5.4.33.
187
Curtius, 7.11.1ff; Bosworth, 1981, 36; Bosworth, 1988, 113; contra Ashley, 1998, 301; places the siege in the spring of 327 following Arrian.
188
Curtius, 7.11.1ff.
189
Arrian, 4.19.1; Curtius, 7.11.7.
190
Curtius, 7.11.10–11.
191
Arrian, 4.19.1.
192
Curtius, 7.11.13.
193
Curtius, 7.11.16.
194
Curtius, 7.11.28; Metz Epitome 18; Arrian, 4.19.4–5, cf. 4.16.3.
195
Arrian, 4.19.2; Curtius, 7.11.19.
196
Arrian, 4.18.1; Curtius, 8.2.19; reads Nauta; Metz Epitome, 19; reads Nautace.
197
Arrian, 4.21.2.
198
Arrian, 4.21.4–5; Curtius, 8.2.23–4; cf. Bosworth, 1988, 117; Bosworth, 1995, 136–7.
199
Curtius, 8.2.26.
200
Arrian, 4.21.6.
201
Arrian, 7.6.1; Plutarch, Alex. 71.1; Diodorus, 17.108.1–3; Curtius, 7.5.1.
202
Arrian, 4.15.6.
203
English, 2009.
204
Bosworth, 1988, 119.
205
Arrian, 4.22.7.
206
&
nbsp; Heckel, 2008, 116.
207
Bosworth, 1988, 121.
208
Arrian, 4.23.4–5; Curtius, 8.10.6.
209
Arrian, 4.24.7; cf. Bosworth, 1988, 121.
210
Arrian, 4.26.1; Curtius, 8.10.23, puts the Massaga garrison at 38,000 infantry; cf. Ashley, 1998, 462; Bosworth, 1988, 122.
211
Curtius, 8.10.24.
212
Arrian, 4.26.2.
213
Arrian, 4.26.2f.
214
Curtius, 8.10.27.
215
Curtius, 8.10.30; Arrian, 4.26.4.
216
Curtius, 8.10.32.
217
Arrian, 4.27.6.
218
Arrian, 4.27.3, Diodorus, 17.84.1–2; cf. Plutarch, Alex., 59.3–4.
219
Curtius, 8.10.34–35.
220
Arrian, 4 27.5; Stein, 1929, 53–61.
221
Arrian, 4.27.5.
222
Who calls the town Ecbolima.
223
For Embolina/Ecbolima see: Arrian, 4.28.7; Curtius, 8.12.1. For Pir-Sar see: Arrian, 4.28.1; Stein, 1929, 128ff. contra Tucci, 1977, 52–5; Eggermont, 1984 and (tentatively) Badian, 1987, 117, n.1, all argue for Mt. Ilam instead of Pir-sar. For a re-affirmation of Pir-Sar as the rightful location of the Rock of Aornus, see Bosworth, 1995, 179–80.
224
Diodorus, 17.85.2; cf. Curtius, 8.11.2.
225
Arrian, 4.28.7.
226
Bosworth, 1995, 189.
227
Arrian, 4.29.6.
228
Diodorus, 17.85.6; Curtius, 8.11.7–8. Cf. Stein, 1929, 118–9; Bosworth, 1995, 189.
229
Arrian, 4.30.1.
230
Curtius, 8.12.1; cf. Diodorus, 17.82.2, who calls the man Aphrices.
231
Arrian, 5.20.2.
232
Arrian, 5.22.4–6; Curtius, 9.1.17.
233
Arrian, 5.22.6.
234
Arrian, 5.23.1; Curtius, 9.1.15.
235
Curtius, 9.1.15.
236
Curtius, 9.1.17.
237
Arrian, 5.24.2.
238
Arrian, 5.24.2.
239
Arrian, 5.24.4.
240
Curtius, 90,000 Infantry, 10,000 Cavalry and 900 chariots. Diodorus notes 80,000 infantry, 10,000 cavalry and 700 chariots; Arrian 6.8.5ff. notes 50,000 Mallians.
241
Arrian, 6.6.4.
242
It is known only from Arrian, 6.6–10.
243
Arrian, 6.8.2.
244
Arrian, 6.9.1.
245
Arrian, 6.9.3 (as well as quote below); cf. Curtius, 9.4.30.
246
Arrian, 6.10.1; Curtius, 9.5.9–10; Diodorus, 17.99.3; Plutarch, Alex., 63.9.
247
Arrian, 6.11.1; Curtius, 9.5.20; Diodorus, 17.99.4.
Bibliography
Anderson, J K, Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon (Berkley, 1970)
Anspach, A E, De Alexandri Magni expeditione Indica (Leipzig, 1903)
Ashley, J R, The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great (London, 1998)
The Sieges of Alexander the Great Page 22
