Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79)

by Dionysius of Halicarnassus

  [4] They named the town Pallantium after their mother-city in Arcadia; now, however, the Romans call it Palatium, time having obscured the correct form, and this name has given occasion of the many to suggest absurd etymologies.

  [1] ὡς δέ τινες ἱστοροῦσιν, ὧν ἐστι καὶ Πολύβιος ὁ Μεγαλοπολίτης, ἐπί τινος μειρακίου Πάλλαντος αὐτόθι τελευτήσαντος: τοῦτον δὲ Ἡρακλέους εἶναι παῖδα καὶ Λαύνας τῆς Εὐάνδρου θυγατρός: χώσαντα δ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸν μητροπάτορα τάφον ἐπὶ τῷ λόφῳ Παλλάντιον ἐπὶ τοῦ μειρακίου τὸν τόπον ὀνομάσαι.

  [32] But some writers, among them Polybius of Megalopolis, related that the town was named after Pallas, a lad who died there; they say that he was the son of Hercules and Lavinia, the daughter of Evander, and that his maternal grandfather raised a tomb to him on the hill and called the place Pallantium, after the lad.

  [2] ἐγὼ μέντοι οὔτε τάφον ἐθεασάμην ἐν Ῥώμῃ Πάλλαντος οὔτε χοὰς ἔμαθον ἐπιτελουμένας οὔτε ἄλλο τῶν τοιουτοτρόπων οὐδὲν ἠδυνήθην ἰδεῖν, καίτοι γε οὐκ ἀμνήστου τῆς οἰκίας ταύτης ἀφειμένης οὐδ᾽ ἀμοίρου τιμῶν αἷς τὸ δαιμόνιον γένος ὑπ᾽ ἀνθρώπων γεραίρεται. καὶ γὰρ Εὐάνδρῳ θυσίας ἔμαθον ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἐπιτελουμένας ὁσέτη δημοσίᾳ καὶ Καρμέντῃ, καθάπερ τοῖς λοιποῖς ἥρωσι καὶ δαίμοσι, καὶ βωμοὺς ἐθεασάμην ἱδρυμένους, Καρμέντῃ μὲν ὑπὸ τῷ καλουμένῳ Καπιτωλίῳ παρὰ ταῖς Καρμεντίσι πύλαις, Εὐάνδρῳ δὲ πρὸς ἑτέρῳ τῶν λόφων Αὐεντίνῳ λεγομένῳ τῆς Τριδύμου πύλης οὐ πρόσω: Πάλλαντι δὲ

  [2] But I have never seen any tomb of Pallas at Rome nor have I heard of any drink-offerings being made in his honour nor been able to discover anything else of that nature, although this family has not been left unremembered or without those honours with which divine beings are worshipped by men. For I have learned that public sacrifices are performed yearly by the Romans to Evander and to Carmenta in the same manner as to the other heroes and minor deities; and I have seen two altars that were erected, one to Carmenta under the Capitoline hill near the Porta Carmentalis, and the other to Evander by another hill, called the Aventine, not far from the Porta Trigemina; but I know of nothing of this kind that is done in honour of Pallas.

  [3] οὐδὲν οἶδα τούτων γινόμενον. οἱ δ᾽ οὖν Ἀρκάδες [p. 51] ὑπὸ τῷ λόφῳ συνοικισθέντες τά τε ἄλλα διεκόσμουν τὸ κτίσμα τοῖς οἴκοθεν νομίμοις χρώμενοι καὶ ἱερὰ ἱδρύονται, πρῶτον μὲν τῷ Λυκαίῳ Πανὶ τῆς Θέμιδος ἐξηγουμένης ῾Ἀρκάσι γὰρ θεῶν ἀρχαιότατός τε καὶ τιμιώτατος ὁ Πάν᾽ χωρίον ἐξευρόντες ἐπιτήδειον, ὃ καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι Λουπερκάλιον, ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἂν εἴποιμεν Λύκαιον.

  [3] As for the Arcadians, when they had joined in a single settlement at the foot of the hill, they proceeded to adorn their town with all the buildings to which they had been accustomed at home and to erect temples. And first they built a temple to the Lycaean Pan by the direction of Themis (for to the Arcadians Pan is the most ancient and the most honoured of all the gods), when they had found a suitable site for the purpose. This place the Romans call the Lupercal, but we should call it Lykaion or “Lycaeum.”

  [4] νῦν μὲν οὖν συμπεπολισμένων τῷ τεμένει τῶν πέριξ χωρίων δυσείκαστος γέγονεν ἡ παλαιὰ τοῦ τόπου φύσις, ἦν δὲ τὸ ἀρχαῖον ὡς λέγεται σπήλαιον ὑπὸ τῷ λόφῳ μέγα, δρυμῷ λασίῳ κατηρεφές, καὶ κρηνίδες ὑπὸ ταῖς πέτραις ἐμβύθιοι, ἥ τε προσεχὴς τῷ κρημνῷ νάπη πυκνοῖς καὶ μεγάλοις δένδρεσιν ἐπίσκιος.

  [4] Now, it is true, since the district about the sacred precinct has been united with the city, it has become difficult to make out by conjecture the ancient nature of the place. Nevertheless, at first, we are told, there was a large cave under the hill overarched by a dense wood; deep springs issued from beneath the rocks, and the glen adjoining the cliffs was shaded by thick and lofty trees.

  [5] ἔνθα βωμὸν ἱδρυσάμενοι τῷ θεῷ τὴν πάτριον θυσίαν ἐπετέλεσαν, ἣν μέχρι τοῦ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς χρόνου Ῥωμαῖοι θύουσιν ἐν μηνὶ Φεβρουαρίῳ μετὰ τὰς χειμερίους τροπάς, οὐδὲν τῶν τότε γενομένων μετακινοῦντες: ὁ δὲ τρόπος τῆς θυσίας ἐν τοῖς ἔπειτα λεχθήσεται. ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ κορυφῇ τοῦ λόφου τὸ τῆς Νίκης τέμενος ἐξελόντες θυσίας καὶ ταύτῃ κατεστήσαντο διετησίους, ἃς καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοῦ Ῥωμαῖοι ἔθυον.

  [5] In this place they raised an altar to the god and performed their traditional sacrifice, which the Romans have continued to offer up to this day in the month of February, after the winter solstice, without altering anything in the rites then performed. The manner of this sacrifice will be related later. Upon the summit of the hill they set apart the precinct of Victory and instituted sacrifices to her also, lasting throughout the year, which the Romans performed even in my time.

  [1] ταύτην δὲ Ἀρκάδες μυθολογοῦσι Πάλλαντος εἶναι θυγατέρα τοῦ Λυκάονος: τιμὰς δὲ παρ᾽ ἀνθρώπων ἃς ἔχει νῦν Ἀθηνᾶς βουλήσει λαβεῖν, γενομένην τῆς θεοῦ σύντροφον. δοθῆναι γὰρ εὐθὺς ἀπὸ γονῆς τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν Πάλλαντι ὑπὸ Διὸς καὶ παρ᾽ ἐκείνῳ τέως εἰς ὥραν ἀφίκετο τραφῆναι. ἱδρύσαντο [p. 52] δὲ καὶ Δήμητρος ἱερὸν καὶ τὰς θυσίας αὐτῇ διὰ γυναικῶν τε καὶ νηφαλίους ἔθυσαν, ὡς Ἕλλησι νόμος,

  [33] The Arcadians have a legend that this goddess was the daughter of Pallas, the son of Lycaon, and that she received those honours from mankind which she now enjoys at the desire of Athena, with whom she had been reared. For they say that Athena, as soon as she was born, was handed over to Pallas by Zeus and that she was reared by him till she grew up. They built also a temple to Ceres, to whom by the ministry of women they offered sacrifices without wine, according to the custom of the Greeks, none of which rites our time has changed.

  [2] ὧν οὐδὲν ὁ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἤλλαξε χρόνος. ἀπέδειξαν δὲ καὶ Ποσειδῶνι τέμενος Ἱππίῳ καὶ τὴν ἑορτὴν Ἱπποκράτεια μὲν ὑπ᾽ Ἀρκάδων, Κωνσουάλια δὲ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων λεγόμενα κατεστήσαντο, ἐν ᾗ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἐξ ἔθους ἐλινύουσιν ἔργων ἵπποι καὶ ὀρεῖς καὶ στέφονται τὰς κεφαλὰς ἄνθεσι.

  [2] Moreover, they assigned a precinct to the Equestrian Neptune and instituted the festival called by the Arcadians Hippocrateia and by the Romans Consualia, during which it is customary among the latter for the horses and mules to rest from work and to have their heads crowned with flowers.

  [3] πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα τεμένη καὶ βωμοὺς καὶ βρέτη θεῶν καθωσίωσαν, ἁγισμούς τε καὶ θυσίας κατεστήσαντο πατρίους
, αἳ μέχρι τῶν κατ᾽ ἐμὲ χρόνων τὸν αὐτὸν ἐγίνοντο τρόπον. οὐ θαυμάσαιμι δ᾽ ἂν εἰ καὶ παρεῖνταί τινες διαφυγοῦσαι τὴν τῶν ἐπιγινομένων μνήμην ὑπὸ τοῦ πάνυ ἀρχαίου: ἀλλ᾽ ἀποχρῶσί γε αἱ νῦν ἔτι γινόμεναι τεκμήρια εἶναι τῶν Ἀρκαδικῶν ποτε νομίμων: λεχθήσεται δὲ περὶ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐν ἑτέροις.

  [3] They also consecrated many other precincts, altars and images of the gods and instituted purifications and sacrifices according to the customs of their own country, which continued to be performed down to my day in the same manner. Yet I should not be surprised if some of the ceremonies by reason of their great antiquity have been forgotten by their posterity and neglected; however, those that are still practised are sufficient proofs that they are derived from the customs formerly in use among the Arcadians, of which I shall speak more at length elsewhere.

  [4] λέγονται δὲ καὶ γραμμάτων Ἑλληνικῶν χρῆσιν εἰς Ἰταλίαν πρῶτοι διακομίσαι νεωστὶ φανεῖσαν Ἀρκάδες καὶ μουσικὴν τὴν δι᾽ ὀργάνων, ἃ δὴ λύραι τε καὶ τρίγωνα καὶ αὐλοὶ καλοῦνται, τῶν προτέρων ὅτι μὴ σύριγξι ποιμενικαῖς οὐδενὶ ἄλλῳ μουσικῆς τεχνήματι χρωμένων, νόμους τε θέσθαι καὶ τὴν δίαιταν ἐκ τοῦ θηριώδους ἐπὶ πλεῖστον εἰς ἡμερότητα μεταγαγεῖν τέχνας τε καὶ ἐπιτηδεύματα καὶ ἄλλα πολλά τινα ὠφελήματα εἰς τὸ [p. 53] κοινὸν καταθεῖναι, καὶ διὰ ταῦτα πολλῆς ἐπιμελείας τυγχάνειν πρὸς τῶν ὑποδεξαμένων. τοῦτο δεύτερον ἔθνος Ἑλληνικὸν μετὰ Πελασγοὺς ἀφικόμενον εἰς Ἰταλίαν κοινὴν ἔσχε μετὰ τὴν τῶν Ἀβοριγίνων οἴκησιν ἐν τῷ κρατίστῳ τῆς Ῥώμης ἱδρυσάμενον χωρίῳ.

  [4] The Arcadians are said also to have been the first to introduce into Italy the use of Greek letters, which had lately appeared among them, and also music performed on such instruments as lyres, trigons and flutes; for their predecessors had used no musical invention except shepherd’s pipes. They are said also to have established laws, to have transformed men’s mode of life from the prevailing bestiality to a state of civilization, and likewise to have introduced arts and professions and many other things conducive to the public good, and for these reasons to have been treated with great consideration by those who had received them.

  [5]

  [5] This was the next Greek nation after the Pelasgians to come into Italy and to take up a common residence with the Aborigines, establishing itself in the best part of Rome.

  [1] ὀλίγοις δ᾽ ὕστερον ἔτεσι μετὰ τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἄλλος εἰς Ἰταλίαν ἀφικνεῖται στόλος Ἑλληνικὸς ἄγοντος Ἡρακλέους, ὃς Ἰβηρίαν καὶ τὰ μέχρι δυσμῶν ἡλίου πάντα χειρωσάμενος ἧκεν. ἐξ ὧν τινες Ἡρακλέα παραιτησάμενοι τῆς πραγματείας ἀφεθῆναι, περὶ ταῦτα τὰ χωρία ὑπέμειναν καὶ πολίζονται λόφον ἐπιτήδειον εὑρόντες, τρισταδίῳ δὲ μάλιστα μήκει τοῦ Παλλαντίου διειργόμενον, ὅς νῦν μὲν Καπιτωλῖνος ὀνομάζεται, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν τότε ἀνθρώπων Σατόρνιος ἐλέγετο, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴποι τις Ἑλλάδι φωνῇ Κρόνιος.

  [34.1] A few years after the Arcadians another Greek expedition came into Italy under the command of Hercules, who had just returned from the conquest of Spain and of all the region that extends to the setting of the sun. It was some of his followers who, begging Hercules to dismiss them from the expedition, remained in this region and built a town on a suitable hill, which they found at a distance of about three stades from Pallantium. This is now called the Capitoline hill, but by the men of that time the Saturnian hill, or, in Greek, the hill of Cronus.

  [2] τῶν δὲ ὑπολειφθέντων οἱ μὲν πλείους ἦσαν Πελοποννήσιοι, Φενεᾶταί τε καὶ Ἐπειοὶ οἱ ἐξ Ἤλιδος, οἷς οὐκέτι πόθος ἦν τῆς οἴκαδε ὁδοῦ διαπεπορθημένης αὐτοῖς τῆς πατρίδος ἐν τῷ πρὸς Ἡρακλέα πολέμῳ, ἐμέμικτο δέ τι καὶ Τρωικὸν αὐτοῖς τῶν ἐπὶ Λαομέδοντος αἰχμαλώτων ἐξ Ἰλίου γενομένων ὅτε τῆς πόλεως Ἡρακλῆς ἐκράτησε. δοκεῖ δέ μοι καὶ τοῦ ἄλλου στρατοῦ πᾶν, εἴ τι καματηρὸν ἢ τῇ πλάνῃ ἀχθόμενον ἦν, ἄφεσιν τῆς στρατείας αἰτησάμενον ἐν τῷ χωρίῳ

  [2] The greater part of those who stayed behind were Peloponnesians — people of Pheneus and Epeans of Elis, who no longer had any desire to return home, since their country had been laid waste in the war against Hercules. There was also a small Trojan element mingled with these, consisting of prisoners taken from Ilium in the reign of Laomedon, at the time when Hercules conquered the city. And I am of the opinion that all the rest of the army, also, who were either wearied by their labours or irked by their wanderings, obtained their dismissal from the expedition and remained there.

  [3] τῷδε ὑπομεῖναι. τὸ δὲ ὄνομα τῷ λόφῳ τινὲς μὲν [p. 54] ὥσπερ ἔφην ἀρχαῖον οἴονται εἶναι, καὶ δι᾽ αὐτὸ τοὺς Ἐπειοὺς οὐχ ἥκιστα φιλοχωρῆσαι τῷ λόφῳ μνήμῃ τοῦ ἐν Ἤλιδι Κρονίου λόφου, ὅς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ Πισάτιδι γῇ ποταμοῦ πλησίον Ἀλφειοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸν ἱερὸν τοῦ Κρόνου νομίζοντες Ἠλεῖοι θυσίαις καὶ ἄλλαις τιμαῖς συνιόντες γεραίρουσιν ἐν ὡρισμένοις χρόνοις.

  [3] As for the name of the hill, some think it was an ancient name, as I have said, and that consequently the Epeans were especially pleased with the hill through memory of the hill of Cronus in Elis. This is in the territory of Pisa, near the river Alpheus, and the Eleans, regarding it as sacred to Cronus, assemble together at stated times to honour it with sacrifices and other marks of reverence.

  [4] Εὔξενος δὲ ποιητὴς ἀρχαῖος καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς τῶν Ἰταλικῶν μυθογράφων ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν οἴονται Πισατῶν διὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα τοῦ παρὰ σφίσι Κρονίου τεθῆναι τῷ τόπῳ τοὔνομα, καὶ τὸν βωμὸν τῷ Κρόνῳ τοὺς Ἐπειοὺς ἱδρύσασθαι μεθ᾽ Ἡρακλέους, ὃς ἔτι καὶ νῦν διαμένει παρὰ τῇ ῥίζῃ τοῦ λόφου κατὰ τὴν ἄνοδον τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγορᾶς φέρουσαν εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον, τήν τε θυσίαν, ἣν καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοῦ Ῥωμαῖοι ἔθυον φυλάττοντες τὸν Ἑλληνικὸν νόμον, ἐκείνους εἶναι τοὺς καταστησαμένους.

  [4] But Euxenus, an ancient poet, and some others of the Italian mythographers think that the name was given to the place by the men from Pisa themselves, from its likeness to their hill of Cronus, that the Epeans together with Hercules erected the altar to Saturn which remains to this day at the foot of the hill near the ascent that leads from the Forum to the Capitol, and that it was they who instituted the sacrifice which the Romans still performed even in my time, observing the Greek ritual.

  [5] ὡς δ᾽ ἐγὼ συμβαλλόμενο
ς εὑρίσκω, καὶ πρὶν Ἡρακλέα ἐλθεῖν εἰς Ἰταλίαν ἱερὸς ἦν ὁ τόπος τοῦ Κρόνου καλούμενος ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων Σατόρνιος, καὶ ἡ ἄλλη δὲ ἀκτὴ σύμπασα ἡ νῦν Ἰταλία καλουμένη τῷ θεῷ τούτῳ ἀνέκειτο, Σατορνία πρὸς τῶν ἐνοικούντων ὀνομαζομένη, ὡς ἔστιν εὑρεῖν ἔν τε Σιβυλλείοις τισὶ λογίοις καὶ ἄλλοις χρηστηρίοις ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν δεδομένοις εἰρημένον, ἱερά τε πολλαχῇ τῆς χώρας ἐστὶν ἱδρυμένα τῷ θεῷ καὶ πόλεις τινὲς οὕτως ὥσπερ ἡ σύμπασα τότε ἀκτὴ ὀνομαζόμεναι χῶροί τε [p. 55] πολλοὶ τοῦ δαίμονος ἐπώνυμοι καὶ μάλιστα οἱ σκόπελοι καὶ τὰ μετέωρα:

  [5] But from the best conjectures I have been able to make, I find that even before the arrival of Hercules in Italy this place was sacred to Saturn and was called by the people of the country the Saturnian hill, and all the rest of the peninsula which is now called Italy was consecrated to this god, being called Saturnia by the inhabitants, as may be found stated in some Sibylline prophecies and other oracles delivered by the gods. And in many parts of the country there are temples dedicated to this god; certain cities bear the same name by which the whole peninsula was known at that time, and many places are called by the name of the god, particularly headlands and eminences.