Muhammad
Page 19
37. Lings, Muhammad, 207–8.
38. Qur’an 24:53, 32:29, 47:35,46. Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 231–4.
39. Qur’an 4:102; Lings, Muhammad, 208–10; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 163–7.
40. Lings, Muhammad, 21–212; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 153–4, 172.
41. Qur’an 49:2, 4–5.
42. Muhammad ibn Sa‘d, Tabaqat al-kubra (Beirut, n.d.), 8:174; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 172.
43. Lings, Muhammad, 107–8; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 174.
44. Tabari, Tafsir (Cairo, n.d.), 22:10; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 115–31. In some versions, all Muhammad’s wives, not simply Umm Salamah, take the initiative.
45. Qur’an 33:35.
46. Qur’an 4:37.
47. Qur’an 4:23.
48. Qur’an 2:225–240, 65:1–70.
49. Tabari, Tafsir, 9:235; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 131–32; Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam, 53.
50. Qur’an 4:19.
51. Tabari, Tafsir, 8:261; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 132.
52. Mernissi, Women and Islam, 154–59.
53. Ibn Sa’d, Tabaqat, 8:205.
54. Ibid.
55. Qur’an 4:34.
56. Ibn Sa’d, Tabaqat, 8:204.
57. Lings, Muhammad, 215–30; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 36–58; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 168–70.
58. Ibn Ishaq, 677, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
59. Qur’an 33:12.
60. Qur’an 33:10–11.
61. Ibn Ishaq, 683, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
62. Ibid., 689.
63. Aslan, No god but God, 91–98; Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands (Philadelphia, 1979).
64. Qur’an 29:46, Asad translation.
5. Salam
1. Muhammad ibn ‘Umar al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi, 488–490, in Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (London, 1983), 227.
2. Fatima Mernissi, Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry, trans. Mary Jo Lakeland (Oxford, 1991), 17–172.
3. Qur’an 33:51, 63.
4. Qur’an 33:59–60.
5. Lings, Muhammad, 212–214; Tor Andrae, Muhammad: The Man and His Faith, trans. Theophil Menzil (London, 1936), 215–16.
6. Qur’an 33:36–40.
7. Qur’an 33:53, in Muhammad Asad, trans., The Message of the Qur’an (Gibraltar, 1980).
8. Qur’an 33:53, 59.
9. Mernissi, Women and Islam, 88–191; Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam (New Haven and London, 1992), 53–57.
10. Mernissi, Women and Islam, 177–78; Lings, Muhammad, 235–45; W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford, 1956), 185–86; Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam, 51.
11. Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 726, in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed., The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah (London, 1955).
12. Qur’an 12:18, Asad translation.
13. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 735, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
14. Qur’an 24:11.
15. Lings, Muhammad, 247–55; Andrae, Muhammad, 219–27; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 46–59, 234–35; Mohammad A. Bamyeh, The Social Origins of Islam, Mind, Economy, Discourse (Minneapolis, 1999), 222–27.
16. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 748, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
17. Ibid., 741.
18. Ibid., 743.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 745.
21. Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 50.
22. Qur’an 2:193.
23. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 748, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
24. Ibid., 747.
25. Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, 226–27.
26. Mernissi, Women in Islam, 184–86.
27. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 747, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
28. Ibid., 748.
29. Lings, Muhammad, 254.
30. Ibid., 255.
31. Qur’an 48:26, translation by Toshihiko Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an (Montreal and Kingston, ON, 2002), 31.
32. Qur’an 48:29, in Arthur J. Arberry, The Koran Interpreted (Oxford, 1964).
33. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 751, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
34. Qur’an 110, in Michael Sells, ed. and trans., Approaching the Qur’an, The Early Revelations (Ashland, OR, 1999).
35. Ibn Sa‘d, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, 7:147, in Lings, Muhammad, 271.
36. Lings, Muhammad, 282.
37. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 717, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
38. Qur’an 17:82, Arberry translation.
39. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 821, in Asad, Message of the Qur’an, 794.
40. Qur’an 49:13, Asad translation.
41. Abu Ja’far at-Tabari, Tariq ar-Rasul wa’-Muluk, 1642, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad, 553.
42. Lings, Muhammad, 311.
43. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 886, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
44. Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, 227–29.
45. Waqidi, 837–38, in Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, 228.
46. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 969, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
47. Ibid., 1006.
48. Ibid., 1006.
49. Ibid., 1012.
50. Qur’an 3:144, Arberry translation.
51. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 1013, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
52. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957), 305.
About the Author
Karen Armstrong is the author of nearly twenty books, including The Great Transformation, A History of God, and The Spiral Staircase, a spiritual memoir, among other bestsellers. An internationally renowned expert on religion, Armstrong is a powerful voice for interfaith understanding. She lives in England.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins authors.
BOOKS IN THE EMINENT LIVES SERIES
Joseph Epstein on Alexis de Tocqueville
Robert Gottlieb on George Balanchine
Christopher Hitchens on Thomas Jefferson
Paul Johnson on George Washington
Michael Korda on Ulysses S. Grant
Peter Kramer on Sigmund Freud
Edmund Morris on Beethoven
Francine Prose on Caravaggio
Matt Ridley on Francis Crick
FORTHCOMING BOOKS
Louis Begley on Franz Kafka
Toni Bentley on Lady Emma Hamilton
Bill Bryson on William Shakespeare
Francine du Plessix Gray on Madame de Stael
Ross King on Machiavelli
Brenda Maddox on George Eliot
GENERAL EDITOR: JAMES ATLAS
ALSO BY KAREN ARMSTRONG
The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions
A Short History of Myth
The Spiral Staircase: My Climb Out of Darkness
The Battle for God
A History of God:
The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
In the Beginning: A New Interpretation of Genesis
Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet
Islam: A Short History
Buddha
Through the Narrow Gate: A Memoir of Spiritual Discovery
Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths
Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today’s World
Visions of God: Four Medieval Mystics and Their Writings
The Gospel According to Woman
Copyright
MUHAMMAD. Copyright © 2006 by Karen Armstrong. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrie
val system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Armstrong, Karen.
Muhammad : a prophet for our time / Karen Armstrong. — 1st ed.
p. cm.—(Eminent lives)
ISBN-10: 0-06-059897-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-06-059897-6
1. Muhammad, Prophet, d. 632—Biography. 2. Islam—21st Century. I. Title. II. Series.
BP75.A764 2006
297.6'3—dc22
[B]
2006045864
EPUB Edition AUGUST 2013 ISBN 9780062316837
06 07 08 09 10 ID/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
Level 13, 201 Elizabeth Street
Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
http://www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East - 20th Floor
Toronto, ON, M4W, 1A8, Canada
http://www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers (New Zealand) Limited
P.O. Box 1
Auckland, New Zealand
http://www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
77-85 Fulham Palace Road
London, W6 8JB, UK
http://www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
10 East 53rd Street
New York, NY 10022
http://www.harpercollins.com
*In Arabic, the word Allah simply means “God.”
*The terms “clan” and “tribe” are not easy to distinguish from one another, but here “clan” refers to a family group within the tribe.
*After the birth of their first son, Arabs customarily take an honorary title known as the kunya. Abu Bakr means “the father of Bakr.” His wife would have been known as Umm Bakr, “the mother of Bakr.” Muhammad was often known as Abu al-Qasim.
*The Sabians are thought to be a monotheistic sect in southern Arabia (modern Yemen), though some commentators believe that the Qur’an refers here to the Zoroastrians of the Persian empire.