Finest Years
Page 78
Hoare, Sir Samuel (later Viscount Templewood), 17, 82, 145
Hobart, Maj.-Gen. Percy, 83
Hodgson, Vere: on effect of WSC’s broadcasts, 76, 124; on Crete campaign, 134; view of Russia, 155; on WSC’s American characteristics, 178; on Hopkins’s broadcast, 183; on announcement of Atlantic Charter, 199; on Pearl Harbor, 214; on bombing offensive against Germany, 248; on fall of Tobruk, 303; on victories in North Africa, 343
Hogg, Quintin McGarel (later Baron Hailsham), 3
Holland: Germans overrun, 5, 7–8, 11; British financial support for, 50; refuses to sell gold for sterling, 173; Resistance movement, 453; SOE operations penetrated by Germans, 458
Holland, Sgt Jeffrey, 415–16
Hollis, Brig. Leslie, 142
Holmes, Marion, 485, 489, 542–3, 548
Hong Kong: Roosevelt proposes transfer to Chiang Kai-shek, 429
Hopkins, Harry: and WSC’s intervention in Greece, 125; relationship with Roosevelt, 145, 179; unpopularity in USA, 145, 179–80; WSC’s relations with, 178–83; as Roosevelt’s personal emissary to Britain, 179–83; appearance and character, 180; favours support of Britain, 185; travels to WSC-Roosevelt meeting at Placentia Bay, 191–3; and British disappointment over Roosevelt’s lack of commitment, 200; and Roosevelt’s interest in authorship of WSC’s speeches, 229; letter from Clementine Churchill, 242; bolsters WSC in Commons address, 257–8; mission to WSC to open second front, 283; British lack connection with, 295–6; visits WSC with Marshall and King, 311–12; talks to NKVD agent, 321; cable from WSC on delayed Sicilian landings, 370; on WSC’s reactionary attitude to post-war situation, 393; and Roosevelt’s proposal to transfer Hong Kong to Chiang Kai-shek, 429; at Tehran conference, 431; takes son to Cairo conference, 433; on talking to WSC, 485; and WSC’s frustrated strategic proposals, 504; absence from second Quebec conference, 513; and WSC’s regret at rift in relations with USA, 530; WSC complains to of Yalta location, 547
Horsfall, John, 38
Howard, Leslie, 380
Howard, Michael (historian), 184, 466, 499
Howarth, Bertram, 578
Howarth, Ellie, 579
Hoxha, Enver, 462
Hull, Cordell: advises Roosevelt, 50; on supply of US aid to Britain, 171; anger at Free French seizure of Newfoundland islands, 227–8; attends Quebec conference, 387; on French, 447; appalled at Morgenthau Plan, 512; and WSC’s bilateral talks with Stalin, 515; Stettinius replaces, 627
Hungary: deportation of Jews, 501
Husky, Operation, 370, 375, 384
Ickes, Harold, 182–3, 223
Imphal, 480
India: British policy on, 151, 299; famine in Bengal, 236; Cripps visits to discuss post-war independence, 254–5
Indian Army: deployment against Japanese, 369
Indian National Congress, 254, 256
Information, Ministry of, 16, 476
Iononu, Ismet, 364
Iran: oilfields, 117
Iraq: Britain seizes after attack on RAF base, 137–8
Irish Free State: denies support to Britain, 70–2; Britain proposes union with north, 71–3
Ironside, Gen. Sir Edmund (later 1st Baron), 14, 19, 24–5, 73–4, 139
Ismay, Maj.Gen. Hastings (later Baron; ‘Pug’): on French weakness, 15; visits France with WSC, 16, 45, 47; and WSC’s denying further RAF support for France, 20; meets Pétain, 41; advocates restraining British reinforcements in France, 50; and WSC’s reactions to visiting Fighter Command Operations Room, 86–7; and WSC’s delaying addressing ship’s company, 90; status and relations with WSC, 143, 568; on WSC as ‘child of nature’, 148; on delegation to Russia, 164; and WSC’s calling for army action, 201; and dispatch of material to Far East, 217; moves to White’s club, 260; admires WSC’s resisting second front demands, 306; on WSC’s arrival in Casablanca, 352; visits ailing WSC in Malta, 427; and Smuts’s concern for WSC’s health, 449; at Chequers, 450; and WSC’s support for French Resistance, 471; on WSC’s preference for big occasions, 508; on WSC’s proposal to drive back Russians in Europe, 575; and WSC’s respect for Commons, 592
Istria, 493, 511
Italy: rejects call for neutrality, 19; Halifax proposes seeking mediation from, 26, 28, 33, 37; enters war, 45; in North African campaign, 117–18; invades Greece, 118–19; troops captured in North Africa, 121; defeated in East Africa, 123; declares war on USA, 215–16; human torpedoes attack British fleet in Alexandria, 220; WSC proposes elimination from war, 376–7; Allied amphibious landings in, 383, 438; campaign in, 384, 389–95, 426–9, 431–2, 437, 440–3, 479, 481, 488, 494–5; Germans withdraw to from Sicily, 389; German defensive strategy, 390–2, 427, 442–3, 481, 494; readiness to surrender, 390; signs surrender, 391; campaign modified to accommodate D-Day invasion, 393; forces diverted to Overlord and Anvil, 395, 428, 478, 482, 494, 506–8; in Dodecanese, 401–2; Russian ambassador in, 445; Resistance movement and partisans, 461, 465–6; German line broken, 481; Anglo-US differences over, 494; WSC visits, 505–6; post-liberation government, 507; political settlement, 527–8
Jackson, Julian, 456, 461
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (‘Stonewall’), 115
Jacob, Col. Ian (later Brig.) on inadequate military thinking, 14; on Dunkirk evacuation, 39, 41; on WSC’s calm, 41; serves on staff, 143; on Cherwell, 146; on Beaverbrook’s ambitions, 165; at Placentia Bay meeting, 195, 197–8; on US reluctance to enter war, 195; on untidiness of Oval Office, 225; on performance of army in North Africa, 317; on WSC’s encounter with Stalin in Moscow, 328; on US wariness of Brooke, 355–6; on Americans at Casablanca, 357; on US distrust of Mediterranean strategy, 357; and report to Stalin of Casablanca decisions, 362; and WSC’s musings about own death, 365; on WSC’s working day, 374; on results of Quebec conference, 390; on Roosevelt’s shared vision with Stalin, 434
Japan: surrenders without invasion, 68; as potential aggressor, 117; as threat, 189, 196, 204–5, 207, 212; US oil embargo on, 199; attacks USA at Pearl Harbor, 212; advance in Pacific and Far East, 217, 219, 226–7; bombs Ceylon, 251; and British occupation of Madagascar, 256, 294; and US Pacific campaign, 368; Stalin promises to enter war against, 432; WSC’s dispute with chiefs of staff over strategy against, 477; repulsed at Imphal and Kohima, 480; defeat and surrender, 577, 592; expelled from Burma, 580; and Potsdam Declaration, 586
Jebb, Gladwyn (later 1st Baron Gladwyn), 456
Jefferis, Major Millis, 83
Jellicoe, Major George Patrick, 2nd Earl, 405–6, 417
Jenkins, Roy, Baron, xv
Jews: killed in death camps, 307–8, 501–2, 560
Job, Book of, 87
Jodl, Gen. Alfred, 569
Jones, Herbert, 64
Jones, Jack, 399
Jones, R.V., 84
Juin, Gen. Alphonse, 481
Jupiter, Operation, 384
Kaganovitch, Lazar, 516
Karslake, Lt.Gen. Sir Henry, 53
Kasserine pass, Tunisia, 370–1
Katyn massacre (1939), 373, 433, 444
Katyusha multiple rocket launcher, 327
Kefallonia (island), 409
Kennan, George, 434
Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. John: diary, xx; on Gort, 14; on British army in France, 67; strategy paper on winning war, 113; opposes intervention in Greece, 125; and reverses in North Africa and Greece, 131; on rift between politicians and generals, 140; dislikes Ismay, 143; and Dill’s prediction of losing Middle East, 149; on Soviet role in war, 168; and WSC’s anxiety for action on continent, 168; on delayed US intervention, 171; and WSC’s view of Dill, 210; on inability to move reinforcements, 240–1; on lack of heavy aircraft for Atlantic defence, 249; on British apathy, 252–3; and Brooke’s relations with WSC, 252; on inadequacies of army, 261; on Soviet demands for second front, 284; and WSC’s criticism of army performance, 302; on popular enthusiasm for Russians, 304; on WSC’s behaviour at cabinet meeting, 336; on Americans at Casablanca, 357; on WSC’s dictating, 375; on commitment in Italy, 389; on diversion of forces from Italy to Overlord, 395; on A
egean operation, 402, 411, 413, 419; on British plans for negotiating with Americans at Cairo and Tehran, 427
Kennedy, Joseph, 54, 178, 180–1
Kent, Prince George, Duke of, 185
Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert, 389, 392, 440, 442–3, 479, 481, 488
Keyes, Admiral Sir Roger, 75, 83–4, 319
Keynes, John Maynard (later Baron), 275, 300
King, Major ‘Banger’, 487
King, C.R., 253
King, Admiral Ernest: at Placentia Bay meeting, 194–5; visits WSC in England, 311–12; preoccupied with Pacific campaign, 354, 379; differences with Brooke at Casablanca conference, 356; hostility to British, 482; WSC teases, 489; WSC criticises, 495; bans use of US shipping to supply British in Greece, 530
King, George, 60–1, 155, 164, 303, 382, 396
King, William Lyon Mackenzie,, 203, 235, 387, 452, 478
Kinna, Patrick, 217–18
Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 473–4
Klopper, Maj.Gen. Hendrik, 297
Klugmann, James, 467
Knight, Nigel, xviii
Koenig, Gen. Pierre, 460
Kohima, 480
Korda, Sir Alexander, 590
Koryzis, Alexander, 132
Kos (island), 406, 408–9, 411–12, 418, 429
Kursk, battle of (1943), 362, 403
Kuznetsov, Admiral Nikolai, 589
Kynaston, David, 105
Labarthe, Georges, 455
Labour Party (British): and end of coalition (1945), 577–8
Lambert, George, 106
Lampson, Jacqueline, Lady, 332, 363
Lampson, Sir Miles Wedderburn (later 1st Baron Killearn), 120, 316
Lancaster, (Sir) Osbert, 536
Lancastria (liner): sunk, 53
Landemore, Mrs (cook), 204
Lascelles, Sir Alan (‘Tommy’), 89, 308, 450
Lash, Joseph, 224, 230
Laski, Harold, 252
Last, Nella, 3, 132, 303
Law, Richard, 301
Layton, Elizabeth, 204, 237, 374, 535, 538
Leahy, Admiral William D., 160, 505
Leathers, Frederick James, 1st Viscount, 275
Lee, Gen. Raymond, 64–5, 89, 105, 111–12, 148, 160, 182, 186, 189, 577
Leeper, (Sir) Reginald (Rex), 530–1, 535
Lees-Milne, James, xxii
Lees-Smith, Dr Hastings, 60–2
LeHand, Marguerite (‘Missy’), 193
Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshal Sir Trafford, 366
Leipzig: bombed, 561
Lend-Lease, 161, 173–4, 181, 183–5, 189, 200, 216, 548, 553
Leningrad, siege of, 155
Leopold III, King of the Belgians, 36
Leros (island), 410–18, 429
Leslie, Anita, 564
Lewin, Ronald, 139
Libya: campaign in, 117–18; O’Connor advances into, 122–3; Montgomery advances across, 345; see also North Africa
Lidice, Czechoslovakia, 455
Life magazine, 542
Lindbergh, Col. Charles, 32, 214
Lindemann, Frederick see Cherwell, Viscount Linlithgow, Victor Alexander John Hope, 2nd Marquess of, 174
Lippmann, Walter, 300, 531
Lloyd, George Ambrose, 1st Baron, 119
Lloyd George, David, 1st Earl, 27, 37, 90, 105, 202
Lockhart, Sir Robert Bruce, 476
Lofoten Islands, 116
Loftus, P.C., 252
London: bombed, 87, 97–8
Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, 11th Marquess of, 31, 78, 105, 172
Lübeck: bombed, 247
Lucas, Maj.Gen. John, 440–2
Luce, Henry, 253, 382
Luftwaffe: losses, 60, 99, 162; bombing campaign against Britain, 73, 78–81, 97–9, 107; navigation beams jammed, 84–5; blitz on London, 87, 97–8, 103; aircraft supply and replacement, 100; failure against Britain, 101; night attacks, 103; dominance in Mediterranean, 129; superiority in Aegean operation, 407–14; at Anzio, 441
Luxembourg: Germans invade, 5
Lyttelton, Oliver (later Viscount Chandos), 204, 264, 310, 457
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 369, 404
McIntosh, Jennifer, 579
Maclean, Alastair: The Guns of Navarone, 401
Maclean, Billy, 462
Maclean, Donald, 163, 321
Maclean, Brig. Fitzroy, 467
Macmillan, Harold (later 1st Earl of Stockton): as
party to revolt against old guard politicians, 48; on WSC’s persuasiveness with Americans, 221, 596–7; on sybaritic lifestyle in Cairo, 264; low opinion of senior army officers, 266; on unpredictable course of war, 308; as resident minister in Mediterranean, 348; on de Gaulle, 349; on Casablanca conference, 355, 356; on appearance of Americans, 371; on Eisenhower as Mediterranean supreme commander, 383; on Maitland-Wilson, 403; meets WSC on Renown, 427; on WSC’s powers as old man, 428; urges Alexander’s appointment to Overlord command, 438; on campaign in Italy, 442; on difficult relations with French, 446; on relations with WSC, 447; on deteriorating Anglo-American relations, 448; at Chequers with WSC, 450; on political complexities of aiding partisan groups, 469; told of declining British prestige in Balkans, 473; and WSC’s exhaustion, 490; WSC discusses Mditerranean policy with, 506; and post-liberation Greek politics, 526, 531–3; meets WSC in Commons after December 1944 vote of confidence, 529; and WSC’s 1944 visit to Athens, 535, 537
Macmillan (publishers), 590
McNarney, Lt.Gen. Joseph, 186
McNaughton, Maj.Gen. Andrew, 53
McNaughton, Frank, 222
McVeagh, Lincoln, 527
Madagascar: Britain occupies, 256, 294
Maginot Line, 12, 16
Maisky, Ivan: admiration for WSC, 104–5; given access to WSC after Soviet entry into war, 160; and British aid for Russia, 201; on qualities of British soldiers, 263; indiscretions, 324; recalled to Moscow, 398
Maitland-Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry (‘Jumbo’): Macmillan criticises, 264, 438; and Dodecanese (Aegean) operation, 402–6, 411–12, 416, 419, 421; proposed as Eisenhower’s successor in Mediterranean, 437–8; briefs WSC on Anzio plan, 439; recommends cancelling Anvil, 448; proposes drive in northern Italy, 494; WSC visits in Italy, 505–6; Alexander replaces as Mediterranean C.in C., 530; on US fears of conflict with Russia, 577
Majdalany, Fred, 427
Malaya: Japanese overrun, 212, 218–19, 226–7, 234, 239–40; strategy for recapture, 477
Malta, 134, 162, 251, 326, 427
Manchester Guardian, 234
Mandalay: falls to Japanese, 251
maquis (French Resistance), 455, 474
March, Juan, 137
Margesson, David, 2, 10, 211
Marlborough, Charles Churchill, 9th Duke of (‘Sunny’), 179
Marrakesh, Morocco, 361, 438
Marseilles: Resistance activities punished, 455; as Allied port, 482
Marshall, Gen. George: objects to sending US arms to Allies, 31; caution over US entry into war, 186; staff divided in support for belligerents, 186; at Placentia Bay meeting, 194–5; and delay between military decisions and achievement, 226; avoids social involvements, 231; gives priority to engaging Germans, 232; good relations with Dill, 232–3; hostility to British imperial policies, 232; deplores WSC’s dismissal of ordinary soldiers, 270; mission to WSC to open second front, 283–6, 294, 321; mistrust of British intentions, 285–6; visits WSC with Hopkins and King, 311–12; opposes Mediterranean strategy, 313; reluctant acceptance of North African landings, 313–14; Soviet knowledge of activities, 321–2; supports aid to Russia, 332; WSC cables on success of North African landings, 340; underrates Brooke’s judgement, 350; attends Casablanca conference, 353–5, 360–1; argues for invasion of France, 354, 357, 362; attempts to counter American anti-British feelings, 361; resists British strategic proposals, 376; reservations over Italian campaign, 377, 381, 494; at joint chiefs of staff meetings in Washington (May 1943), 378; urges cross-Channel invasion, 379, 384; accompanies WSC and Brooke to Algiers, 380; favours adv
ance into Italy, 390; WSC sees in Washington (September 1943), 392; expected to command Ovelord operation, 393–4; and WSC’s enthusiasm for Dodecanese campaign, 421; on Roosevelt’s embarrassing WSC, 433; not appointed to command Overlord, 437; and WSC’s apprehensions over D-Day, 447; and WSC’s messages to Roosevelt on Overlord, 480; WSC criticises, 495; refuses to discuss strategy with Brooke, 547; preserves Allied unity, 549; Brooke envies prestige of, 569
Marthe, Crown Princess of Norway, 194
Martin, John, 30, 76, 80, 90, 93, 103, 144, 296, 534, 545, 551
Martin, Kingsley, 63
Marvell, Andrew, 51
Mass-Observation, 238, 302
Matin, Le, 56
Mattison, Ethel, 305
Maugham, William Somerset, 65
Maxton, James, 62
Mayhew, Christopher, 578
Mayhew, Paul, 61
Mazower, Mark, 472, 525
Mediterranean: naval losses, 234; WSC proposes to close down activities in, 350; naval presence in, 352; US opposition to strategy in, 357, 597; WSC favours operations in, 360, 376, 389, 426, 443, 597; amphibious landings in, 377; special forces and operations in, 404
Menzies, Sir Robert: and WSC’s making history, xxii, 137; offers assistance to Britain, 32–3; and British commitment to Greece, 129, 136; on Greek failure, 132; on WSC’s optimism, 136–7; on war casualties, 169; on WSC’s confidence of US help, 183; relations with WSC, 235
Menzies, Sir Stewart, 85–6, 204, 349, 457, 459
Mers-el-Kebir, Oran, 69–70
Michel, Henri, 470
Middle East: and victories in Syria and Iraq, 137–8; WSC visits (1942), 315; low British morale, 317–18; see also Libya; North Africa
Middleton, Drew, 305
Mihailovic, Draza, 363, 467–8
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 503, 517
Millburn, Clara, 310
Miller, Hope Ridings, 222–3
Miquelon (island), 228
Mission to Moscow (film), 378
Molotov, Vyacheslav M.: negotiates with Nazis, 151; visits Britain and USA for talks (May 1942), 288–93; conceals intelligence from Stalin, 321; WSC confers with in Moscow, 325; WSC informs of Dieppe raid, 333; gratitude for Italian campaign, 398; negative responses, 432; on Stalin’s mocking Western allies, 487; Eden negotiates percentage agreements with, 515; WSC entertains at Moscow embassy, 515; on Russian view of Roosevelt, 550; on Polish settlement, 553; on WSC’s election defeat, 589