Isabella: The Warrior Queen
Page 59
14. Ibid., p. 21.
15. Ibid.
16. Mallett, p. 97.
17. Bradford, Lucrezia Borgia, p. 30.
18. Ibid., p. 31.
19. Miquel Batllori, La Família Borja, Luzio, p. 120, July 13, 1493, cited ibid., p. 31.
20. Marion Johnson, The Borgias (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981), p. 116.
21. Christopher Hibbert, The Borgias and Their Enemies, 1439–1513 (New York: Harcourt, 2008), p. 51.
22. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla and Archbishop of Granada, September 28, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum.
23. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, p. 224.
24. Antonio de la Torre, Documentos, pp. 142–43; Jack Freiberg, Bramante’s Tempietto and the Spanish Crown.
25. Hugh Thomas, The Conquest of Mexico (London: Pimlico, 1993), p. 72.
SEVENTEEN: LANDS OF VANITY AND ILLUSION
1. Andrés Reséndez, A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca (New York: Basic Books, 2007).
2. Roger Bigelow Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New (New York: Cooper Square, 1962), p. 2:205.
3. Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949), p. 390.
4. Laurence Bergreen, Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492–1504 (New York: Viking, 2011), pp. 129–30.
5. Bartolomé de Las Casas, History of the Indies, trans. and ed. Andrée Collard (1875; repr., New York: Harper & Row, 1971, originally circulated between 1560 and 1600), p. 43 (original chapter 84).
6. Samuel Eliot Morison, Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (New York: Limited Editions Club, 1963), p. 211.
7. Peter Martyr to Pomponius Letus, December 5, 1494, in The Discovery of the New World in the Writings of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, ed. Ernest Lunardi, Elisa Magioncalda, and Rosanna Mazzacane (Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1992), p. 57.
8. Capitan Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias (Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1851), pt. 1, pp. 30–35.
9. Las Casas, History of the Indies, pp. 48–50 (chaps. 88 and 92).
10. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 49.
11. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 213.
12. Ibid., p. 212.
13. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 52 (chapter 92).
14. Ibid., pp. 52–53 (chapter 92).
15. Ibid., p. 49.
16. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 226.
17. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos, Don Fernando y Doña Isabel: Crónica inedita del siglo XV (Granada: Imprenta y Libreria de Don José María Zamora, 1856), pp. 1:331–32.
18. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos, Tomo I (Granada: Imprenta y Librería de José María Zamora, 1856).
19. Salvador de Madariaga, Christopher Columbus: Being the Life of the Very Magnificent Lord Don Cristóbal Colón (New York: Macmillan, 1940), p. 304.
20. Ibid., p. 306.
21. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 88.
22. Bartolomé de Las Casas, Apologética historia, ch. 19, p. 44, ed. Serrano y Sanz (Madrid: Bailly y Baillière, 1909) [this citation is in the book, which is in the Hispanic Reading room], cited in Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), p. 196.
23. Ibid., p. 2:204.
24. Karl Sudhoff, Earliest Printed Literature on Syphilis, p. xxxii, 190, cited ibid., p. 2:198.
25. Oviedo, cited ibid., pp. 201–2.
26. Tom Mueller, “CSI: Italian Renaissance,” in Smithsonian Magazine, July–August 2013.
27. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 202.
28. Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus: By His Son Ferdinand, trans. Benjamin Keen (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959), pp. 221–22.
29. Madariaga, Christopher Columbus, p. 305.
30. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 212.
31. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, p. 2:301.
32. Hugh Thomas, Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire from Columbus to Magellan (New York: Random House, 2003), pp. 201–2.
33. Ibid., p. 205.
34. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 84.
EIGHTEEN: FAITH AND FAMILY
1. Ruth Mathilda Anderson, Hispanic Costume, 1480–1530 (New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1979), p. 135.
2. Ibid.
3. Teresa de Castro, ed., “El tratado sobre el vestir, calzar y comer del Arzobispo Hernando de Talavera,” Espacio, tiempo, forma, Serie III, Historia medieval, no. 14 (2001), pp. 11–92.
4. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 261.
5. Chiyo Ishikawa, The retablo of Isabel la Católica (Brussels: Brepols, 2004), p. 1.
6. Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, Patrimonio Nacional, Palacio Real, Madrid.
7. Marriage of Cana, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
8. Mocking of Christ, Palacio Real, Madrid.
9. Ignacio Omaechevarría, Orígenes de La Concepción de Toledo (Burgos: Aldecoa, 1976), pp. 8–10.
10. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla and Archbishop of Granada, November 8, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).
11. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla, December 23, 1492, ibid.
12. Crónica de Felipe Primero, llamado El Hermoso, Lorenzo de Padilla y Dirijida to Emperador Carlos V, in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España ed. Miguel Salvá y Munar and Pedro Sainz de Baranda (Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero, 1846), p. 8:20.
13. Rodrigo González de Puebla to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 15, 1488, Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere. vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).
14. Letters of December 1497 and December 1502, ibid.
15. Isabella to De Puebla, September 12, 1496, ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ruy de Pina, Crónica de el-rei D. Affonso V (Lisbon: Escriptorio, 1901), pp. 1:147–48.
18. Elaine Sanceau, The Perfect Prince: A Biography of the King Dom João II (Porto and Lisbon: Livraria Civilizacão, 1959), p. 318.
19. Ibid., p. 377.
20. Philippe de Commynes, The Memoirs of Philippe de Commynes, Lord of Argenton (London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1823), p. 2:402.
21. Ruy de Pina, Croniqua Delrey Dom Joham II (Coimbra: Atlantida, 1950), p. 113.
22. Ibid., p. 123.
23. Ibid., p. 125.
24. Ruy de Pina, cited in Antonio Henrique de Oliveira Marques, Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages, trans. S. S. Wyatt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), pp. 264–65.
25. Ruy de Pina, Croniqua Delrey Dom Joham II, p. 130.
26. Antonio Henrique de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal, vol. 1, From Lusitania to Empire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), p. 1:179.
27. Commynes, Memoirs of Comines, p. 2:402.
28. Peter Martyr to Alfonso Carrillo, bishop of Pamplona, March 18, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum.
29. Ruy de Pina, cited in Oliveira Marques, Daily Life in Portugal, pp. 274–75.
30. Ibid., pp. 277–79.
31. José-Luis Martín, Isabel la Católica: sus hijas y las damas de su corte, modelos de doncellas, casadas y viudas, en el Carro de Las Doñas. 1542 (Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Institución “Gran Duque de Alba,” 2001), pp. 102–5.
32. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando el Católica: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, vol. 2 (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989–1994), p. 26–29.
33. Peter Mar
tyr to Pomponius Laetus, December 7, 1494, in Opus Epistolarum.
34. Peter Martyr to Archbishop of Braga, September 1, 1492, ibid.
35. Peter Martyr to Ludovidus Torres, March 30, 1492, ibid.
36. Dagmar Eichberger, Women of Distinction: Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2005), pp. 139–40.
37. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Carvajal, October 3, 1496, in Opus Epistolarum.
38. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, December 10, 1496, ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Christopher Hare, The High and Puissant Princess Marguerite of Austria, Princess Dowager of Spain, Duchess Dowager of Savoy, Regent of the Netherlands (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1907), p. 66.
42. Jacobo Stuart Fitz-James and Falcó Alba, Correspondencia de Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida (Madrid: Imprenta Alemana, 1907), p. xxii.
43. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), pp. 37–38.
44. Dagmar Eichberger, Women at the Burgundian Court: Presence and Influence (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2010), p. 46.
45. The Sub-prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, August 16, 1498, in Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).
46. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, June 13, 1497, in Opus Epistolarum.
47. Fernando Díaz-Plaja, Historia de España en sus documentos, siglo XV (Madrid: Ediciones Catedra, 1984), p. 346.
48. Thomas P. Campbell, Tapestry in the Renaissance: Art and Magnificence (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002), pp. 4, 138.
49. Eichberger, Women of Distinction, pp. 195–96.
50. Ibid., pp. 184–85.
51. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, June 13, 1497, in Opus Epistolarum.
52. Biblioteca de la Academia Real, Volumen ms. en folio, rotulado, “Varios de Historia y Marina,” E 132, p. 89; Fray Diego de Deza to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497, in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Libro de la Camara Real del principe Don Juan e officios de su casa e servicio ordinaro (Madrid: La Sociedad de Bibliofilos Españoles, 1870), pp. 232–33.
53. Peggy Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 324–25.
54. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando el Católico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, ed. Angel Canellas López (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989), p. 2:67.
55. Peter Martyr to Archbishop of Granada, October 30, 1497, in Opus Epistolarum.
56. Philippe de Commynes, The Memoirs of Philip de Comines, Lord of Argenton (London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1823), p. 2:400.
57. Ibid., p. 2:400–1.
58. Ibid., p. 2:401.
59. Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando, pp. 2:120–21.
60. Alonso de Santa Cruz, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1951), p. 2:215; a similar account appears in La Crónica del emperador Carlos V.
61. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), pp. 53–54.
NINETEEN: TURKS AT THE DOOR
1. Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, p. 6.
2. Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizon: A History of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 1998), p. 69.
3. Ibid., p. 65.
4. Pietro Bembo, History of Venice, ed. and trans. Robert W. Ulery, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007–9), p. 1:39.
5. V. J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 57, 58.
6. Marin Barleti, The Siege of Shkodra: Albania’s Courageous Stand Against Ottoman Conquest 1478, trans. David Hosaflook (Tirana, Albania: Onufri, 2012), p. 194.
7. Ibid., p. 233.
8. Ibid., p. 241.
9. Miguel A. de Bunes Ibarra and Emilio Sola, La vida y historia de Hayradin, llamado Barbarroja (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1997), p. 33.
10. Press Department, Ministry of the Interior, The Turkish Woman in History (Ankara, Turkey, 1937), p. 10.
11. Robert Dankoff and Sooyoung Kim, An Ottoman Traveler: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Celebi (London: Eland, 2010), p. 231.
12. Halil Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985), p. 39.
13. Klemen Pust, “Slavery, Childhood and the Border: The Ethics and Economics of Child Displacement Along the Triplex Confinium in the Sixteenth Century,” presented at the 15th World Economic History Congress, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, July 9–13, 2012.
14. Halil Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History (London: Variorum Imprints, 1985), p. 35.
15. Geza Palffy, “Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman-Hungarian Frontier in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in Suraiya Faroqhi and Halil Inalcik, eds., The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage (Leiden: Brill, 2007), p. 37.
16. Halil Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History, p. 27.
17. Georgius de Hungaria, Libellus de Ritu et Moribus Turcorum (1530); digitized version provided by Göttingen State and University Library, Germany, translated by Paul A. Healy, ch. 6.
18. Ibid., chapter 7.
19. Ibid., chapter 12.
20. Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History, p. 26.
21. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, The History of the Ottoman State, Society and Civilization (Istanbul: Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2001), pp. 1:352–55.
22. King James IV, in Edinburgh, May 21, 1490, in “Venice 1486–1490,” in Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, ed. Rawdon Brown (Great Britain: National Archives, 1864).
23. Henry VII to Pope Alexander VI, January 12, 1493, ibid.
24. Philippe de Commynes, The Memoirs of Philip de Comines, Lord of Argenton (London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1823), pp. 2:363–64.
25. Pope Alexander VI to Isabella and Ferdinand, March 20, 1494, Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real, leg. 60, folio 34, cited in Luis Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica, estudio y documentos (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1971), pp. 189–90.
26. Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real, leg. 60, fol. 35, cited in Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica, pp. 192–94.
27. Commynes, Memoirs of Philip de Comines, pp. 2:159–60.
28. John Addington Symonds, A Short History of the Renaissance in Italy (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1894), p. 105.
29. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:79.
30. Memoir of what has taken place between Ferdinand and Isabella and the King of France, July 20, 1495, in Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).
31. Peter Martyr to archbishops of Braga and Pamplona, October 31, 1494, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).
32. Birsen Bulmus, Plagues, Quarantines and Geopolitics in the Ottoman Empire (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012), p. 45.
33. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:219.
34. Ibid., p. 1:115.
35. Ferdinand and Isabella to De Puebla, March 28, 1496, in Bergenroth, ed., Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, vol. 1.
36. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:121.
37. Paul Stewart, “The Santa Hermandad and the First Italian Campaign of Gonzalo de Córdoba, 1495–1498,” Renaissance Quarterly 28, no. 1 (Spring 19
75), pp. 29–37.
38. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:203.
39. Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada, La España de los Reyes Católicos (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1999), p. 276.
40. Alison Caplan, “The World of Isabel la Católica,” in David Boruchoff, ed., Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 29.
41. Mary Purcell, The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (New York: Alvin Redman, 1963), p. 124.
42. Commynes, Memoirs of Philip de Comines, p. 2:251.
43. Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 1:75.
44. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla, April 26, 1499, in Opus Epistolarum.
45. Peter Martyr to Archbishop of Granada, September 3, 1499, ibid.
46. Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 143.
47. Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real, leg. 52, fol. 70, Bergenroth, cited in Luis Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica: Estudios y documentos (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 2002), pp. 6:88–90.
48. De Puebla to Ferdinand and Isabella, June 16, 1500, in Bergenroth, ed., Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers. vol. 1,
49. Peter Martyr to Peter Fagardius, September 2, 1500, in Opus Epistolarum.
50. Ibid.
51. Biblioteca Nacional, mss 20.211, folio 12, cited in Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica, p. 6:180–81.
52. Purcell, Great Captain, pp. 136–37.
53. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Fernando el Católico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, ed. Ángel Canellas López (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989), pp. 2:264–65.
54. John Julius Norwich, A History of Venice (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), p. 385.
55. Goffman, Ottoman Empire, p. 144.
56. Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 41.
57. Ferdinand and Isabella to De Puebla, July 29, 1501, in Bergenroth, ed., Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers.
58. Ibid.
59. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, February 16, 1501, in Opus Epistolarum.
60. Tommaso Astarita, The Continuity of Feudal Power: The Caracciolo di Brienza in Spanish Naples (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 13.