Monoculture: How One Story is Changing Everything
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3. Peter Cappelli, The New Deal at Work: Managing the Market-Driven Workforce (Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press, 1999).
4. The pressure organizations are under to compete is described by Brian Becker and Barry Gerhart in “The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects,” Academy of Management Journal 39 (1996): 779-801.
5. Daniel H. Pink describes the rosy world of the free agent in “Free Agent Nation,” Fast Company 12 (December 1997).
6. Contingent work is being discussed by a number of researchers, including Anne E. Polivka and Thomas Nardone, “On the definition of ‘contingent work’,” Monthly Labor Review 112 (1989): 9-16; Arne L. Kalleberg, “Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-time, Temporary and Contract Work,” Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000): 341-365; Catherine E. Connelly and Daniel G. Gallagher, “Emerging Trends in Contingent Work Research,” Journal of Management 30 (2004): 959-983; Flora Stormer, “The Logic of Contingent Work and Overwork,” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations 63 (2008): 343-362; Arne L. Kalleberg, “Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-time, Temporary and Contract Work,” Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000): 341-365.
7. Anthony Winson and Belinda Leach describe the social effect of contingent work on people’s lives in Contingent Work, Disrupted Lives (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), emphasis in original.
8. Peter F. Drucker says business exists to make money compared to other kinds of organizations in The Practice of Management (New York: HarperBusiness, 1954).
9. Richard De George, Business Ethics: Fourth Edition (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995).
10. For example, in 2007, the conference theme for the Academy of Management (the main professional association for almost 18,000 scholars of management and organizations around the world) was “Doing Well by Doing Good.”
11. Flora Stormer, “Making the Shift: Moving From ‘Ethics Pays’ to an Inter-Systems Model of Business,” Journal of Business Ethics 44 (2003): 279-289.
12. David Drobis, “Public Relations: Priorities in the Real Economy,” Vital Speeches of the Day 67 (October 15, 2000: 15-18).
13. Gareth M. Green and Frank Baker, Work, Health and Productivity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
14. Paul Osterman, ‘Work/Family Programs and the Employment Relationship,” Administrative Science Quarterly 40 (1995): 681-700.
15. Garry A. Gelade and Mark Ivery, “The Impact of Human Resource Management and Work Climate on Organizational Performance,” Personnel Psychology 56 (2003): 383-405; Dee W. Edington, “Emerging Research: A View From One Research Center,” American Journal of Health Promotion 15 (2001): 341-349.
16. For a fascinating overview of how whistleblowing turns out for whistleblowers, see C. Fred Alford’s, “Whistle-blowers,” American Behavioral Scientist, 43 (1999): 264-277.
17. The quote, “We hope, through this report and by our future actions, to show that the basic interests of business and society are entirely compatible — that there does not have to be a choice between profits and principles” is found in The Shell Report 1998, p. 5, cited in Peter Kok, Ton van der Wiele, Richard McKenna, and Alan A. Brown’s “A Corporate Social Responsibility Audit within a Quality Management Framework,” Journal of Business Ethics 31 (2001: 285-297).
18. Peter Pruzan describes his experience of working with executives and their personal and corporate values in “The Question of Organizational Consciousness: Can Organizations Have Values, Virtues and Visions?” Journal of Business Ethics 29 (2001: 271-284).
19. Worker satisfaction, overwork, and burnout are discussed, for example, in Madeleine Bunting’s Willing Slaves: How the Overwork Culture is Ruling Our Lives (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2004); Richard Brisbois’ How Canada Stacks Up: The Quality of Work — An International Perspective, Canadian Policy Research Networks, December 19, 2003; and in the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Issues in Labor Statistics: Twenty-First Century Moonlighters, U.S. Department of Labor, September 2002.
20. “’Overwork’ kills Toyota employee,” BBC News, July 10, 2008.
21. Johann Hari, “Johann Hari: And now for some good news,” The Independent, August 6, 2010.
22. Kelley Holland, “Working Long Hours, and Paying a Price,” The New York Times, July 27, 2008.
23. Deborah L. Rhode, In the Interests of Justice: Reforming the Legal Profession (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); John R. Sapp, Making Partner: A Guide for Law Firm Associates, Third Edition (U.S.: American Bar Association Law Practice Management Section, 2006).
24. Deborah L. Rhode, In the Interests of Justice: Reforming the Legal Profession (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
25. John R. Sapp, Making Partner: A Guide for Law Firm Associates, Third Edition (U.S.: American Bar Association Law Practice Management Section, 2006).
26. Robert Devlin describes his 18-hour days in John Bowe, Marisa Bowe, and Sabin Streeter’s Gig: Americans Talk About Their Jobs at the Turn of the Millennium (New York: Crown, 2000).
27. For an excellent overview of work/life conflict, see Linda Duxbury and Chris Higgins’ Work-Life Balance in the New Millennium, Canadian Policy Research Networks, October 23, 2001; and Lotte Bailyn, Robert Drago, and Thomas A. Kochan’s Integrating Work and Family Life: A Holistic Approach, Sloan Work-Family Policy Network, September 14, 2001.
Additional Sources
The first epigraph from the IBM executive is from Peter F. Drucker’s The Practice of Management (New York: HarperBusiness, 1954).
The second epigraph is from Andrew Grove’s High Output Management (New York: Vintage, 1995).
4. Your Relationships With Others and the Natural World
1. Alan Wolfe talks about what it means to belong to a group in Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
2. For example, Trudie Knijn, “Marketization and the Struggling Logics of (Home) Care in the Netherlands.” In Care Work: Gender, Class, and the Welfare State. Edited by Madonna Harrington Meyer (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 232-248.
3. Ana Maria Peredo notes that kin relationships were an obstacle to corporate development in “Nothing thicker than blood? Commentary on ‘Help one another, use one another: Toward an anthropology of family business,’ Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27 (2003): 397-400; Alan Wolfe, Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
4. Claudia Goldin describes how women surged into the workforce in Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); so does the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., Washington, D.C., 2002.
5. Community goals and the dignity of all human beings are traditional focal points in the field of social work. F.G. Reamer, Ethical Standards in Social Work: A Critical Review of the NASW Code of Ethics (Washington: NASW Press, 1983), cited in Bob Lonne, Catherine McDonald, Tricia Fox, “Ethical Practice in the Contemporary Human Services,” Journal of Social Work 4 (2004): 345-367.
6. Alan Wolfe outlines the moral stature of markets and families in Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
7. Angelika Krebs does a comprehensive job of outlining our justifications for valuing nature in Ethics of Nature (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1999).
8. Zygmunt Bauman’s description of reality television appears in Society Under Siege (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2002).
9. Sheila Riddell and Alastair Wilson explore how people with learning difficulties are “deemed to be of only marginal economic value” in “Captured Customers: People with Learning Difficulties in the Social Market,” British Educational Research Journal 25 (1999): 445-461.
10. Claudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., Washington, D.C., 2002.<
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11. Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1997).
12. Suzanne M. Bianchi, John P. Robinson, Melissa A. Milkie, Changing Rhythms in American Family Life (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007); Alan Wolfe, Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
13. Pamela Paul discusses the reasons people give for having fewer children in “Childless by Choice,” American Demographics 23 (2001): 44-50; Arlie Russell Hochschild describes “time famine” in The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1997).
14. Sylvia Ann Hewlett’s discussion of how professional life impacts family is found in “Executive Women and the Myth of Having It All,” Harvard Business Review 80 (2002).
15. Non-market economist Nancy Folbre points out the link between having a family and economic vulnerability in The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values (New York: New Press, 2001).
16. Charles Taylor, The Malaise of Modernity (Toronto: Anansi Press, 1991).
17. Stephen Marglin, The Dismal Science: How Thinking Like An Economist Undermines Community (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008).
18. Trudie Knijn, “Marketization and the Struggling Logics of (Home) Care in the Netherlands.” In Care Work: Gender, Class, and the Welfare State. Edited by Madonna Harrington Meyer (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 232-248.
19. Mary Pipher, “In Praise of Hometowns.” In Sustainable Planet: Solutions for the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Juliet B. Schor and Betsy Taylor (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002).
20. The link between mobility and economic development is discussed in the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Mobility for Development: Facts and Trends, September 2007. For example, North Americans travelled 40 miles a day on average (mostly by car and plane) in 2007, compared to seven miles for Brazilians (by car and bus), and 3 miles for Tanzanians (by foot, bus, and bicycle).
21. F. M. Deutsch, Halving It All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), quoted in Lotte Bailyn, Robert Drago, and Thomas A. Kochan, Integrating Work and Family Life: A Holistic Approach, A Report of the Sloan Work-Family Policy Network (2002); Nancy Folbre, The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values (New York: New Press, 2001).
22. Tom Peters introduces “The Brand Called You” in Fast Company 10 (1997).
23. Fritz Pappenheim discusses Ferdinand Tonies’ Gesellschaft versus Gemeinschaft in “Alienation in American Society,” Monthly Review June (2000).
24. Social entrepreneurship is described by Johanna Mair and Ignasi Marti, “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight,” Journal of World Business 41(2006): 36-44; and by Thomas Reis and Stephanie Clohesy, Unleashing New Resources and Entrepreneurship for the Common Good (Battle Creek, Michigan: Kellogg Foundation, 1999).
25. Gregory Dees warns nonprofits about the risks of becoming business-oriented in “Enterprising Nonprofits,” Harvard Business Review, January (1998): 54-67; John Catford, “Social Entrepreneurs are Vital for Health Promotion — but They Need Supportive Environments Too,” Health Promotion International 13 (1998): 95-97.
26. The quote about thousands of organizations in the U.S. experimenting with market-based approaches to social problems appears in Thomas Reis and Stephanie Clohesy’s Unleashing New Resources and Entrepreneurship for the Common Good (Battle Creek, Michigan: Kellogg Foundation, 1999).
27. Kurt Aschermann, “The Ten Commandments of Cause-Related Marketing,” Cause Marketing Forum, www.causemarketingforum.com, undated.
28. Ben Gose, “A Revolution was Ventured, But What Did It Gain?” Chronicle of Philanthropy 15 (2003): 6-9.
29. Ibid.
30. Angela M. Eikenberry, and Jodie Drapal Kluver explain what the nonprofit sector used to be about in “The Marketization of the Nonprofit Sector: Civil Society at Risk?” Public Administration Review 64 (2004): 132-140.
31. An argument for economic growth preceding social and spiritual wealth is found in Thomas Reis and Stephanie Clohesy’s Unleashing New Resources and Entrepreneurship for the Common Good (Battle Creek, Michigan: Kellogg Foundation, 1999).
32. For more on the environment and the economy, see Mark Sagoff, The Economy of the Earth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Gretchen C. Daily, Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997); Harold A. Mooney and Paul R. Ehrlich, “Ecosystem Services: A Fragmentary History,” in Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Edited by Gretchen C. Daily (Washington, DC: Island Press; 1997), pp. 11-19.
33. The detailed descriptions of what goods and services are provided to us by the earth’s ecosystems is from the National Geographic website, Our Relationship With Nature, A Fragile System Sustains Us: Nature Reveals Its True Value, http://www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse/ecosystem-and-conservation.html, undated.
34. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) report that came out of the meeting of the G8+5 Environment Ministers in Germany in 2007 is discussed by National Geographic in “Ecosystem Investments Could Yield Trillions of Dollars in Benefits, Study Finds,” NATGEO Newswatch, November 13, 2009. The TEEB report is available at www.teebweb.org.
35. Stanford Report, “Q&A with Gretchen Daily, Woods Institute Fellow and Professor of Biological Sciences,” August 2, 2007.
36. Ibid.
37. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999).
Additional Sources
The first epigraph is from Robert Solomon’s Love: Emotion, Myth and Metaphor (New York: Doubleday, 1981).
The second epigraph is from Jonathan Amos’ “Study Limits Maximum Tree Height,” BBC News, April 21, 2004.
5. Your Community
1. See, for example, Lawrence Pratchett and Melvin Wingfield. “Petty Bureaucracy and Woolly-minded Liberalism? The Changing Ethos of Local Government Officers,” Public Adminstration 74 (1996): 639-656.
2. See Laurence E. Lynn Jr., Public Management: Old and New (New York: Routledge, 2006), for an excellent overview of the rise of New Public Management.
3. Sandford Borins, “New Public Management, North American Style.” In New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Edited by Kate McLaughlin, Stephen P. Osborne, and Ewan Ferlie (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 181-194.
4. Sandra Dawson and Charlotte Dargie, “New Public Management: A Discussion with Special Reference to UK Health.” In New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Edited by Kate McLaughlin, Stephen P. Osborne, and Ewan Ferlie (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 34-56.
5. Laurence E. Lynn Jr., Public Management: Old and New (New York: Routledge, 2006); Stephen P. Osborne and Kate McLaughlin, “The New Public Management in Context.” In New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Edited by Kate McLaughlin, Stephen P. Osborne, and Ewan Ferlie (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 7-14.
6. Laurence E. Lynn Jr., Public Management: Old and New (New York: Routledge, 2006); Sandra Dawson and Charlotte Dargie, “New Public Management: A Discussion with Special Reference to UK Health.” In New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Edited by Kate McLaughlin, Stephen P. Osborne, and Ewan Ferlie (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 34-56.
7. Laurence E. Lynn Jr., Public Management: Old and New (New York: Routledge, 2006).
8. Jane Broadbent and Richard Laughlin, “Public Service Professionals and the New Public Management: Control of the Professions in the Public Services.” In New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Edited by Kate McLaughlin, Stephen P. Osborne, and Ewan Ferlie (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 95-108.
9. Stephen P. Osborne and Kate McLaughlin describe how the jury is still out on whether or not New Public Management improves government efficiency in “The New Public Man
agement in Context.” In New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Edited by Kate McLaughlin, Stephen P. Osborne, and Ewan Ferlie (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 7-14.
10. David D. Friedman describes efficiency as the answer to the question “What should we do?” in Law’s Order: What Economics Has to do With Law and Why It Matters (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
11. David Shichor, Punishment for Profit (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995). In the Middle Ages in England, if you were a victim of a crime and wanted to do something about it, you hired a private prosecutor and paid for the prosecution yourself.
12. Ibid.
13. The reasons behind incarceration are outlined by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman in their introduction to The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
14. David Shichor, Punishment for Profit (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).
15. For more on privatized prisons, see James Austin and Garry Coventry’s report Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons (San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2001).
16. David J. Rothman describes prison labor in “Perfecting the Prison: United States, 1789-1865.” In The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); David Shichor, Punishment for Profit (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).
17. U.S. prisoners per capita in 1992: 455, compared to South Africa’s 332, Canada’s 109, and Sweden’s 61. Norval Morris, “The Contemporary Prison: 1965-Present.” In The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
18. The justifications for prison privatization are described by David Shichor in Punishment for Profit (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).
19. Ibid.
20. James Austin and Garry Coventry, Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons (San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2001); David Shichor, Punishment for Profit (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).