Richard & John: Kings at War

by McLynn, Frank

  30 Ibid., pp.247-48.

  31 Ibid., pp.249-51; R.C. Smail, Crusading Warfare 1097-1193, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1995), pp.196-97.

  32 Smail, Crusading Warfare, p.192.

  33 ‘L’estoire de Eracles empereur et la conquête de la terre d’outremer. La continuation de l’histoire . . .’, in Recueil des Historiens des croisades. Historiens occidentaux (Paris, 1859), ii. p.52.

  34 There is a huge literature on Hattin. There are good insights in Baldwin, Raymond III, op. cit. pp.96-135; R. Grousset, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem (Paris, 1936), ii. pp.788-799; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1954), ii. pp.455-60, 486-91; Stanley Lane-Poole, Saladin (1906), pp.204-14. The most recent research is in B.Z. Kedar, ‘The Battle of Hattin Revisited’, in B.Z. Kedar, The Horns of Hattin (1992), pp.190-207.

  35 Ehrenkreuz, Saladin, p.202.

  36 Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, pp.266-72.

  37 Ibid., pp.273-77.

  38 P.W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade. Sources in Translation (Aldershot, 1996), p.73.

  39 C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095-1588, cf. Jonathan Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land (Oxford, 1996).

  40 H.E. Mayer, ‘Henry II of England and the Holy Land’, EHR 97 (1982), pp.721-739.

  41 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.30-32.

  42 Ibid., p.34; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.54; Gerald of Wales, viii. p.245.

  43 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.90; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.34-36.

  44 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.244-45; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.36.

  45 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.90-92; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.432; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55.

  46 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.453; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.39-40.

  47 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.434.

  48 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.92; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.45-49.

  49 WM, i. pp.375-81.

  50 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.188-89; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.47; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55.

  51 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.46.

  52 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.435; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.46, 49.

  53 WM, i. pp.411-15; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.56; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.48-49.

  54 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.92-93; Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.435-36; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.58; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.50.

  55 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.283

  56 WM, i. pp.417-21.

  57 Ibid., p.325; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.436.

  58 Warren, Henry II, pp.622-23.

  59 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.436; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.435; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.93; Kessler, Richard Löwenherz, pp.22, 45.

  60 Anstruther, Radulphi Nigri Chronica, op. cit. p.95; Gerald of Wales, viii. p.232; Kate Norgate, John Lackland, p.70.

  61 Warren, Henry II, pp.622-23.

  62 Gerald of Wales, iv. pp.369-72; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.67-71; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.63-67.

  63 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.438-39; William of Newburgh, i. p.277-78.

  64 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.446-47; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.66-67; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.363.

  65 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.282-83.

  66 WM, i. p.449; Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.286-87.

  67 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.68-70.

  68 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.294-99.

  69 Howden, Chronica, ii. p.366; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.72.

  70 WM, i. p.473.

  71 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.305; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.367; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.71.

  72 WM, i. pp.473-75.

  CHAPTER 6

  1 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.73-76.

  2 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.97.

  3 Gillingham, Richard I, pp.104-05.

  4 Jane Martindale, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine: the Last Years’, in Church, King John, op. cit. pp.137-64.

  5 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.451.

  6 WM, i. p.483.

  7 Ibid., p.477.

  8 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.67; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.74-75; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.4-5.

  9 For Stephen of Tours, see J. Boussard, Le comte d’Anjou sous Henri Plantagenêt et ses fils 1151-1204 (Paris, 1938), pp.114-17.

  10 Coggleshall, p.91; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.75-76.

  11 Richard of Devizes, p.384.

  12 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.78-83.

  13 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.69; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.83-84.

  14 N. Golb, The Jews in Medieval Normandy (Cambridge, 1998), pp.356-59; H.G. Richardson, The English Jewry under the Angevin Kings (1960), pp.164-65; R.B. Dobson, The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of March 1190 (York, 1974); H. Thomas, ‘Portrait of a Medieval Anti-Semite: Richard Malebisse’, Haskins Society Journal 5 (1993), pp.1-15.

  15 Richard of Devizes, p.7; Coggleshall, p.97; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.85.

  16 Gerald of Wales, iv. pp.373-79; D.L. Douie, Geoffrey Plantagenet and the Chapter of York (York, 1960).

  17 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.372-439; Gillingham, Richard I, pp.110-12.

  18 Warren, Henry II, pp.306-07.

  19 H.G. Richardson, ‘The Marriage and Coronation of Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 61 (1946), pp.289-314 (at p.289).

  20 Appleby, England without Richard, op. cit. pp.38-39.

  21 Richard of Devizes, pp.382, 392; Gerald of Wales, i. p.186; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.206, iii. pp.217, 321; Lionel Landor, Itinerary of Richard I (RS 1935), p.198.

  22 Warren, Henry II, pp.153-69.

  23 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.8, 34.

  24 Gerald of Wales, i. pp.80-84; vi. p.80; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.457; J. Gillingham, ‘Henry II, Richard I and the Lord Rhys’, Peritia 10 (1996), pp.225-236.

  25 Richard of Devizes, p.7.

  26 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.97; J. Williams ap Ithel, ed., Annales Cambriae (RS 1860), p.57; Kate Norgate, Richard the Lionheart, pp.25-26.

  27 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.81, 97-98; Gerald of Wales, viii. p.156; Foedera, op. cit. i. p.50.

  28 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.99.

  29 Ibid., i. p.292.

  30 Ibid., ii. p.77; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.8.

  31 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.316.

  32 Richard of Devizes, pp.7-9; Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.12, 68.

  33 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.91.

  34 Richard Heiser, ‘The Sheriffs of Richard I: Trends of Management as seen in the Shrieval Appointments from 1189 to 1194’, Haskins Society Journal 4 (1992), pp.109-22; Heiser, ‘Richard I and his Appointments to English Shrievalties’, EHR 112 (1997), pp.1-19.

  35 Jonathan Riley-Smith, ed., The Crusades, Idea and Reality (1981), pp.63-67; James A. Brundage, ‘The Crusade of Richard I: Two Canonical Quaestiones’, Speculum 38 (1963), pp.443-52.

  36 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.90.

  37 Howlett, Chronicles, iii. p.388.

  38 William of Newburgh, i. pp.301-02, 408; A.L. Poole, Domesday Book to Magna Carta (Oxford, 1955), p.349.

  39 Richard of Devizes, p.6.

  40 Gillingham, Richard I, p.120.

  41 Gerald of Wales, iv. p.380; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.101; Chronica, iii. p.28.

  42 Paden, Sankovitch & Stablein, Bertran de Born, pp.380-81.

  43 Bradbury, Philip Augustus, p.78; Kessler, Richard Löwenherz, pp.62-65.

  44 Boussard, Le comté d’Anjou, op. cit. pp.114-17; Landon, Itinerary, op. cit. pp.25-26. On teste me ipso, see J.C. Holt, ‘Ricardus rex Anglorum et dux Normannorum’, in Holt, Magna Carta and Medieval Government (1985), pp.29-30.

  45 W. Stubbs, ed., Itinerarium in Chronicles and Memorials of the reign of Richard I (RS 1864), i. p.146; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.77; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.97-98.

  46 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.35.

  47 J. Gillingham, ‘Richard I and Berengaria of Navarre’, BIHR 53 (1980), pp.157-72.

  48 Gillingham, Richard Coeur de Lion (1994), pp.119-39.

  49 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.110-11; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.36.

  50 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.115-22.

  51 Ibid., p.111; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.36-37.


  52 D. Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992), pp.74-75.

  53 Marianne Ailes, ed. & trans., The History of the Holy War or Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre sainte - hereinafter Ambroise - (Woodbridge, 2003), ii. p.35; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.97-98.

  54 For other implications of the Vézelay agreement, see C.R. Cheney & W.H. Semple, eds, Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III Concerning England (1953), p.6; M. Keen, ‘Brotherhood in Arms’, History 47 (1962), pp.1-17; M.J. Ailes, ‘The Medieval Male Couple and the Language of Homosociality’, in D.M. Hadley, ed., Masculinity in Medieval Europe (1999), pp.214-37 (at p.221).

  55 Ambroise, p.36; Itinerarium, p.151.

  56 Itinerarium, p.153.

  57 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.73; Coggleshall, p.26.

  58 William of Newburgh, i. pp.303-305.

  59 Coggleshall, pp.28-29.

  60 Gerald of Wales, iv. pp.418-20; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.216; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.142.

  61 Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, p.116; Pipe Roll 9 Richard I, p.xxvi.

  62 Landon, Itinerary, pp.215-18.

  63 William of Newburgh, i. p.333.

  64 Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, p.21.

  65 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.110.

  66 Thomas, ‘Portrait of a Medieval Antisemite’, loc. cit. pp.1-15.

  67 William of Newburgh, i. pp.337-38; Howlett, Chronicles, iii. p.406.

  68 Howden, Chronica, iii., p.64.

  69 Landon, Itinerary, p.196.

  70 William of Newburgh, i. p.335.

  71 Richard of Devizes, iii. p.392; Gerald of Wales, i. p.86.

  72 Recueil des Actes de Henri II, op. cit. p.108.

  73 Gerald of Wales, iv. p.200; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.90.

  74 Itinerarium, p.176; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.100; Landon, Itinerary, pp.192-94.

  75 Richard of Devizes, pp.402-06; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.207; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.141; Appleby, England without Richard, pp.61-62; F.J. West, The Justiciarship in England 1066-1232 (Cambridge, 1966), pp.69-77.

  76 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.497; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.135.

  77 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.96; Gerald of Wales, iv. p.389; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.106; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.135.

  78 Pipe Roll 3 Richard I, p.141; Richard of Devizes, iii. p.392; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.505; Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.97-101; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.211; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.250.

  79 Howden, Chronica, lxx-lxxxii.

  80 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.215-20.

  81 Richard of Devizes, iii. pp.415-16; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.99; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.140; J.H. Round, The Commune of London (1899), p.207.

  82 Gerald of Wales, iv. p.213; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.207, 221, 242; Landor, Itinerary, pp.215-18; H. Tillmann, Die Päpstlichen Legaten in England (1954), p.87.

  83 Richard of Devizes, p.406.

  84 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.236; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.204.

  85 Richard of Devizes, pp.433-35; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.239.

  86 Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, pp.280-81; Ehrenkreuz, Saladin, pp.209-10.

  87 Ehrenkreuz, p.195.

  88 Lyons & Jackson, p.290.

  89 D. Jacoby, ‘Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat and the kingdom of Jerusalem 1187-92’, in Atti del Congresso Internazionale ‘Dai Feudi Monterrini e dai Piemonte Nuovi Mondi Oltre gli Oceani, Alessandria 2-6 Aprile 1990 (Alessandria, 1993), pp.187-238; Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte (Paris, 1831), p.158.

  90 Lyons & Jackson, pp.279-83.

  91 S. Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1906), p.243.

  92 Ehrenkreuz, p.211.

  93 Charles N. Brand, ‘The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185-1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade’, Speculum 37 (1962), pp.167-81; cf. also C.N. Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 1180-1204 (Cambridge, Mass, 1968).

  94 Lyons & Jackson, pp.292-95.

  95 Ibid., pp.297-98.

  96 Ibid., pp.301-04.

  97 Edgar N. Johnson, ‘The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, in R.L. Wolf & Harry W. Hazard, The Later Crusades 1189-1311 (Madison, 1989), pp.87-122; R. Hiestand, ‘precipua tocius christianismi columna: Babarossa und der Kreuzzug’, in A. Haverkamp, ed., Friedrich Barbarossa: Handlungsspielräume und Wirkungsweisen des staufischen Kaisers (Sigmaringen 1992), pp.51-108; Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris in A. Chroust, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I (Berlin, 1928).

  98 Lyons & Jackson, pp.313-16.

  CHAPTER 7

  1 W. Stubbs, ed., Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I (R 1865), ii. pp.328-29; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.42; P.W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1996), p.171.

  2 C. Imperiale si Sant’Angelo, Codice diplomatico della Repubblica di Genova, 3 vols (Genoa, 1942), ii. pp.366-68.

  3 Richard of Devizes, p.15; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, op. cit. p.81.

  4 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.112-13; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.39.

  5 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.84; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.114-15; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.41.

  6 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.124.

  7 Ibid., pp.124-25; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.41, 54.

  8 R.H.F. Lindemann, ‘The English Esnecca in Northern European Sources’, Mariner’s Mirror 74 (1988), pp.75-82; Pryor, Geography, Technology and War, op. cit. pp.57-60; J.H. Pryor, ‘Transportation of Horses by Sea during the Era of the Crusades: 8th century to 1285’, Mariner’s Mirror 68 (1982), pp.9-27, 103-25; N.A.A. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Great Britain (1997), i. pp.46-47.

  9 Ambroise, p.38; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.125-26.

  10 D.J.A. Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992), pp.286-91; John Julius Norwich, The Kingdom in the Sun (1970), pp.356-61.

  11 E. Jamison, Admiral Eugenius of Sicily (1957), pp.80-85.

  12 Roger of Devizes, p.17; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.132-33.

  13 Roger of Devizes, p.17.

  14 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.126.

  15 Ambroise, pp.39-40.

  16 Ibid., p.40; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.127-28, 138; cf. also H. Mohring, Saladin und der dritte Kreuzzug (Wiesbaden, 1980), pp.149-52.

  17 Roger of Devizes, pp.19-22.

  18 Itinerarium, p.162; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.128-29.

  19 Ambroise, p.41.

  20 Ibid., p.42.

  21 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.58.

  22 Ambroise, pp.42-43; Nicolson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, op. cit. p.164.

  23 Ambroise, p.44; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.138.

  24 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.133-35; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.61-64; Mohring, Saladin, op. cit. pp.190-207.

  25 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.106; William of Newburgh, i. p.335; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.101, 140.

  26 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.106; Cheney & Semple, eds, Selected Letters, op. cit. p.6.

  27 Richard of Devizes, pp.16-17; Ambroise, p.46.

  28 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.129-32; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.58.

  29 Landon, Itinerary, p.44.

  30 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.142-43, 151-55; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.71, 80-86; iv. pp.161-62; Marcus Bull & Norman Housley, The Experience of Crusading, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2003), i. p.128.

  31 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.488; Ambroise, p.46.

  32 Boyd, Eleanor, April Queen, op. cit. p.269.

  33 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.155-57; Chronica, iii. p.95.

  34 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.157-60; M. Warren, ‘Roger of Howden strikes back: investing Arthur of Britanny with the Anglo-Norman Future’, ANS 21 (1998), pp.261-72.

  35 Rigord, Oeuvres, iv. p.129; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.160; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, p.40.

  36 Landon, Itinerary, pp.228-32; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, pp.72-73.

  37 Itinerarium, p.175; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.161.

  38 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.107-08; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, p.75.

  39 Itinerarium, p.176.

  40 Ibid., p.175.

  41 William of Newburgh, i. p.346; Richard of Devizes, p.25; Ambroise, p.
47.

  42 Itinerarium, p.179.

  43 Richard of Devizes, pp.28, 35; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p.66.

  44 Howden, Chronica, ii. p.51; Pryor, Geography, Technology and War, pp.69-71.

  45 Itinerarium, pp.179-84.

  46 Ambroise, p.51; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.162-63.

  47 R.H. Rudt de Collenberg, ‘L’empereur Isaac de Chypre et sa fille (1155-1207)’, Byzantion 38 (1968), pp.123-53; P.W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191-1374 (Cambridge, 1991), pp.3-4.

  48 Imad al-Din, Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin, trans. H. Masse (Paris, 1972), p.291; Ambroise, p.50; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.163-65; J.A. Brundage, ‘Richard the Lionheart and Byzantium’, Studies in Medieval Culture 6-7 (1976); Brundage, Richard Lionheart (N.Y., 1974), p.100; Prestwich, ‘Rex bellicosus’, loc. cit. pp.8-9; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, pp.127-50.

  49 M.R. Morgan, ed., La continuation de Guillaume de Tyr 1184-1197 (Paris, 1982), pp.115-19; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, op. cit. pp.100-104, 176-78.

  50 Ambroise, p.50; Mohring, Saladin, pp.186-87.

  51 Ambroise, pp.51-52; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.163-64; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.107.

  52 Chronicle of Meaux, i. pp.257-58.

  53 Ambroise, p.53; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.164.

  54 Itinerarium, p.196; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.166-67; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.110; iv. p.164.

  55 B. Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs. Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 2000), pp.150-58; M.W. Baldwin, Raymond III of Tripoli and the Fall of Jerusalem, op. cit. pp.35-40, 76-78; P.W. Edbury, ‘Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Background to Hattin’, in M. Shatzmiller, ed., Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth Century Syria (Leiden, 1993), pp.173-89.

  56 Ambroise, p.55; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.163-65.

  57 Ambroise, p.58; Edbury, Conquest, op. cit. p.96; J.W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages (Berkeley, 1986), pp.104-06.

  58 Ambroise, p.58.

  59 Ibid., pp.56-57; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.165.

  60 Ambroise, pp.58-59.

  61 Ibid., p.59; Edbury, Kingdom of Cyprus, op. cit. p.13.

  62 Chronicle of Meaux, i. pp.258-59.

  63 Itinerarium, pp.196-203; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.167; Morgan, La continuation, op. cit. pp.119-20.

  64 Stubbs, ed., Chronicles, RS 38 (1864), i. pp.182-205; Edbury, Conquest, p.179.